1612:
security measures at a specific list of hostels which had been identified as "problematic". The government also agreed to further extend the indemnity granted to political prisoners and to accelerate their release. The ANC, meanwhile, committed to easing tensions and to consulting its constituency "with a view to examine" its mass action programme. Most importantly, the Record of
Understanding resolved the most obstructive disagreements between the parties about the form of the constitution-making process and the nature of the post-apartheid state. In a major concession, the NP agreed that the constitution would be drafted by a democratically elected body, though one bound by pre-determined constitutional principles. The ANC agreed in broad terms to a transitional arrangement, a Government of National Unity (GNU), and, by thus conceding to a two-stage transition, agreed to postpone the full transition to pure majority rule.
1703:
MPNF's work was done in its
Negotiating Council, which contained two delegates and two advisers from each party, and which was almost continuously in session between April and November. It was in the council that proposals were developed and compromises thrashed out before being sent for formal approval in the higher tiers of the body. The issues before the Negotiating Council were almost identical to those discussed at CODESA and the MPNF built on the latter's work. However, in a new innovation, the Negotiating Council at the end of April resolved to appoint seven technical committees, staffed mostly by lawyers and other experts, to assist in formulating detailed proposals on specific matters. As a result of agreements reached earlier by the Gender Advisory Committee of CODESA, at least one party delegate at each level of the MPNF had to be a woman.
33:
1470:
1162:. The outcome of the talks was a joint communiqué known as the Groote Schuur Minute, which was released on 4 May and which canvassed, though rarely in decisive terms, many of the seven obstacles that had been identified. The minute consisted primarily in a commitment by both parties to "the resolution of the existing climate of violence and intimidation from whatever quarter as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations". The parties agreed to establish a working group, which should aim to complete its work before 21 May and which would consider the terms under which retroactive immunity would be granted for political offences. The government also committed to review its security legislation to "ensure normal and free political activities".
1733:. Hani was extremely popular with the militant urban youth, a constituency whose commitment to a peaceful settlement was already tenuous, and his murder was potentially incendiary. However, Mandela's plea for calm, broadcast on national television, is viewed as having increased the status and credibility of the ANC, both internationally and among domestic moderates. Thus, somewhat paradoxically, the incident helped accelerate consensus between the ANC and the government, and on 3 June the parties announced a date for democratic elections, to be held in April the next year.
1493:. Alternatively, if a constituent assembly was unavoidable, it insisted that approval of the new constitution should require the support of a three-quarters majority in the assembly, rather than the two-thirds majority proposed by the ANC. Thereafter, it sought a transitional system of government under a compulsory coalition, with the cabinet drawn equally from each of the three major parties and a presidency that would rotate among them. The IFP also opposed the notion of a democratically elected constituent assembly, although for different reasons.
1430:
among the white right-wing; nor did it resolve the deadlock that the working groups had arrived at on certain key questions. The most important elements of the deadlock arose from the work of the second working group, whose mandate was to devise constitutional principles and guidelines for the constitution-making process. In terms of the content of the constitutional principles, the ANC favoured a highly centralised government with strict limitations on regional autonomy, while the IFP and NP advocated for
1489:. Although it recognised that the white minority would not abide a constitution-making process without any guarantees of its outcomes, the ANC believed that the pre-agreement of constitutional principles at CODESA should suffice for such guarantees. On the other hand, the NP held that the constitution should be negotiated among parties, in a forum resembling CODESA, and then adopted by the existing (and NP-dominated) legislature – both to protect minority interests, and to ensure
951:
1124:
1154:, in what were touted as the first of several "talks about talks", intended to negotiate the terms for more substantive negotiations. After the first day of meetings, a joint statement was released which identified the factors held by the parties to constitute obstacles to further negotiations: the government was concerned primarily about the ANC's ongoing commitment to armed struggle, while the ANC listed six preliminary demands, including the release of
1772:
walked back this threat and the IFP ultimately joined the MPNF, COSAG was formed to ensure that its members were not sidelined or played off against each other, as they believed they had been in the past. Moreover, its members were in broad agreement in favour of federalism and political self-determination, principles that even the NP increasingly appeared to have abandoned, and they sought to present a united front in advocating for those principles.
