373:
323:
314:(CIO research director) to report on CIO political operations. Their report of December 1946 included recommendation for a permanent CIO national political group and consideration for formation of an American Labor Party. During CIO Executive Board meetings in January and February 1943, the board approved most recommendations.
174:'s political operations) was its "open, public operation, soliciting support from non-CIO unionists and from the progressive public. ... Moreover, CIO political operatives would actively participate in intraparty platform, policy, and candidate selection processes, pressing the broad agenda of the industrial union movement."
244:
for a $ 2-a-day wage increase. The Act allowed the federal government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production, and prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections.
228:
to first raise the idea of a political action committee to organize labor support for
Roosevelt in the approaching 1944 election. Pressman approached Murray with the idea, as I did with Hillman. Both men seized upon the proposal with great
183:
539:
PAC activities by AFL–CIO and its members continue into the 21st century. In 2015, an AFL–CIO's moratorium on federal PAC contributions by its member unions began to fall apart weeks after its announcement. Defiant unions included:
284:
troops to the city to seize and operate the transit system, and threatened to draft any PRTEU member who did not return to the job within 48 hours. Roosevelt's actions broke the strike.
432:
107:
1146:
236:
Momentum for the CIO-PAC came from the Smith–Connally Act or War Labor
Disputes Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1501 et seq.) was an American law passed on June 25, 1943, over President
345:
Upon passage of the Smith–Connally Act on June 25, 1943, Murray called for a political action committee. The CIO-PAC formed in July 1943 to support the fourth candidacy of
1126:
1136:
549:
1141:
1131:
545:
395:
380:
366:
205:
60:
240:'s veto. The legislation was hurriedly created after 400,000 coal miners, their wages significantly lowered because of high wartime inflation,
1001:
627:
590:
269:
249:
158:
148:
913:
353:. It also provided financial assistance to other CIO-endorsed political candidates and pro-labor legislation (e.g., continuation of the
277:
253:
541:
288:
493:
worked with the CIO-PAC in the South, helping to register union members, black and white, and working for the elimination of the
442:
115:
264:. The 10,000 members of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Employees Union (PRTEU), a labor union unaffiliated with either the
516:
501:
265:
171:
528:
213:
162:
44:
346:
326:
669:
The Act's correct title is "Smith-Connally," not "Smith-Connelly". See: Wagner, Kennedy, Osborne, and
Reyburn,
494:
1040:
527:
became head of the CIO-PAC, which merged with the AFL's "League for
Political Education" to form the AFL–CIO
802:
450:
422:
261:
237:
136:
99:
358:
311:
954:
Alsop, Joseph; Alsop, Stewart (28 July 1948). "Progressives Open Doors To Other Like-Minded Groups".
490:
412:
405:
303:
95:
77:
307:
474:
281:
86:
1075:
997:
993:
986:
623:
586:
509:
438:
428:
418:
334:
257:
111:
103:
505:
478:
372:
338:
170:(1943–1955). What distinguished the CIO-PAC from previous political groups (including the
732:
Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of
Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000–2001
719:
Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of
Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000–2001
330:
298:
In
November 1946, prior to passage of the Smith–Connally Act, the CIO's second president,
869:
654:
391:
376:
362:
209:
56:
1120:
1068:
576:
512:(D-NY) gave radio addresses on behalf of the CIO-PAC during prime (10:30–11:15 pm.).
299:
291:
273:
241:
221:
193:
687:
From
Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952
156:
The first-ever "political action committee" in the United States of
America was the
462:
401:
350:
225:
132:
73:
520:
1100:
617:
580:
306:(a UMW leader, by then head of the CIO's director of Industrial Union Councils),
969:
Childs, Marquis (24 July 1948). "Calling
Washington: Wallace's Stage Managers".
779:
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II
939:
Alsop, Joseph; Alsop, Stewart (25 July 1948). "Wallace Must Wonder Sometimes".
