856:% O0001 G20 G40 G80 G90 G94 G54(Inch, Cutter Comp. Cancel, Deactivate all canned cycles, moves axes to machine coordinate, feed per min., origin coordinate system) M06 T01 (Tool change to tool 1) G43 H01 (Tool length comp. in a positive direction, length compensation for the tool) M03 S1200 (Spindle turns CW at 1200RPM) G00 X0. Y0. (Rapid Traverse to X=0. Y=0.) G00 Z.5 (Rapid Traverse to z=.5) G00 X1. Y-.75 (Rapid traverse to X1. Y-.75) G01 Z-.1 F10 (Plunge into part at Z-.25 at 10in per min.) G03 X.875 Y-.5 I.1875 J-.75 (CCW arc cut to X.875 Y-.5 with radius origin at I.625 J-.75) G03 X.5 Y-.75 I0.0 J0.0 (CCW arc cut to X.5 Y-.75 with radius origin at I0.0 J0.0) G03 X.75 Y-.9375 I0.0 J0.0(CCW arc cut to X.75 Y-.9375 with radius origin at I0.0 J0.0) G02 X1. Y-1.25 I.75 J-1.25 (CW arc cut to X1. Y-1.25 with radius origin at I.75 J-1.25) G02 X.75 Y-1.5625 I0.0 J0.0 (CW arc cut to X.75 Y-1.5625 with same radius origin as the previous arc) G02 X.5 Y-1.25 I0.0 J0.0 (CW arc cut to X.5 Y-1.25 with same radius origin as the previous arc) G00 Z.5 (Rapid traverse to z.5) M05 (spindle stops) G00 X0.0 Y0.0 (Mill returns to origin) M30 (Program End) %
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drive screws, or causing structural components to crack or deform under strain. A mild crash may not damage the machine or tools but may damage the part being machined so that it must be scrapped. Many CNC tools have no inherent sense of the absolute position of the table or tools when turned on. They must be manually "homed" or "zeroed" to have any reference to work from, and these limits are just for figuring out the location of the part to work with it and are no hard motion limit on the mechanism. It is often possible to drive the machine outside the physical bounds of its drive mechanism, resulting in a collision with itself or damage to the drive mechanism. Many machines implement control parameters limiting axis motion past a certain limit in addition to physical
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is, in fact, at 32mm where it hit the obstruction and kept slipping. All of the next tool motions will be off by −178mm on the X-axis, and all future motions are now invalid, which may result in further collisions with clamps, vises, or the machine itself. This is common in open-loop stepper systems but is not possible in closed-loop systems unless mechanical slippage between the motor and drive mechanism has occurred. Instead, in a closed-loop system, the machine will continue to attempt to move against the load until either the drive motor goes into an overload condition or a servo motor fails to get to the desired position.
731:. Positioning control is handled using either an open-loop or a closed-loop system. In an open-loop system, communication takes place in one direction only: from the controller to the motor. In a closed-loop system, feedback is provided to the controller so that it can correct for errors in position, velocity, and acceleration, which can arise due to variations in load or temperature. Open-loop systems are generally cheaper but less accurate. Stepper motors can be used in both types of systems, while servo motors can only be used in closed systems.
354:. Generally have two axes (X and Z), but newer models have more axes, allowing for more advanced jobs to be machined. Most modern lathes have live tooling, allowing for limited milling operations to take place without having to remove the part from the lathe spindle. Second operations can be completed by using a sub-spindle, which is co-axial to the main spindle, but faces the other direction. This allows the part to be removed from the main spindle, and for additional features to be machined in the back side of the part.
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compared to conventional machining, averaging on the order of 100mm/min, as compared to 8x10 mm/min for conventional machining, but it can generate features that conventional machining cannot. Wire EDM operates by using a thin conductive wire, typically brass, as the electrode, and discharging as it runs past the part being machined. This is useful for complex profiles with inside 90 degree corners that would be challenging to machine with conventional methods.
