444:
behaviors. Because the knockout mice show less aversion to increased nicotine intake, they tend to self-administer at much higher doses than wildtype mice. However, reintroduction of the alpha 5 subunit in the medial habenula in knockout mice restored normal levels of nicotine self-administration. This demonstrates that the expression of the alpha5 subunit in the medial habenula is sufficient to reinstate nicotine aversion. In contrast, the targeted knockdown of α5 subunits in the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway in wildtype mice did not change the stimulatory effects observed in knockout mice demonstrating that the subunit is not necessary for nicotine aversion, and that other areas of the brain can compensate for this behavior.
594:
only in the medial habenula increases nicotine self-administration, demonstrating that this subunit is necessary for normal nicotine intake and abnormalities within this subunit may contribute to the addictive properties of nicotine. Additionally, the alpha5 nAChR subunit is associated with other forms of addiction such as cocaine. Other studies have shown that α5 knockout mice shown impaired attentional performance. During high frequency vagal stimulation, α5 nAChR knockout mice experience impaired cardiac
753:
736:
226:
636:
719:
700:
680:
424:
400:. For example, this system is active while consuming highly caloric food or while gambling. Upon the administration of nicotine, there is increased firing rate mediated by midbrain dopamine neurons within this system. Through continuous exposure, dependence often occurs which is followed by withdrawal symptoms such as cravings, irritation, restlessness,
658:
593:
intake under stressful conditions. The α5 nAChR also mediates short term effects of nicotine. Studies have shown that removing the alpha5 subunit in mice (α5 nAChR knockdown) increases nicotine intake which is rescued by reintroducing the gene. Researchers have also shown that removing the α5 subunit
500:
are commonly found in those of
European descent; there is about a 30% greater risk of nicotine dependence in individuals carry a single copy of the variant and about a 50% greater risk in individuals with two copies. Other studies have shown that people with this SNP develop nicotine dependence at a
451:
study (CPP), researchers trained mice to associate nicotine administration with one chamber and saline administration in an adjacent chamber. At low doses of nicotine, alpha5 knockout mice and wildtype mice both showed preference for the nicotine chamber. However, at high doses of nicotine, only the
459:
is similar when comparing knockout mice to wildtype mice however the knockout mice consumed greater amounts of nicotine which resulted in the descending portion of the dose-response curve to descend declined slower in the knockout mice. There has been shown an increased response to nicotine in the
443:
subunits from mice (α5 nAChR null) will make them less sensitive to acute effects of nicotine. The mice showed decreased locomotion in an open field test and fewer nicotine-induced seizures. Other studies have shown that α5 nAChR null mice display fewer signs of dependency and reduced anxiety-like
560:
experiments, researchers have shown that alpha5 subunits enhance currents in the PFC of an adult mouse. In vivo, researchers use a five-choice serial reaction task. The animals are randomly given 1 of 5 light stimulus, and they need to encode and recall the location of the stimulus in order to
310:. Homopentameric receptors with five acetylcholine binding sites contain two a-subunits (a2-a4 or a6) and two non-a-subunits (B2 or B4). Alpha5 subunits tend to be the fifth that does not directly bind to acetylcholine and act as auxiliary subunits. Rather, they may be important for
261:
found throughout the brain and body that allow for cations to flow in and out of cells. These receptors consist of five transmembrane subunits with the α5 nAChR defined by the presence of the α5 subunit. The α5 nAChR is located in various areas of the brain including the
532:
that mediates top down control of complex cognitive processes. Acetylcholine is a neuromodulator that is closely studied for its role in learning and memory; it is involved in the acquisition, consolidation and recall.
1106:
788:
2027:
Russo P, Cesario A, Rutella S, Veronesi G, Spaggiari L, Galetta D, et al. (2010-12-31). "Impact of genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on nicotine addiction and smoking cessation treatment".