844:
700:
322:
524:
470:
466:
453:
left government at that time to go work for the CIO-PAC. (By August 1948, the
354:
891:
287:
248:
The war powers bestowed by the Act were first used in August 1944 when the
20:
Congress of Industrial Organizations – Political Action Committee (CIO-PAC)
785:, 2007, p. 1087–1088; Winkler, "The Philadelphia Transit Strike of 1944,"
701:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Veto of the Smith-Connally Bill.," June 25, 1943"
182:
613:
458:
201:
128:
736:
Labor and the Wartime State: Labor Relations and Law During World War II
189:
829:
The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America
16:
Political action committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations
1018:"CIO Political Action Committee 1950-10-17 [sound recording]"
497:. She also forged lasting links between labor and religious groups.
762:
Small Change: Money, Political Parties, and Campaign Finance Reform
1017:
371:
321:
286:
181:
988:
Miss Lucy of the CIO: The Life and Times of Lucy Randolph Mason
619:
Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer
186:
477:
Case) as "influential insiders" and "stage managers" in the
449:
John Abt and Lee Pressman became the CIO-PAC's co-counsels.
361:
in 1947). CIO member unions funded it. Its first head was
914:"C.B. Baldwin Dies; New Deal Official Shifted to Wallace"
781:, 1995, p. 537; "Philadelphia Transit Strike (1944)," in
656:
Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO
766:
Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections
585:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 181–182.
433:
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America
1070:
The Union Politic: The CIO Political Action Committee
387:
First members of the CIO-PAC included the following:
992:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. pp.
783:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History
233:Abt and Pressman become the CIO-PAC's co-counsels.
142:
122:
84:
67:
50:
40:
32:
24:
1102:Labor's Struggles, 1945–1950: A Participant's View
1067:
1039:Mahoney, Brian; Levine, Marianne (23 April 2015).
985:
465:(the latter two members of the Soviet underground
845:"CIO Political Action Committee (PAC) Collection"
411:Vann Bittner, member (national organizer for the
681:
679:
280:, for six days. President Roosevelt sent 8,000
749:The Library of Congress World War II Companion
671:The Library of Congress World War II Companion
550:Laborers' International Union of North America
349:for U.S. President in 1944 toward the end of
8:
622:. University of Illinois Press. p. 99.
19:
1147:1955 disestablishments in the United States
707:. University of California – Santa Barbara.
850:. Wayne State University – Reuther Library
839:
837:
648:
646:
18:
1127:United States political action committees
1074:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
1137:1943 establishments in the United States
571:
569:
567:
565:
797:
795:
747:Wagner, Kennedy, Osborne, and Reyburn,
561:
546:International Association of Machinists
396:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
367:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
216:had inspired the idea of the CIO-PAC:
206:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
1020:. Library of Congress. 17 October 1950
441:, member (secretary-treasurer of the
7:
1142:Organizations disestablished in 1955
394:, chairman (founder and head of the
270:Congress of Industrial Organizations
250:Fair Employment Practices Commission
159:Congress of Industrial Organizations
149:Congress of Industrial Organizations
515:In 1955, when the CIO rejoined the
278:Philadelphia transit strike of 1944
254:Philadelphia Transportation Company
892:"Guide to the C.B. Baldwin Papers"
699:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
542:United Food and Commercial Workers
14:
1132:Organizations established in 1943
764:, 2008, p. 63; Sabato and Ernst,
1092:The CIO and the Democratic Party
1041:"Unions Defy AFL-CIO PAC Freeze"
529:Committee on Political Education
310:(CIO legislative director), and
1066:Foster, James Caldwell (1975).
870:"Moyer's Report: Trade Secrets"
705:The American Presidency Project
659:. SUNY Press. pp. 183–184.
443:United Steel Workers of America
1094:. University of Chicago Press.
457:had dubbed Baldwin along with
404:, treasurer (president of the
1:
379:, first CIO-PAC chairman and
212:, claimed the leaders of the
517:American Federation of Labor
502:New York State Supreme Court
266:American Federation of Labor
787:Journal of American History
616:; Myerson, Michael (1993).