685:. Proper control programming will reduce the possibility of a crash, but it is still up to the operator and programmer to ensure that the machine is operated safely. However, during the 2000s and 2010s, the software for machining simulation has been maturing rapidly, and it is no longer uncommon for the entire machine tool envelope (including all axes, spindles, chucks, turrets, tool holders, tailstocks, fixtures, clamps, and stock) to be modeled accurately with
743:. This system is a typical plane often seen in mathematics when graphing. This system is required to map out the machine tool paths and any other kind of actions that need to happen in a specific coordinate. Absolute coordinates are what are generally used more commonly for machines and represent the (0,0,0) point on the plane. This point is set on the stock material to give a starting point or "home position" before starting the actual machining.
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483:. The thickness of material processable via waterjet machining is generally limited by the pressure of the waterjet, and by the dispersion of the jet as it gets further from the nozzle. Some waterjet cutters have a 5-axis cutting head, allowing for much more complex shapes to be cut, and to compensate for the angle of the kerf to leave the angled wall on the stock instead of on the finished part.
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possible workpiece gouging. The backlash also affects the precision of some operations involving axis movement reversals during cutting, such as the milling of a circle, where axis motion is sinusoidal. However, this can be compensated for if the amount of backlash is precisely known by linear encoders or manual measurement.
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the operator to manually abort the active process. Machines equipped with load sensors can stop axis or spindle movement in response to an overload condition, but this does not prevent a crash from occurring. It may only limit the damage resulting from the crash. Some crashes may not ever overload any axis or spindle drives.
334:. Functions include: face milling, shoulder milling, tapping, drilling and some even offer turning. Today, CNC mills can have 3 to 6 axes. Most CNC mills require placing the workpiece on or in them and must be at least as big as the workpiece, but new 3-axis machines are being produced that are much smaller.
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Many CNC tools also do not know anything about their working environment. Machines may have load sensing systems on spindle and axis drives, but some do not. They blindly follow the machining code provided and it is up to an operator to detect if a crash is either occurring or about to occur, and for
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are used to command specific movements of the machine, such as machine moves or drilling functions. The majority of G-code programs start with a percent (%) symbol on the first line, then followed by an "O" with a numerical name for the program (i.e. "O0001") on the second line, then another percent
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The high backlash mechanism itself is not necessarily relied on to be repeatedly precise for the cutting process, but some other reference object or precision surface may be used to zero the mechanism, by tightly applying pressure against the reference and setting that as the zero references for all
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Collision detection and avoidance are possible, through the use of absolute position sensors (optical encoder strips or disks) to verify that motion occurred, or torque sensors or power-draw sensors on the drive system to detect abnormal strain when the machine should just be moving and not cutting,
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Used to rapidly punch holes and cut thin materials. Such as sheet metal, plywood, thin bar stock, and tubing. Punch presses are generally used when a CNC mill would be inefficient or unfeasible. CNC punch presses can come in the C frame, where the sheet material is clamped onto a machining table and
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can still be highly precise if the drive or cutting mechanism is only driven to apply cutting force from one direction, and all driving systems are pressed tightly together in that one cutting direction. However, a CNC device with high backlash and a dull cutting tool can lead to cutter chatter and
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used in mass production. Considered to be highly efficient by increasing productivity through automation. Can efficiently cut materials into small pieces while simultaneously utilizing a diversified set of tooling. Multi-spindle machines have multiple spindles on a drum that rotates on a horizontal
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etc. – modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other installations, several different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any
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If the drive system is weaker than the machine's structural integrity, then the drive system simply pushes against the obstruction, and the drive motors "slip in place". The machine tool may not detect the collision or the slipping, so for example the tool should now be at 210mm on the X-axis, but
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In CNC, a "crash" occurs when the machine moves in such a way that is harmful to the machine, tools, or parts being machined, sometimes resulting in bending or breakage of cutting tools, accessory clamps, vises, and fixtures, or causing damage to the machine itself by bending guide rails, breaking
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As the controller hardware evolved, the mills themselves also evolved. One change has been to enclose the entire mechanism in a large box as a safety measure (with safety glass in the doors to permit the operator to monitor the machine's function), often with additional safety interlocks to ensure
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that rotate a specific number of degrees in response to magnetic field changes. It is often assumed the stepper is perfectly accurate and never missteps, so tool position monitoring simply involves counting the number of pulses sent to the stepper over time. An alternate means of stepper position
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Having the correct speeds and feeds in the program provides for a more efficient and smoother product run. Incorrect speeds and feeds will cause damage to the tool, machine spindle, and even the product. The quickest and simplest way to find these numbers would be to use a calculator that can be