369:
are developed by the perinatal period in humans. Maturational changes that occur in dendrites during development are absent in alpha5 -/- mice indicating that the alpha5 subunit is necessary for proper maturation of
1281:. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets: Emerging Frontiers in Basic Research and Clinical Science (Satellite to the 2015 Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience) Oct 14-15, Chicago, IL USA.
452:α5 knockout mice preferred the nicotine chamber demonstrating that the alpha5 knockout mice still experienced the rewarding aspects of nicotine, but not the normal aversive behaviors with nicotine overdose.
2654:
322:
neurons in the rodent striatum and are involved in DA release upon nicotine stimulation. In addition to DA neurons, alpha5 subunits are also expressed on GABAergic neurons in the VTA and striatum.
561:
receive a reward. Transgenic mice without the gene that encodes alpha5 subunits showed impaired performance on the five-choice serial reaction task. This indicates that the alpha5 null mice have
528:, however, the main difference between the two is that working memory requires the mental manipulation of information as well. The structure most commonly associated with attention is the
548:
neurons in the prefrontal cortex are important for holding attention in cognitively demanding tasks. These neurons send feedback projections to the thalamus and are highly responsive to
524:
that allows for information to be held in the mind and maintain focus in the presence of distractions in order to achieve a goal directed behavior. Working memory is a similar aspect of
2360:
Salas R, Orr-Urtreger A, Broide RS, Beaudet A, Paylor R, De Biasi M (May 2003). "The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 5 mediates short-term effects of nicotine in vivo".
569:
dysfunction. Because of the cognitive enhancing effects of alpha5 nAChR agonists, it is a common target for neurodegenerative disorders with cognitive deficits along with ADHD.
2465:"Alterations in nicotinic receptor alpha5 subunit gene differentially impact early and later stages of cocaine addiction: a translational study in transgenic rats and patients"
565:
deficits. Interestingly, the deletion of alpha5 subunits in mice results in an upregulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as an excitatory compensation response to
2065:"Differential contribution of genetic variation in multiple brain nicotinic cholinergic receptors to nicotine dependence: recent progress and emerging open questions"
1378:"Differential contribution of genetic variation in multiple brain nicotinic cholinergic receptors to nicotine dependence: recent progress and emerging open questions"
577:
Due to technical limitations of invasive procedures, there are far fewer studies in about the role of the alpha5 nAChR subunit and cognition. Studies have performed
468:
Nicotine is commonly consumed by people for its rewarding properties resulting in dependence, addiction and withdrawal. Human studies have shown that people with a
59:
2692:"ABT-089 [2-methyl-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine]: I. A potent and selective cholinergic channel modulator with neuroprotective properties"
2464:
2788:
396:
reward system that drives the rewarding nature of nicotine; the mesocorticolimbic system is involved in self-stimulation and processing an environmental
318:. The alpha subunits normally assemble into both alpha3B4-containing and alpha4-beta2 containing nAChR assemblies. These receptors have been found on
480:, rs16969968) correlates with an increased risk of nicotine dependency and pleasure along with more heavy smoking. This particular SNP results in an
1479:
de Kloet SF, Mansvelder HD, De Vries TJ (October 2015). "Cholinergic modulation of dopamine pathways through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors".
2262:
2783:
1140:
822:
2611:
Decker MW, Meyer MD, Sullivan JP (October 2001). "The therapeutic potential of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for pain control".
253:. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were initially discovered through the application and binding of nicotine, however, endogenous
1177:
1111:
793:
2163:"Cholinergic modulation of the medial prefrontal cortex: the role of nicotinic receptors in attention and regulation of neuronal activity"
71:
246:
1125:
807:
2793:
473:
440:
238:
183:
179:
1324:"Nicotinic alpha5 subunit deletion locally reduces high-affinity agonist activation without altering nicotinic receptor numbers"
1226:"Nicotinic alpha5 subunit deletion locally reduces high-affinity agonist activation without altering nicotinic receptor numbers"
1135:
817:
2672:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1117:
840:
831:
829:
825:
810:
804:
799:
456:
64:
2313:"Knockout of alpha 5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors subunit alters ethanol-mediated behavioral effects and reward in mice"
595:
469:
1781:"Recent advances in understanding nicotinic receptor signaling mechanisms that regulate drug self-administration behavior"
448:
505:
drive that would transition people from nicotine abuse to dependency. Additionally, SNP variants within rs16969968 in
602:
studies have also identified the alpha5 nAChR as a possible treatment for chronic inflammation and neuropathic pain.