431:, member (president of the
421:, member (president of the
1163:
365:, founder and head of the
214:Communist Party of the USA
204:, general counsel for the
163:Political Action Committee
45:Political action committee
984:Salmond, John A. (1988).
803:"Trouble in Philadelphia"
734:, 2000, p. 114; Atleson,
653:Gall, Gilbert J. (1998).
552:–13% were non-compliant.
347:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1099:Richter, Irving (2003).
481:presidential campaign.)
88:Board of directors
384:
342:
295:
231:
197:
98:), Sherman Dalrymple (
1090:Calkins, Fay (1952).
500:On October 17, 1950,
451:Calvin Benham Baldwin
423:United Rubber Workers
375:
369:, from 1943 to 1946.
325:
290:
238:Franklin D. Roosevelt
218:
185:
137:Calvin Benham Baldwin
894:. University of Iowa
827:Klinkner and Smith,
200:In his 1993 memoir,
491:Lucy Randolph Mason
413:United Mine Workers
406:United Auto Workers
294:, 2nd CIO president
276:, now known as the
144:Parent organization
21:
582:The CIO, 1935–1955
385:
343:
296:
282:United States Army
198:
1003:978-0-8203-0956-9
809:. August 14, 1944
629:978-0-252-02030-8
592:978-0-8078-4630-8
577:Zieger, Robert H.
510:Herbert H. Lehman
429:Albert Fitzgerald
419:Sherman Dalrymple
335:Winston Churchill
258:African-Americans
154:
153:
104:Albert Fitzgerald
1154:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1060:External sources
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1014:
1008:
1007:
991:
981:
975:
974:
966:
960:
959:
951:
945:
944:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
888:
882:
881:
879:
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866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
849:
841:
832:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
799:
790:
775:
769:
758:
752:
745:
739:
728:
722:
715:
709:
708:
696:
690:
683:
674:
667:
661:
660:
650:
641:
640:
638:
636:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
573:
506:Ferdinand Pecora
469:involved in the
359:Taft–Hartley Act
339:Cairo Conference
312:J. Raymond Walsh
89:
22:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1004:
983:
982:
978:
971:Washington Post
968:
967:
963:
956:Washington Post
953:
952:
948:
941:Washington Post
938:
937:
933:
923:
921:
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
890:
889:
885:
875:
873:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
842:
835:
831:, 2002, p. 191.
826:
822:
812:
810:
801:
800:
793:
776:
772:
768:, 2006, p. 279.
759:
755:
751:, 2007, p. 196.
746:
742:
738:, 1998, p. 195.
729:
725:
721:, 2000, p. 115.
716:
712:
698:
697:
693:
689:, 2000, p. 104.
684:
677:
673:, 2007, p. 196.
668:
664:
652:
651:
644:
634:
632:
630:
612:
611:
607:
597:
595:
593:
575:
574:
563:
558:
537:
508:and US Senator
487:
455:Washington Post
341:(December 1943)
331:Chiang Kai-shek
320:
274:sick-out strike
224:came to me and
180:
145:
125:
91:
87:
70:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1087:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1031:
1009:
1002:
976:
961:
946:
931:
918:New York Times
905:
883:
861:
833:
820:
791:
770:
753:
740:
723:
710:
691:
675:
662:
642:
628:
605:
591:
560:
559:
557:
554:
536:
533:
486:
483:
447:
446:
439:David McDonald
436:
426:
416:
409:
399:
392:Sidney Hillman
377:Sidney Hillman
363:Sidney Hillman
319:
316:
210:Sidney Hillman
179:
176:
152:
151:
146:
143:
140:
139:
135:(co-counsel),
131:(co-counsel),
126:
123:
120:
119:
112:David McDonald
94:Vann Bittner (
92:
85:
82:
81:
71:
68:
65:
64:
57:Sidney Hillman
54:
51:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
34:
33:Merger of
30:
29:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1005:
999:
995:
990:
989:
980:
977:
972:
965:
962:
958:. p. B5.