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EDM can be broadly divided into "sinker" type processes, where the electrode is the positive shape of the resulting feature in the part, and the electric discharge erodes this feature into the part, resulting in the negative shape, and "wire" type processes. Sinker processes are rather slow as
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A CNC machine is a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized maneuverable platform, which are both controlled by a computer, according to specific input instructions. Instructions are delivered to a CNC machine in the form of a sequential program of machine control instructions such as
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substance, such as garnet powder. It is often used during the fabrication or manufacture of parts for machinery and other devices. Waterjet cutting is the preferred machining method when the materials being cut are sensitive to the high temperatures generated by other methods. It has found
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In modern CNC systems, the design of a mechanical part and its manufacturing program are highly automated. The part's mechanical dimensions are defined using CAD software and then translated into manufacturing directives by CAM software. The resulting directives are transformed (by
403:(EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking, or wire erosion, is a manufacturing process in which the desired shape is obtained using electrical discharges (sparks). Material is removed from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring
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Translates programs consisting of specific numbers and letters to move the spindle (or workpiece) to various locations and depths. Can either be a
Vertical Milling Center (VMC) or a Horizontal Milling Center, depending on the orientation of the spindle. Many use
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CNC offers greatly increased productivity over non-computerized machining for repetitive production, where the machine must be manually controlled (e.g. using devices such as hand wheels or levers) or mechanically controlled by pre-fabricated pattern guides (see
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Within the numerical systems of CNC programming, the code generator can assume that the controlled mechanism is always perfectly accurate, or that precision tolerances are identical for all cutting or movement directions. While the common use of
689:, which allows the simulation software to predict fairly accurately whether a cycle will involve a crash. Although such simulation is not new, its accuracy and market penetration are changing considerably because of computing advancements.
282:, other machines and equipment are also installed with the corresponding CNC, which makes the manufacturing industry in its support, greatly improving the quality and efficiency. Of course, the latest trend in CNC is to combine traditional
760:(%) symbol on the last line of the program. The format for a G-code is the letter G followed by two to three digits; for example G01. G-codes differ slightly between a mill and lathe application, for example:
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L.C. Moreira, W. Li, X. Lu, M.E. Fitzpatrick
Supervision controller for real-time surface quality assurance in CNC machining using artificial intelligence Comput. Ind. Eng., 127 (2019), pp. 158-168
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Commercial CNC metalworking machines use closed-loop feedback controls for axis movement. In a closed-loop system, the controller monitors the actual position of each axis with an absolute or
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tools and drills. Effective for complicated programs designed to make parts that would be unfeasible to make on manual lathes. Similar control specifications to CNC mills and can often read
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Chang Y C, Pinilla J M, Kao J H, et al. Automated layer decomposition for additive/subtractive solid freeform fabrication. 1999 International Solid
Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 1999.
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The first CNC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the tool or part to follow points fed into the system on
128:, wood, ceramic, stone, or composite) into a specified shape by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling the machining operation.
374:) is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time, an electrical arc is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that gas to
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Motion is controlling multiple axes, normally at least two (X and Y), and a tool spindle that moves in the Z (depth). The position of the tool is driven by direct-drive
786:. M-codes are miscellaneous machine commands that do not command axis motion. The format for an M-code is the letter M followed by two to three digits; for example:
450:. There are two types of attachments for these drill heads, fixed or adjustable, depending on whether the center distance of the drilling spindle needs to be varied.
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144:(CAM) software. In the case of 3D printers, the part to be printed is "sliced" before the instructions (or the program) are generated. 3D printers also use G-Code.
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part is highly automated and produces a part that meets every specification in the original CAD drawing, where each specification includes a tolerance.
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on most modern NC machines eliminates the vast majority of backlash, it still must be taken into account. CNC tools with a large amount of mechanical
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were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern CNC machine tools that have revolutionized machining processes.
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the operator is far enough from the working piece for safe operation. Most new CNC systems built today are 100% electronically controlled.
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found online. A formula can also be used to calculate the proper speeds and feeds for a material. These values can be found online or in
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a hydraulic ram pushes down on the material, or they can come in a portal frame variant where bar stock/tubing is fed into the machine.