1396:; and was broadcast live on television. On the first day, all 19 participants signed a Declaration of Intent, assenting to be bound by certain initial principles and by further agreements reached at CODESA. Notwithstanding various enduring sticking points, the extent of agreement reached at CODESA I was remarkable. Participants agreed that South Africa was to be a united, democratic, and non-racial state, with adherence to a
1818:
1858:, and Buthelezi's IFP agreed to participate in the elections. Its name was added to the ballot papers, which had already been printed, by means of a sticker added manually to the bottom of each slip. Opposition from other wings of the former COSAG was also neutralised: in March, days after Mangope announced that his "country" would not participate in the elections, his administration was effectively paralysed by the
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6785:
658:
1021:. These meetings were secret in nature and were designed to develop an understanding about whether there were sufficient common grounds for future peace talks. As these meetings evolved, a level of trust developed between the key actors (Barnard, Louw, and Mandela). To facilitate future talks while preserving secrecy needed to protect the process, Barnard arranged for Mandela to be moved off
1547:
involvement of the NP government, the state security forces and the police in the violence as well as your unwillingness to act decisively to bring such violence to an end has created an untenable and explosive situation... he NP government has been pursuing the path of embracing the shell of a democratic South Africa while seeking to ensure that it is not democratic in content.
76:
1085:. The operational objective of this meeting was not to understand the opinions of the actors themselves—that was very well known at this stage within strategic management circles—but rather to gauge public opinion about a movement away from the previous security posture of confrontation and repression to a new posture based on engagement and accommodation.
1776:
immediately precipitated the walk-out was an objection to the ANC–NP consensus on the date of the 1994 election. The Ciskei and
Bophuthatswana governments continued to participate in the forum until October 1993, when they also withdrew. At that time, COSAG was reconstituted as the Freedom Alliance, also incorporating far-right white groups of the
1136:
1192:); and it also committed the government to releasing certain categories of political prisoners from September and indemnifying certain categories of political offences from October. Most significantly, however, the minute included a commitment to the immediate and unilateral suspension of all armed activities by the ANC and its armed wing,
1101:, de Klerk announced the repeal of the ban on the ANC and other banned political organisations, as well as Mandela's release after 27 years in prison. Mandela was released on 11 February 1990 and direct talks between the ANC and the government were scheduled to begin on 11 April. However, on 26 March, 11 protestors were killed by
1209:
infiltrate men and materials into the country, or train men for armed action inside the country. This concession was already unpopular with important segments of the ANC's support base, and the situation was further unsettled by the continuation of political violence in parts of the country, particularly in Natal and certain
1662:
In early March 1993, an official Multi-Party
Planning Conference was held at the World Trade Centre to arrange the resumption of multi-party negotiations. The conference established the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF), which met for the first time on 1 April 1993. Over the remainder of the year,
972:
The declaration was the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa that affirmed to these principles. The commitment to the peaceful pursuit of political change was declared at a time when neither the
National Party nor the African National Congress was
963:
The declaration stated that "the situation of South Africa in the world scene as well as internal community relations requires, in our view, an acceptance of certain fundamental concepts for the economic, social, and constitutional development of our country." It called for negotiations involving all
1771:
of Ciskei – and the white
Conservative Party. Buthelezi himself later called it "a motley gathering". Buthelezi had been infuriated by the IFP's exclusion from the Record of Understanding, and in October 1992 had announced to a rally that the IFP would withdraw from further negotiations. Although he
1371:
of the ANC and Fanie van der Merwe of the government – and a management committee, CODESA I comprised five working groups, which became the main negotiating forums during CODESA's lifespan and each of which was dedicated to a specific issue. Each working group included two delegates and two advisors
1230:
On 14 September 1991, twenty-six organisations signed the
National Peace Accord. The first multi-party agreement towards negotiations, it did not resolve substantive questions about the nature of the post-apartheid settlement, but did include guidelines for the conduct of political organisations and
1072:
As the secret talks bore fruit and the political engagement started to take place, the
National Intelligence Service withdrew from centre stage in the process and moved to a new phase of operational support work. This new phase was designed to test public opinion about a negotiated solution. Central
1755:(AWB), whose supporters crashed through the glass front of the building in an armoured car and briefly took over the negotiations chamber. Both Mandela and de Klerk condemned the attack, and all but two of the 26 negotiating parties publicly rejected the secessionist overtones of the AWB's protest.