957:
950:
947:
943:. p. B5.
942:
935:
932:
920:. 13 May 1975
919:
915:
909:
906:
893:
887:
884:
871:
865:
862:
846:
840:
838:
834:
830:
824:
821:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
750:
744:
741:
737:
733:
727:
724:
720:
714:
711:
706:
702:
695:
692:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
666:
663:
658:
657:
649:
647:
643:
631:
625:
621:
620:
615:
609:
606:
594:
588:
584:
583:
578:
572:
570:
568:
566:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
382:
378:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Philip Murray
293:
292:Philip Murray
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
194:Eugene Dennis
191:
188:
184:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:
160:
150:
147:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
83:
79:
75:
72:
66:
62:
58:
55:
49:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
1106:. Retrieved
1101:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1069:
1045:. Retrieved
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1012:
987:
979:
973:. p. 9.
970:
964:
955:
949:
940:
934:
922:. Retrieved
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
886:
874:. Retrieved
864:
852:. Retrieved
828:
823:
811:. Retrieved
806:
789:, June 1972.
786:
782:
778:
773:
765:
761:
756:
748:
743:
735:
731:
730:Karatnycky,
726:
718:
717:Karatnycky,
713:
704:
694:
686:
685:Malsberger,
670:
665:
655:
633:. Retrieved
618:
608:
596:. Retrieved
581:
538:
535:21st century
519:to form the
514:
499:
489:After 1944,
488:
485:20th century
463:Lee Pressman
454:
448:
402:R. J. Thomas
386:
357:against the
351:World War II
344:
308:Nathan Cowan
297:
252:ordered the
247:
235:
232:
226:Lee Pressman
219:
199:
167:
157:
155:
133:Lee Pressman
74:R. J. Thomas
1108:5 September
1081:5 September
1047:4 September
1043:. Political
924:25 November
898:25 November
876:4 September
854:4 September
635:5 September
598:5 September
304:John Brophy
229:enthusiasm.
222:Gene Dennis
1121:Categories
556:References
548:, and the
525:Jack Kroll
467:Ware Group
355:Wagner Act
302:appointed
178:Background
124:Key people
777:Goodwin,
760:La Raja,
614:Abt, John
425:) or URW)
383:president
318:Formation
220:In 1943,
69:Treasurer
28:July 1943
25:Formation
579:(1997).
495:poll tax
475:Chambers
459:John Abt
445:or USWA)
272:, led a
262:motormen
256:to hire
202:John Abt
129:John Abt
52:Chairman
994:106–109
813:27 July
521:AFL–CIO
479:Wallace
415:or UMW)
408:or UAW)
398:or ACW)
337:at the
268:or the
190:mugshot
168:CIO-PAC
1024:20 May
1000:
626:
589:
544:, the
504:Judge
435:or UE)
242:struck
208:under
196:(1948)
872:. PBS
848:(PDF)
329:with
1110:2017
1083:2017
1049:2017
1026:2020
998:ISBN
926:2016
900:2016
878:2017
856:2017
815:2021
807:Time
637:2017
624:ISBN
600:2017
587:ISBN
471:Hiss
461:and
333:and
116:USWA
41:Type
36:1955
1076:247
381:ACW
327:FDR
260:as
192:of
187:FBI
172:AFL
166:or
110:),
102:),
100:URW
96:UMW
78:UAW
61:ACW
1123::
996:.
916:.
836:^
805:.
794:^
703:.
678:^
645:^
564:^
531:.
523:,
161:–
108:UE
1112:.
1085:.
1051:.
1028:.
1006:.
928:.
902:.
880:.
858:.
817:.
639:.
602:.
473:-
118:)
114:(
106:(
80:)
76:(
63:)
59:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