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but these are not a common component of most hobby CNC tools. Instead, most hobby CNC tools simply rely on the assumed accuracy of
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Sinker EDM. Electrolyte solution saturates the workpiece, and voltage is applied between the sinker, top, and workpiece, bottom.
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CNC machines typically use some kind of coolant, typically a water-miscible oil, to keep the tool and parts from getting hot.
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1151:"Analysis of Material Removal Rate and Electrode Wear in Sinking EDM Roughing Strategies using Different Graphite Grades"
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jobs, a good machine operator can have parts finished to a high standard whilst a CNC workflow is still in setup.
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and M-code, and then executed. The program can be written by a person or, far more often, generated by graphical
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applications in a diverse number of industries from mining to aerospace where it is used for operations such as
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CNC-like systems are used for any process that can be described as movements and operations. These include
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or vertical axis. The drum contains a drill head which consists of several spindles that are mounted on
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to provide highly accurate movements, or in older designs, motors through a series of step-down gears.
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In numerical control systems, the position of the tool is defined by a set of instructions called the
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Now the CNC in the processing manufacturing field has been very extensive, not only the traditional
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Also known as a "waterjet", is a tool capable of slicing into metal or other materials (such as
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following CNC-encoded motions. This is similar to the manual machine tool method of clamping a
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Cuts workpieces while they are rotated. Makes fast, precision cuts, generally using
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Since any particular component might require the use of several different tools –
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Siegel, Arnold. "Automatic
Programming of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools",
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monitoring is usually not available, so crash or slip detection is not possible.
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Christopher jun
Pagarigan (Vini) Edmonton Alberta Canada. CNC Infomatic,
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When the
Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America
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The G & M code positions are all based on a three-dimensional
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37:"Numerics" redirects here. For the field of computer science, see
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Klocke, F.; Schwade, M.; Klink, A.; Veselovac, D. (2013-01-01).
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A Century of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT
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Forces of
Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
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October 15, 2018, from Engineering Technology Group
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Fitzpatrick, Michael (2019), "Machining and CNC Technology".
1108:"HYBRID ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES..."
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Alexanderson: Pioneer in American Electrical Engineering
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1084:"CNC Machining Industry: new & important trend"
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407:discharges between two electrodes, separated by a
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1191:"Multi Spindle Machines - An In-Depth Overview"
528:Many other tools have CNC variants, including:
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1033:Rapid Prototyping & Low Volume Production
981:List of computer-aided manufacturing software
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1403:(3rd ed.), New York: Industrial Press,
1216:"New users are adopting simulation software"
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30:"CNC" redirects here. For other uses, see
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715:onto a reference beam and adjusting the
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1001:"What Is A CNC Machine? | CNC Machines"
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120:. CNC transforms a piece of material (
96:. It is used to operate tools such as
2506:Simultaneous localization and mapping
1433:The Evolution of CNC Machines (2018).
7:
1382:"Industry Honors The Inventor Of NC"
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630:Tube, pipe and wire bending machines
366:Involves cutting a material using a
48:A CNC machine that operates on wood
1427:Automotive Design & Production
1243:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
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1340:The Engineering Design Revolution
1295:, New York, New York, US: Knopf,
27:Computer control of machine tools
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1115:Journal of Machine Engineering
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1318:Reintjes, J. Francis (1991),
298:, with the goal of achieving
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909:Design for manufacturability
903:Coordinate-measuring machine
399:Electric discharge machining
254:History of numerical control
142:computer-aided manufacturing
2516:Vision-guided robot systems
1627:List of drill and tap sizes
1322:, Oxford University Press,
1072:. Accessed 11 February 2015
890:Computer-aided technologies
741:Cartesian coordinate system
411:and subject to an electric
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1943:Magnetic switchable device
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1127:10.5604/01.3001.0012.7629
284:subtractive manufacturing
1401:CNC Programming Handbook
1239:Brittain, James (1992),
914:Direct numerical control
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306:Examples of CNC machines
2572:Human–robot interaction
1865:Rotary transfer machine
1850:Photochemical machining
1790:Electron-beam machining
1752:Tool and cutter grinder
92:of tools by means of a
880:Binary cutter location
875:Automatic tool changer
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300:flexible manufacturing
288:additive manufacturing
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2678:Starship Technologies
2061:Tools and terminology
735:Cartesian coordinates
652:Tool/machine crashing
620:Submerged arc welding
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515:Punch machine at work
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230:friction stir welding
138:computer-aided design
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2628:Energid Technologies
1979:Machining vibrations
1885:Ultrasonic machining
1457:at Wikimedia Commons
1399:Smid, Peter (2008),
1106:W. Grzesik/ (2018).