1137:
1133:
819:
815:
1275:"The role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain"
1132:
1127:
1114:
814:
809:
796:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1136:
838:
832:
830:
823:
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298:. Acetylcholine binds in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, inferior colliculus, striatum and olfactory bulb.
1980:"The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster: dual role in nicotine addiction and lung cancer"
1157:
1155:
1120:
1119:
1112:
839:
837:
802:
801:
794:
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younger age. Researchers conclude that fewer aversive effects of nicotine would promote the rewarding effects or
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833:
828:
827:
821:
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808:
806:
805:
797:
795:
2690:
Sullivan JP, Donnelly-Roberts D, Briggs CA, Anderson DJ, Gopalakrishnan M, Xue IC, et al. (October 1997).
1142:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1110:
824:
803:
800:
798:
792:
346:
331:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1109:
826:
816:
811:
791:
1432:"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in attention circuitry: the role of layer VI neurons of prefrontal cortex"
2798:
417:
311:
509:
have been associated with smoking-related behaviors such has a higher prevalence of smokers vs nonsmokers.
2515:"The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha5 subunit plays a key role in attention circuitry and accuracy"
2214:"The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha5 subunit plays a key role in attention circuitry and accuracy"
234:
2655:"Safety and Tolerability Study of ABT-089 in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)"
390:
117:
2730:"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database"
2419:
258:
705:
581:
in subjects as they formed attention tasks and found significantly increased acetylcholine efflux.
562:
275:
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syndrome include α5, α2, and B4 within the epithalamic habenular complex and its projections. The
2759:
2673:"Study of the Long-Term Safety of ABT-089 for Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease"
2636:
2495:
2385:
2311:
Dawson A, Wolstenholme JT, Roni MA, Campbell VC, Jackson A, Slater C, et al. (August 2018).
2293:
2094:
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502:
354:
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2009:
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1496:
1461:
1399:
1345:
1304:
1247:
557:
529:
371:
335:
257:
is the ligand that binds under normal physiological conditions. The nAChRs are single channel
552:. In vivo studies have shown that the presence of alpha5 subunits of nAChRs on layer VI
2741:
2620:
2583:
2575:
2534:
2526:
2479:
2435:
2427:
2369:
2332:
2324:
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2174:
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2125:
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1999:
1991:
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1527:
1488:
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1443:
1389:
1335:
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1237:
121:
112:
2463:
Forget B, Icick R, Robert J, Correia C, Prevost MS, Gielen M, et al. (February 2021).
493:
409:
263:
141:
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2423:
1897:
1736:
1580:
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2563:
2539:
2514:
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2004:
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1805:
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1720:
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1299:
1274:
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1181:
1168:
553:
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401:
338:
283:
1833:"Unraveling the neurobiology of nicotine dependence using genetically engineered mice"
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752:
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202:
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2483:
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1995:
1357:
1259:
735:
2530:
2229:
2098:
1411:
319:
295:
291:
271:
2746:
225:
88:
2624:
1614:"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: A brief introduction"
673:
589:
The α5 nAChR mediates acute effects of alcohol; a deletion in this gene affects
342:
267:
151:
2041:
1848:
460:
ascending portion of the curve demonstrating the greater rewarding properties.