1535:
involvement in the ongoing political violence, the ANC accused the government of complicity in the attack and announced, on 24 June, that it was withdrawing from negotiations until such time as the government took steps to restore its trust. Lamenting that the massacre had thrown South Africa "back
1429:
on 17 March 1992, which demonstrated overwhelming support among the white minority for reforms and a negotiated settlement and which had therefore solidified his mandate to proceed. However, de Klerk's triumph in the referendum did not curtail – and may have inflamed – political violence, including
1702:
Each party sent ten delegates to the plenary, which, as in CODESA, was required to ratify all formal agreements. Before they reached the plenary, proposals were discussed in the intermediate
Negotiating Forum, which contained two delegates and two advisers from each party. However, the bulk of the
1068:
met
Mandela in the hospital while Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made and the meetings remained secret until several
1611:
The document asserted a shared desire to reopen negotiations and reflected at least partial resolutions to many of the major disagreements which had led to CODESA's collapse. On political violence, the parties agreed to further engagements, to a ban on carrying dangerous weapons in public, and to
1496:
As a result of this deadlock, with consensus evidently out of reach, discussions stalled and the plenary was dissolved on the second day of meetings, 16 May – although the parties reaffirmed their commitment to the Declaration of Intent, and expected to re-convene once the major disagreements had
1208:
Accord, which contained commitments arising from the activities of the working group on political offences, and which also clarified the terms of the ANC's suspension of armed struggle. It specified that the ANC would not launch attacks, create underground structures, threaten or incite violence,
1029:
in 1982. This provided Mandela with more comfortable lodgings, but also gave easier access in a way that could not be compromised. Barnard therefore brokered an initial agreement in principle about what became known as "talks about talks." It was at this stage that the process was elevated from a
1213:
townships, where ANC and IFP supporters periodically clashed. In early April 1991, the ANC imposed an ultimatum, threatening to suspend all negotiations unless the government took steps to reduce the violence. Its case was strengthened by a major scandal in July 1991, known as Inkathagate, which
1917:
was negotiated by the Constitutional Assembly, working from principles contained in the interim Constitution, and was provisionally adopted in 8 May 1996. The next day, de Klerk announced that the NP would withdraw from the Government of National Unity, calling the moment a "natural watershed".
1546:
Our country is on the brink of disaster. First there is the crisis in the negotiation process itself. The central blockage stems from the refusal of the NP government to move together with all of us in the process of truly democratising South Africa. Secondly, the continuing direct and indirect
1706:
In principle, the parties to the forum participated on an equal basis, irrespective of the size of their support base, with decisions taken by consensus. In practice, however, the ANC and NP developed a doctrine known as "sufficient consensus", which usually deemed bilateral ANC–NP agreement
1775:
Notwithstanding COSAG's efforts, Buthelezi felt that the negotiations had become two-sided and that the IFP – and he personally – were being marginalised by the principle of sufficient consensus. In June 1993, the IFP walked out of the MPNF, announcing its withdrawal from negotiations. What
1416:, and with a common South African citizenship. Disagreements about how these provisos were to be implemented, however – and, for example, what exactly was entailed by a unified state or by proportional representation – continued to occupy, and to obstruct, the working groups well into 1992.
1566:
in New York about state complicity in political violence, leading to a UN observer mission and ultimately to additional UN support for various transitional structures, including the Goldstone Commission. The political impetus for a negotiated solution was given further urgency after the
1646:, an influential SACP leader and negotiator. Slovo, urging the ANC-SACP alliance to take a long-term view on the transition, proposed making strategic concessions to the NP's demands, including the incorporation of a "sunset clause" which would allow a transitional period of temporary
878:
However, increasing local and international pressure on the government, as well as the realisation that apartheid could neither be maintained by force forever nor overthrown by the opposition without considerable suffering, eventually led both sides to the negotiating table. The
1854:, visited South Africa to broker a resolution to the IFP's election boycott, or, failing that, to persuade the ANC and NP to delay the elections to avert possible violence. Rejecting the call to delay, the ANC and NP offered Buthelezi additional guarantees of the status of the
32:
973:
looking to peaceful solutions or dialogue. The declaration was heralded by the English speaking press as a breakthrough in race relations in South Africa. Shortly after it was issued, the declaration was endorsed by several chief ministers of the black homelands, including
1540:
days", Mandela suggested that trust might be restored by specific measures to curtail political violence, including regulating workers' hostels, banning cultural weapons like the spears favoured by the IFP, and prosecuting state security personnel implicated in violence.