863:Machinery's Handbook
549:Cylindrical grinders
32:CNC (disambiguation)
2719:Powered exoskeleton
1999:Tool and die making
1687:Cylindrical grinder
1393:Control Engineering
1386:Modern Machine Shop
1221:Modern Machine Shop
1068:Modern Machine Shop
1027:3ERP (2022-06-24).
951:Multiaxis machining
683:incremental encoder
574:Induction hardening
559:Embroidery machines
68:with the door open.
2688:Universal Robotics
2663:Intuitive Surgical
2653:Harvest Automation
2618:Barrett Technology
2400:Robotic spacecraft
2246:Audio-Animatronics
1667:Abrasive machining
1388:, 12 January 1998.
1380:Herrin, Golden E.
885:CNC plunge milling
517:
496:
429:
393:
391:CNC plasma cutting
234:ultrasonic welding
70:
58:
50:
39:Numerical analysis
2799:Numerical control
2786:
2785:
2729:Robotic tech vest
2658:Honeybee Robotics
2474:Electric unicycle
2427:remotely-operated
2074:
2073:
2017:
2016:
1453:Media related to
1337:Weisberg, David,
1329:978-0-19-506772-9
1302:978-0-394-51262-4
1272:978-0-87584-208-0
1195:Davenport Machine
640:Water jet cutters
610:Sheet metal works
521:
520:
388:
212:Parts description
198:Open-loop control
90:automated control
78:numerical control
16:(Redirected from
2806:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2746:Fictional robots
2714:Critique of work
2363:Unmanned vehicle
2179:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2078:
1984:Speeds and feeds
1737:Sharpening stone
1712:Grinding machine
1707:Grinding dresser
1574:Stewart platform
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1346:, archived from
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1082:CapableMaching.
1079:
1073:
1070:, 4 January 1997
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458:Water jet cutter
409:dielectric fluid
389:
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21:
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2623:Boston Dynamics
2608:Amazon Robotics
2596:
2520:
2511:Visual odometry
2501:Motion planning
2483:
2438:
2358:Continuum robot
2341:Classifications
2336:
2199:Anthropomorphic
2180:
2171:
2167:AI competitions
2110:
2105:
2075:
2070:
2013:
1962:
1889:
1756:
1747:Surface grinder
1682:Coated abrasive
1653:
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1617:Drill bit sizes
1612:Drill bit shank
1587:
1578:
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1527:
1494:
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1411:
1398:
1374:
1357:
1353:on 7 July 2010.
1350:
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1330:
1317:
1303:
1289:Noble, David F.
1287:
1273:
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1233:Further reading
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687:3D solid models
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625:Surface grinder
595:Milling machine
526:
524:Other CNC tools
494:cutting machine
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262:. These early
252:Main article:
249:
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238:plasma cutting
213:
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190:stepper motors
185:
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162:post processor
80:, also called
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2693:Wolf Robotics
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2332:Soft robotics
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2327:BEAM robotics
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19:
18:CNC machining
2775:
2763:
2532:Evolutionary
2479:Robotic fins
2432:Robotic fish
2417:Telerobotics
2390:Nanorobotics
2380:Mobile robot
2317:Food service
2312:Agricultural
2162:Competitions
2147:Hall of Fame
1953:Rotary table
1933:Lathe center
1820:Machine tool
1652:Grinding and
1568:
1492:Metalworking
1426:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1361:
1348:the original
1339:
1319:
1292:
1262:
1259:Holland, Max
1240:
1219:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1092:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
976:Wireless DNC
961:Part program
859:
785:
755:
738:
729:part program
726:
709:
696:
680:
671:
667:
663:
655:
645:Wood routers
635:Vinyl cutter
614:Turret punch
544:Canned cycle
527:
416:
368:plasma torch
273:
260:punched tape
257:
236:, flame and
219:
215:
202:metalworking
194:servo motors
187:
177:touch probes
166:
158:
146:
130:
85:
81:
77:
71:
2552:Open-source
2405:Space probe
2395:Necrobotics
2385:Microbotics
2348:Biorobotics
2277:Educational
2260:Articulated
2241:Animatronic
2226:Claytronics
2031:Fabrication
1967:Terminology
1903:Angle plate
1830:Metal lathe
1722:Jig grinder
1632:Tap and die
1541:engineering
1161:: 163–167.