2281:
1796:
1492:
1447:
1290:
772:
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
485:
95:
2755:
2408:"Habenular α5 nicotinic receptor subunit signalling controls nicotine intake"
2179:
718:
566:
517:
382:
250:
214:
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2013:
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699:
688:
Experimental drug for ADHD, Alzheimer's disease, and tobacco use disorder
635:
2707:
2564:"The habenulo-interpeduncular pathway in nicotine aversion and withdrawal"
2373:
1663:"The habenulo-interpeduncular pathway in nicotine aversion and withdrawal"
492:
causes a reduction in the receptor function that is involved in producing
2562:
Antolin-Fontes B, Ables JL, Görlich A, Ibañez-Tallon I (September 2015).
2261:
Wallace TL, Ballard TM, Pouzet B, Riedel WJ, Wettstein JG (August 2011).
2129:
1946:
1661:
Antolin-Fontes B, Ables JL, Görlich A, Ibañez-Tallon I (September 2015).
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100:
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2081:
2064:
1394:
1377:
641:
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405:
2263:"Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders"
488:
substitution at amino acid residue 398 (D398N). The rs16969968 within
17:
1273:
Bagdas D, AlSharari SD, Freitas K, Tracy M, Damaj MI (October 2015).
521:
366:
358:
206:
83:
657:
1929:
Improgo MR, Scofield MD, Tapper AR, Gardner PD (September 2010).
1516:"Leveraging the cortical cholinergic system to enhance attention"
427:
Conditioned place preference experiment designed on
Biorender.com
76:
1322:
Brown RW, Collins AC, Lindstrom JM, Whiteaker P (October 2007).
1224:
Brown RW, Collins AC, Lindstrom JM, Whiteaker P (October 2007).
556:
neurons in the PFC are important for visual attention. In slice
210:
187:
2114:"From men to mice: CHRNA5/CHRNA3, smoking behavior and disease"
1978:
Improgo MR, Scofield MD, Tapper AR, Gardner PD (October 2010).
1612:
Wittenberg RE, Wolfman SL, De Biasi M, Dani JA (October 2020).
2406:
Fowler CD, Lu Q, Johnson PM, Marks MJ, Kenny PJ (March 2011).
1430:
Proulx E, Piva M, Tian MK, Bailey CD, Lambe EK (April 2014).
1104:
786:
302:
is located in a gene cluster on chromosome 15q24 along with
1196:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
2513:
Bailey CD, De Biasi M, Fletcher PJ, Lambe EK (July 2010).
2212:
Bailey CD, De Biasi M, Fletcher PJ, Lambe EK (July 2010).
1931:"From smoking to lung cancer: the CHRNA5/A3/B4 connection"
2696:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
349:
causes attentional deficits observed in diseases such as
2728:
Gotti C, Marks MJ, Millar NS, Wonnacott S (2019-09-16).
420:(IPN) contain dense expression of α5 nAChR subunits.
408:
and difficulty concentrating. Subunits involved with
2112:
Ware JJ, van den Bree M, Munafò MR (November 2012).
455:
Studies from Tuesta et al. 2011 have shown that the
2161:Bloem B, Poorthuis RB, Mansvelder HD (2014-03-11).
147:
137:
132:
111:
106:
94:
82:
70:
58:
50:
42:
37:
32:
290:. The α5 nAChR is involved in modulating chronic
1167:|alt=Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons
194:gene. This receptor is commonly associated with
1779:Tuesta LM, Fowler CD, Kenny PJ (October 2011).
1108:
790:
165:neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5
33:Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5
27:Nicotinic receptor involved in pain regulation
8:
1569:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1882:"Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine"
1721:"Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine"
1180:Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons
330:The alpha5 subunit is important during the
229:Alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine 3D structure
1563:Wang JC, Kapoor M, Goate AM (2012-09-22).
129:
2745:
2587:
2538:
2439:
2336:
2237:
2188:
2178:
2137:
2080:
2003:
1954:
1905:
1856:
1804:
1744:
1686:
1637:
1588:
1539:
1455:
1393:
1339:
1298:
1241:
2270:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
609:
439:Studies have shown that removing the α5
422:
224:
169:alpha-5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
2613:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
1216:
1189:
314:targeting and localization on the cell
190:regulation encoded in the human by the
1565:"The genetics of substance dependence"
29:
2734:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2401:
2399:
2063:Greenbaum L, Lerer B (October 2009).