1510:
With CODESA stalled, the ANC announced its return to a programme of "rolling mass action", aimed at consolidating – and decisively demonstrating – the level of popular support for its agenda in the constitutional negotiations. The programme began with a nationwide
939:
1180:, an ongoing clandestine ANC operation inside the country. Police raids also turned up Operation Vula material which de Klerk believed substantiated his concerns about the sincerity of the ANC's commitment to negotiations and about its intimacy with the
1372:
from each of the 19 parties, as well as a chairperson appointed on a rotational basis. Each had a steering committee and some had further sub-committees. Agreements reached at the working group level were subject to ratification by the CODESA plenary.
1679:. It was managed by a planning committee comprising representatives from twelve of the parties, who were appointed in their personal capacity and worked full-time. Among them were Slovo of the SACP, Ramaphosa of the ANC, Meyer of the NP,
1424:
The second plenary session, CODESA II, convened on 15 May 1992 at the World Trade Centre to canvas the progress made by the working groups. In the interim, electoral losses by the NP to the Conservative Party had led de Klerk to call a
1792:
in the early hours of the morning of 18 November 1993, after a flurry of bilateral agreements on sensitive issues were concluded in quick succession on 17 November. The MPNF's proposals and proposed electoral laws were adopted by the
1188:, resulting in another joint communiqué, the Pretoria Minute. The minute reiterated and extended earlier pledges by the government to consider amending its security legislation and lifting the state of emergency (then ongoing only in
1231:
security forces. To address the ongoing political violence, it established multi-party conflict resolution structures (or "sub-committees") at the community level, as well as related structures at the national level, notably the
1583:
For the month following 21 August 1992, representatives of the ANC and the government met to discuss the resumption of negotiations. Specifically, the government was represented by the Minister of Constitutional Development,
1557:
In the aftermath of the massacre, the ANC capitalised on public sentiment to further promote its mass action campaign, and also harnessed the increased international attention – on 15 July, Mandela addressed a meeting of the
1889:. Six other parties were represented in the national legislature and among them, under the provisions of the interim Constitution, the NP and IFP won enough seats to participate alongside the ANC in a single-term coalition
1272:); the three main political players – the ANC, the IFP, and the NP (represented separately to the government, although holding identical positions to it); and a further variety of political groups. These were the SACP, the
739:
from prison and unbanning the ANC and other political organisations. In 1990–91, bilateral "talks about talks" between the ANC and the government established the pre-conditions for substantive negotiations, codified in the
1780:. None of the Alliance's members participated in the remaining negotiations or ratified the proposals that emerged from them, but informal negotiations with the ANC and government continued on the sidelines of the MPNF.
1707:(sometimes reached in external or informal forums) "sufficient", regardless of any protests from minority parties. As a result, the MPNF was still more dominated by the interests of the ANC and NP than CODESA had been.
1045:, for conducting and publishing the interview it was important for setting the political ground work for a negotiated settlement. It allowed the ANC to present itself to the White South African public as a moderate and
1109:
massacre, and the ANC announced on 31 March that it intended to pull out of the negotiations indefinitely. The talks were only rescheduled after an emergency meeting between Mandela and de Klerk, held in early April.
1617:
Comrades, we look at a GNU as a trap for us, but what if we see it as an opportunity?... If we have de Klerk and the others in government, we can control them more easily than if they are outside creating mayhem.
968:
to safeguard these rights. It suggested that the federal concept was the appropriate framework for such changes to take place. It also affirmed that political change must take place through non-violent means.