1121:(4): 5–24.
971:Touch probe
700:ball screws
534:3D printing
502:Punch press
475:, shaping,
316:Description
313:CNC machine
184:Description
118:3D printers
66:metal lathe
2592:Ubiquitous
2582:Perceptual
2489:Navigation
2444:Locomotion
2422:Underwater
2307:Disability
2255:Industrial
2051:Metallurgy
1845:Pantograph
1637:Tap wrench
1419:2007045901
1200:2017-08-25
1038:2022-06-30
1010:2022-02-04
987:References
946:Maslow CNC
713:micrometer
539:CNC router
208:demanded.
88:), is the
2643:Figure AI
2601:Companies
2577:Paradigms
2562:Adaptable
2542:Simulator
2236:Automaton
2231:Companion
2142:Geography
2046:Machining
2041:Jewellery
2009:Workpiece
2004:Tramp oil
1994:Tolerance
1825:Machining
1815:Jig borer
1800:Engraving
1775:Broaching
1762:Machining
1642:Threading
1607:Drill bit
1589:threading
1530:Machining
1281:246343673
1177:2212-8271
348:indexable
140:(CAD) or
74:machining
2793:Category
2765:Category
2683:Symbotic
2633:FarmWise
2587:Situated
2557:Software
2525:Research
2469:Climbing
2292:Military
2287:Juggling
2272:Domestic
2204:Humanoid
2127:Glossary
2108:Robotics
2056:Smithing
1795:End mill
1702:Grinding
1662:Abrasive
1622:Drilling
1597:Die head
1584:Drilling
1311:83048867
1291:(1984),
1261:(1989),
1047:cite web
966:Robotics
869:See also
704:backlash
600:Oxy-fuel
576:machines
492:Waterjet
468:abrasive
437:Type of
110:grinders
94:computer
2777:Outline
2707:Related
2698:Yaskawa
2613:Anybots
2493:mapping
2462:Hexapod
2457:Walking
2302:Service
2297:Medical
2209:Android
2194:Aerobot
2137:History
2122:Outline
2066:Welding
2036:Forming
2026:Casting
1958:Wiggler
1948:Mandrel
1918:Fixture
1880:Turning
1875:Skiving
1835:Milling
1810:Hobbing
1732:Sanding
1727:Lapping
1654:lapping
851:Example
782:M-codes
757:G-codes
752:G-codes
717:Vernier
481:reaming
477:carving
473:cutting
464:granite
413:voltage
405:current
296:sensors
280:turning
276:milling
248:History
242:bending
226:welding
126:plastic
114:routers
2668:IRobot
2452:Tracks
2373:ground
2368:aerial
2322:Retail
2219:Gynoid
2214:Cyborg
2152:Ethics
1913:Collet
1870:Shaper
1860:Reamer
1855:Planer
1805:Facing
1770:Boring
1564:G-code
1417:
1407:
1370:
1326:
1309:
1299:
1279:
1269:
1247:
1175:
931:RS-494
923:RS-274
747:Coding
585:Lathes
554:Drills
479:, and
376:plasma
352:G-code
332:G-code
319:Image
169:drills
134:G-code
102:lathes
98:drills
64:A CNC
2638:FANUC
2547:Suite
2412:Swarm
2186:Types
2132:Index
1989:Swarf
1908:Chuck
1602:Drill
1351:(PDF)
1344:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
916:(DNC)
905:(CMM)
897:(CAE)
448:gears
342:Lathe
286:with
270:Today
154:batch
122:metal
106:mills
2673:KUKA
2537:Kits
2491:and
2157:Laws
1549:2.5D
1415:LCCN
1405:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1307:LCCN
1297:ISBN
1277:OCLC
1267:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1173:ISSN
1053:link
325:Mill
278:and
173:saws
116:and
2265:arm
1928:Jig
1586:and
1559:CAM
1554:CAD
1163:doi
1123:doi
928:EIA
920:EIA
192:or
86:CNC
72:In
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1019:^
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