1826:
1824:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1376:Greenbaum L, Lerer B (October 2009).
7:
1514:Demeter E, Sarter M (January 2013).
1436:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1425:
1423:
1421:
1371:
1369:
1367:
544:Researchers speculate that layer VI
1898:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113734
1831:Stoker AK, Markou A (August 2013).
1737:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113734
1581:10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163844
1880:De Biasi M, Dani JA (2011-07-21).
1719:De Biasi M, Dani JA (2011-07-21).
25:
2789:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
378:Nicotine addiction and withdrawal
2580:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.019
2329:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.031
1679:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.019
1630:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108256
1532:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.060
1341:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04700.x
1243:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04700.x
751:
734:
717:
698:
678:
656:
634:
496:symptoms. Individuals with this
416:(MHb) and its projection to the
184:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
2484:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101898
2118:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
1996:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.05.003
1837:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
233:There are two major classes of
2531:10.1523/jneurosci.2258-10.2010
2230:10.1523/jneurosci.2258-10.2010
470:single nucleotide polymorphism
1:
1886:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1725:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1199:"NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602"
2784:Genes on human chromosome 15
2167:Frontiers in Neural Circuits
449:conditioned place preference
2625:10.1517/13543784.10.10.1819
2519:The Journal of Neuroscience
2218:The Journal of Neuroscience
2030:Current Medicinal Chemistry
2815:
2042:10.2174/092986711793979715
1849:10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.013
520:is an important aspect of
241:, which bind to exogenous
178:is a type of ligand gated
2747:10.2218/gtopdb/F76/2019.4
2282:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.022
1797:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.026
1493:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.014
1448:10.1007/s00018-013-1481-3
1328:Journal of Neurochemistry
1291:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.04.013
1230:Journal of Neurochemistry
598:ganglionic transmission.
128:
2472:Progress in Neurobiology
2180:10.3389/fncir.2014.00017
1984:Progress in Neurobiology
1785:Biochemical Pharmacology
1481:Biochemical Pharmacology
1279:Biochemical Pharmacology
2794:Acetylcholine receptors
767:Interactive pathway map
513:Attention and cognition
418:interpeduncular nucleus
296:peripheral nerve injury
249:, which bind exogenous
235:acetylcholine receptors
2362:Molecular Pharmacology
1161:
843:
428:
230:
2374:10.1124/mol.63.5.1059
1160:
842:
426:
228:
180:neuronal type subunit
2069:Molecular Psychiatry
1947:10.1038/onc.2010.256
1382:Molecular Psychiatry
585:Clinical application
472:(SNP) within the α5
389:is modulated by the
259:ionotropic receptors
247:muscarinic receptors
2432:10.1038/nature09797
2424:2011Natur.471..597F
611:
457:dose-response curve
365:. Most cholinergic
345:dysfunction during
276:inferior colliculus
239:nicotinic receptors
2677:ClinicalTrials.gov
2659:ClinicalTrials.gov
2130:10.1093/ntr/nts106
2082:10.1038/mp.2009.59
1395:10.1038/mp.2009.59
1162:
844:
610:
429:
402:sleep disturbances
355:neurodevelopmental
334:and maturation of
231:
174:also known as the
2619:(10): 1819–1830.
2574:(Pt B): 213–222.
2568:Neuropharmacology
2525:(27): 9241–9252.
2418:(7340): 597–601.
2317:Neuropharmacology
2224:(27): 9241–9252.
2124:(11): 1291–1299.
1941:(35): 4874–4884.
1673:(Pt B): 213–222.
1667:Neuropharmacology
1618:Neuropharmacology
1520:Neuropharmacology
764:
763:
748:α-Conotoxin TXIA
714:α-Conotoxin PnIA
666:Recreational drug
558:electrophysiology
530:prefrontal cortex
391:mesocorticolimbic
374:pyramidal cells.