7398:
799:(IFP). However, intensive bilateral talks led to a new bilateral Record of Understanding, signed between the ANC and the government in September 1992, which prepared the way for the ultimately successful
2861:
3902:
7023:
6594:
1481:
Perhaps even more obstructive were disagreements about how the constitution itself was to be devised and passed into law. The ANC's enduring proposal had been that the task should be entrusted to a
6963:
1651:
1098:
1097:
became president in 1989, he was able to build on the previous secret negotiations with Mandela. The first significant steps towards formal negotiations took place in February 1990 when, in his
1654:
of the ANC formally endorsed the sunset clause proposal and the idea of a five-year coalition GNU, a decision which was to lubricate multi-party negotiations when they resumed later that year.
4742:
6968:
3933:
5372:
810:
were the main figures in the negotiations, they encountered serious difficulties building consensus not only among their own constituencies but among other participating groups, notably
1848:
1596:
on 26 September 1992, which resulted in a Record of Understanding. The agreement improved relations between the parties to the extent that both delegations sent key members to two
830:
homeland. Several groups, including the IFP, boycotted the tail-end of the negotiations, but the most important among them ultimately agreed to participate in the 1994 elections.
7121:
6953:
6161:
1082:
1763:
In early October 1992, the IFP initiated the formation of the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an "unlikely alliance" between the IFP and other black traditionalists –
1073:
to this planning was an initiative that became known in Security Force circles as the Dakar Safari, which saw a number of prominent Afrikaner opinion-makers engage with the
4226:
1469:
7008:
5619:
5323:
1902:
6764:
6698:
1324:). Buthelezi personally, though not the IFP, boycotted the sessions, in protest of the steering committee's decision not to allow a separate delegation representing the
6771:
2123:
2099:
186:
3993:
6266:
5539:
5330:
4735:
1991:
6580:
6559:
6420:
5337:
2202:
1636:
This concession on the ANC's part was in keeping with an evolving internal debate, much of which revolved around a paper published during the same period in the
1592:. Through intensive informal discussions, Meyer and Ramaphosa struck up a famous friendship. Their informal meetings were followed by a full bilateral summit in
1235:. The accord prepared the way for multi-party negotiations, under the organisation that came to be called the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA).
7441:
6182:
7151:
6098:
6014:
5469:
5448:
3894:
1010:
701:
3171:
2228:
7461:
7451:
6552:
5379:
1748:
1742:
775:
The ANC returned to a programme of mass action, hoping to leverage its popular support, only to withdraw from negotiations entirely in June 1992 after the
5587:
875:
cracked down on black opposition to apartheid, most leaders of ANC and other opposition organisations were either killed, imprisoned, or went into exile.
6789:
6231:
4728:
2322:
1667:, which included a list of 34 "constitutional principles" by which the envisaged constituent assembly would be bound in drafting the final constitution.
1301:
5208:
7512:
7456:
6958:
6615:
6476:
6399:
5689:
3415:
1297:
88:
7391:
7003:
6849:
6821:
6757:
6545:
6280:
5612:
3871:
2001:
1971:
1675:
The MPNF comprised 26 political groups, among them – in contrast to CODESA – the PAC, the Afrikaner Volksunie, and delegations representing various
1490:
243:
5090:
5028:
4657:
3031:
2819:
6538:
6343:
6091:
5972:
5555:
4527:
4011:
3925:
1426:
628:
6385:
997:, the declaration saw staunch opposition from the National Party, the Afrikaans press and the conservative wing of Harry Schwarz's United Party.
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in neighbouring Angola and Namibia, created a window of opportunity to create the enabling conditions for a negotiated settlement, recognized by
708:
was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new
7446:
6636:
6601:
6119:
5316:
5037:
1333:
544:
293:
278:
5171:
7166:
6510:
6077:
4615:
4565:
4541:
4488:
4464:
4440:
4419:
4398:
4377:
4356:
3452:
2486:
2298:
2265:
2176:
2152:
1851:
4642:
1176:
Tensions between the parties were piqued in late July, when several senior members of the ANC were arrested because of their involvement in
7423:
7141:
6948:
6943:
6726:
6517:
6427:
6049:
4637:
2509:
2022:
1919:
1797:, a concession to the NP's demand for legal continuity. Thereafter, South Africa's transition to democracy was overseen by the multi-party
98:
318:
4699:
4694:
3525:
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6524:
6371:
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1923:
1882:
1831:
1789:
1664:
717:
709:
687:
198:
103:
5148:
6622:
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6531:
6056:
6021:
5710:
5159:
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1277:
731:
Although there had been gestures towards negotiations in the 1970s and 1980s, the process accelerated in 1990, when the government of
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228:
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1336:, applied for but was denied permission to participate at CODESA; instead, its interests were to be represented indirectly by its
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6336:
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of the elections by the members of the Freedom Alliance. Shortly before the election, an international delegation, led by former
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3719:
3659:
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1273:
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608:
233:
128:
5504:
1184:(SACP). Following another meeting between Mandela and de Klerk on 26 July, intensive bilateral talks were held on 6 August in
6315:
6224:
5979:
5738:
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1219:
298:
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2054:
Turton, A.R. 2010. Shaking Hands with Billy: The Private Memoirs of Anthony Richard Turton. Durban: Just Done Publications.
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by the South African government. It was formalised in 1948, forming a framework for political and economic dominance by the
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6469:
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6378:
6259:
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5001:
3607:"The Politics of Remembering and Commemorating Atrocity in South Africa: The Bhisho Massacre and its Aftermath, 1992–2012"
1181:
1053:
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313:
288:
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7013:
6993:
6980:
6814:
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6364:
6301:
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5851:
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1914:
1752:
1215:
839:
713:
593:
208:
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4041:
7136:
6670:
6573:
6448:
6357:
6203:
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1956:
1926:
were held under its provisions in June 1999, consolidating the ANC's long-lived majority in the national legislature.
1722:
1716:
1451:
1413:
910:
466:
308:
253:
163:
158:
4704:
1049:
interlocutor contrary to their portrayal by the South African government as radical communist Black nationalists.
7216:
7116:
7106:
6140:
5661:
5569:
5525:
5302:
5180:
5079:
1986:
1961:
1878:
1859:
1532:
880:
784:
496:
168:
7418:
4346:
2753:
7386:
7315:
7176:
7018:
6998:
6938:
6843:
6684:
6322:
6154:
6147:
6105:
5819:
5766:
5654:
5605:
5386:
5044:
4667:
4102:"The Peace Deal: The Formation of the Ingonyama Trust and the IFP Decision to Join South Africa's 1994 Elections"
3063:
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1886:
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868:
721:
416:
263:
258:
238:
213:
193:
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7126:
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5759:
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4711:
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1981:
884:
603:
223:
5051:
795:
launched periodic attacks, and there were regular clashes between supporters of the ANC and supporters of the
787:
bent on destabilisation. Indeed, political violence was nearly continuous throughout the negotiations – white
426:
2602:"Transition to Democracy through Transaction?: Bilateral Negotiations between the ANC and NP in South Africa"
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7131:
6807:
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5358:
5141:
4605:
2727:
1976:
1946:
1841:
1389:
922:
900:
680:
633:
401:
4200:
993:). Despite considerable support from black leaders, the English speaking press and liberal figures such as
7339:
7171:
5703:
5668:
4870:
3864:"A Cruel Attempt to Kill Progress: Chris Hani assassination must not be allowed to derail S. Africa talks"
333:
4290:
4075:
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1893:. Also in terms of a constitutional provision, de Klerk was appointed Mandela's second deputy president.