161:
160:
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
2806:
2768:
2767:
2749:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2687:
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2680:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2651:
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2601:
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2510:
2504:
2503:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2368:(5): 1059–1066.
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2209:
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2202:
2192:
2182:
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2141:
2109:
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2102:
2084:
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2018:
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2007:
1975:
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1958:
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1828:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1776:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1716:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1442:(7): 1225–1244.
1427:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1343:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1221:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
755:
738:
731:α-Conotoxin GIC
721:
702:
685:Partial agonist
682:
660:
638:
612:
130:
30:
21:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2075:(10): 912–945.
2062:
2061:
2057:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1778:
1777:
1762:
1718:
1717:
1704:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1388:(10): 912–945.
1375:
1374:
1365:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
845:
841:
769:
693:α-Conotoxin MII
667:
608:
596:parasympathetic
587:
575:
542:
515:
476:encoding gene (
466:
437:
414:medial habenula
404:, weight gain,
380:
328:
280:medial habenula
223:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2799:Cell signaling
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2713:
2702:(1): 235–246.
2682:
2664:
2646:
2603:
2554:
2505:
2455:
2395:
2352:
2303:
2276:(2): 130–145.
2253:
2204:
2153:
2104:
2055:
2019:
1990:(2): 212–226.
1970:
1921:
1892:(1): 105–130.
1872:
1843:(4): 493–499.
1820:
1791:(8): 984–995.
1760:
1731:(1): 105–130.
1702:
1653:
1604:
1575:(1): 241–261.
1555:
1526:(1): 294–304.
1506:
1487:(4): 425–438.
1471:
1417:
1363:
1334:(1): 204–215.
1314:
1285:(4): 590–600.
1265:
1236:(1): 204–215.
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
785:
784:
783:
782:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
775:
768:
765:
762:
761:
759:
756:
749:
745:
744:
742:
739:
732:
728:
727:
725:
722:
715:
711:
710:
708:
703:
696:
690:
689:
686:
683:
676:
670:
669:
664:
661:
654:
648:
647:
644:
639:
632:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
607:
604:
586:
583:
574:
571:
541:
535:
514:
511:
465:
462:
436:
430:
379:
376:
327:
324:
284:olfactory bulb
222:
219:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
126:
125:
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:(1): 91–112.
2035:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1107:
789:
774:
773:
766:
760:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
716:
713:
712:
709:
707:
704:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
665:
662:
659:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
643:
640:
637:
633:
631:
630:Acetylcholine
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
605:
603:
601:
597:
592:
584:
582:
580:
579:microdialysis
573:Human studies
572:
570:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
550:acetylcholine
547:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:aspartic acid
479:
475:
471:
464:Human studies
463:
461:
458:
453:
450:
445:
442:
434:
431:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
377:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:schizophrenia
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
255:acetylcholine
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:immunotherapy
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
119:
116:
114:
110:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2737:
2733:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2415:
2411:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2033:
2029:
2022:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1840:
1836:
1788:
1784:
1728:
1724:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1385:
1381:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1192:
771:
770:
694:
599:
588:
576:
543:
537:
516:
506:
489:
477:
467:
454:
446:
438:
432:
381:
341:IV neurons.
329:
320:dopaminergic
307:
303:
299:
292:inflammation
272:hypothalamus
232:
191:
186:involved in
175:
171:
168:
164:
162:
120:
51:Alt. symbols
2323:: 341–348.
758:Antagonist
741:Antagonist
724:Antagonist
674:Pozanicline
646:Endogenous
563:attentional
357:disorders,
347:development
343:Cholinergic
332:development
326:Development
268:hippocampus
176:α5 receptor
142:Swiss-model
38:Identifiers
2778:Categories
2478:: 101898.
1624:: 108256.
1211:References
706:Antagonist
668:Attention
618:Structure
494:withdrawal
486:asparagine
410:withdrawal
372:prefrontal
336:prefrontal
172:(α5 nAChR)
138:Structures
133:Search for
107:Other data
2764:203817110
2756:2633-1020
2500:221235364
621:Function
567:circuitry
554:pyramidal
546:pyramidal
518:Attention
383:Addiction
339:pyramidal
251:muscarine
215:attention
199:addiction
89:NM_000745
60:NCBI gene
2641:24924290
2633:11772288
2598:25476971
2549:20610759
2492:32841724
2450:21278726
2390:97775995
2382:12695534
2347:29944862
2298:25911863
2290:21463652
2248:20610759
2199:24653678
2148:22544838
2091:19564872
2050:21110812
2014:20685379
1965:20581870
1935:Oncogene
1916:21438686
1867:23545467
1815:21740894
1755:21438686
1697:25476971
1648:32738308
1599:22703173
1550:22796110
1501:26208783
1466:24122021
1404:19564872
1358:28394031
1350:17573823
1309:25931144
1260:28394031
1252:17573823
663:Agonist
652:Nicotine
526:learning
394:dopamine
387:nicotine
363:epilepsy
316:membrane
312:receptor
288:striatum
243:nicotine
221:Overview
196:nicotine
152:InterPro
2708:9336329
2589:4452453
2540:3004929
2441:3079537
2420:Bibcode
2338:6400055
2239:3004929
2190:3949318
2139:3482013
2099:9769700
2005:2939268
1956:3934347
1907:3137256
1858:3735838
1806:3163076
1746:3137256
1688:4452453
1639:7554201
1590:3474605
1541:3445745
1457:3949016
1412:9769700
1300:4600420
781:[[File:
642:Agonist
615:Ligand
606:Ligands
600:In vivo
591:alcohol
540:studies
538:In vivo
503:hedonic
435:studies
433:In vivo
406:anxiety
367:neurons
182:of the
148:Domains
118:Chr. 15
96:UniProt
77:1188505
2762:
2754:
2706:
2639:
2631:
2596:
2586:
2547:
2537:
2498:
2490:
2448:
2438:
2412:Nature
2388:
2380:
2345:
2335:
2296:
2288:
2246:
2236:
2197:
2187:
2173:: 17.
2146:
2136:
2097:
2089:
2048:
2012:
2002:
1963:
1953:
1914:
1904:
1865:
1855:
1813:
1803:
1753:
1743:
1695:
1685:
1646:
1636:
1597:
1587:
1548:
1538:
1499:
1464:
1454:
1410:
1402:
1356:
1348:
1307:
1297:
1258:
1250:
522:memory
507:CHRNA5
490:CHRNA5
478:CHRNA5
398:reward
359:autism
308:CHRNB4
304:CHRNA3
300:CHRNA5
264:cortex
245:, and
207:cancer
192:CHRNA5
101:P30532
84:RefSeq
54:CHRNA5
46:CHRNA5
43:Symbol
18:CHRNA5
2760:S2CID
2740:(4).
2637:S2CID
2496:S2CID
2468:(PDF)
2386:S2CID
2294:S2CID
2266:(PDF)
2095:S2CID
1408:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1256:S2CID
474:nAChR
447:In a
441:nAChR
167:, or
122:q25.1
113:Locus
2752:ISSN
2738:2019
2704:PMID
2629:PMID
2594:PMID
2545:PMID
2488:PMID
2446:PMID
2378:PMID
2343:PMID
2286:PMID
2244:PMID
2195:PMID
2144:PMID
2087:PMID
2046:PMID
2010:PMID
1961:PMID
1912:PMID
1863:PMID
1811:PMID
1751:PMID
1693:PMID
1644:PMID
1595:PMID
1546:PMID
1497:PMID
1462:PMID
1400:PMID
1346:PMID
1305:PMID
1248:PMID
1182:edit
1169:edit
624:Use
361:and
306:and
294:and
286:and
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