7256:
7161:
7146:
6238:
6168:
6063:
5958:
5812:
5462:
5242:
5155:
4950:
4770:
3694:"Ramaphosa and Meyer in Belfast – The South African Experience: How the New South Africa was Negotiated"
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2536:
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1951:
1941:
1794:
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1293:
1248:
19 groups were represented at CODESA: the South African government and the governments of the so-called
849:
796:
598:
588:
283:
203:
148:
4015:
3552:"Gateway to International Victory: The Diplomacy of the African National Congress in Africa, 1960-1994"
2323:"Hope in South Africa; Tide of Relief Follows Decades of Unrest, But Can Change Come From Negotiations"
7517:
7224:
7101:
7051:
7046:
5986:
5872:
5640:
5576:
5309:
5072:
5065:
5017:
4800:
1966:
1867:
1777:
1572:
1537:
1482:
1474:
1397:
1232:
1210:
1102:
914:
565:
366:
323:
173:
113:
1885:
under universal suffrage. The ANC won a resounding majority in the election and Mandela was elected
7428:
7408:
7240:
7208:
7192:
6441:
6413:
6287:
5805:
5798:
5731:
5696:
5647:
5127:
4934:
3027:
1936:
1906:
1337:
1329:
857:
815:
725:
643:
3606:
1862:. In the aftermath of the crisis, which was considered humiliating by some far-right leaders, the
7413:
7200:
6893:
5134:
4450:
4181:
4131:
3845:
3634:
3587:
3579:
3506:
3396:
3388:
3274:
3266:
3212:
3152:
2965:
2889:
2683:
2629:
2582:
2415:
2407:
1863:
1855:
1801:. On the day of the council's inauguration in late 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were travelling to
1528:
1450:
for minority groups, to exist alongside a bill of rights with specific protections for so-called
1409:
1325:
1159:
1155:
853:
811:
780:
776:
769:
761:
673:
108:
59:
2513:
2510:"Minutes and Accords between the ANC and the South African Government, May 1990 – February 1991"
1123:
351:
1142:(right) gives one of his first press interviews after his release from prison in February 1990.
6876:
6871:
6719:
6705:
6042:
5858:
5682:
5272:
4862:
4792:
4611:
4592:
4582:
4561:
4537:
4515:
4505:
4484:
4460:
4436:
4415:
4394:
4373:
4352:
4234:
4173:
4123:
4049:
3994:"Managing Spoilers at the Bargaining Table: Inkatha and the Talks to End Apartheid, 1990-1994"
3964:
3837:
3782:
3750:
3626:
3571:
3498:
3460:
3423:
3380:
3258:
3179:
3144:
3004:
2957:
2881:
2800:
2675:
2621:
2574:
2482:
2442:
2399:
2330:
2294:
2261:
2148:
2072:
2030:
1806:
1647:
1638:
1486:
1463:
1435:
1308:. However, the negotiations were boycotted by organisations both on the far left (notably the
1193:
950:
765:
748:. The first multi-party agreement on the desirability of a negotiated settlement was the 1991
554:
268:
921:
and signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as the
7333:
7327:
7272:
7111:
7028:
6908:
6643:
6007:
5717:
5497:
5187:
4942:
4910:
4846:
4165:
4113:
3829:
3618:
3563:
3370:
3362:
3312:
3250:
3136:
2996:
2949:
2873:
2792:
2613:
2474:
2389:
2381:
2290:
1447:
1189:
1026:
506:
456:
386:
964:
peoples, in order to draw up constitutional proposals stressing opportunity for all with a
7351:
7248:
7075:
6923:
6886:
5965:
5879:
5773:
5441:
5365:
5286:
5010:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4854:
4647:
4551:
4474:
2910:
2253:
2158:
1844:
1589:
1516:
623:
613:
123:
7321:
2617:
1696:
7363:
7357:
7345:
7303:
7297:
7232:
6866:
6830:
6712:
6434:
6308:
5951:
5865:
5548:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5194:
5120:
4966:
4926:
3487:"F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership"
3140:
1817:
1692:
1688:
1568:
1559:
1405:
1393:
1261:
1177:
1171:
1139:
1128:
1006:
986:
974:
965:
736:
732:
486:
476:
446:
431:
411:
406:
396:
371:
40:
36:
3818:"Fragments of the Past: Homeland Politics and the South African Transition, 1990–2014"
779:. The massacre revived pre-existing, and enduring, concerns about state complicity in
7501:
7369:
6928:
6903:
6898:
6629:
6350:
5455:
5434:
5404:
5397:
5106:
4135:
3849:
3638:
3591:
3400:
3278:
3172:"South African Whites Ratify De Klerk's Move to Negotiate with Blacks on a New Order"
2893:
2419:
2283:
2258:
Tomorrow is Another Country: the inside story of South Africa's Negotiated Revolution
1764:
1455:
1147:
1094:
1065:
1046:
1022:
982:
906:
638:
511:
461:
133:
118:
48:
4720:
4578:
The Politics of Transition: A Hidden History of South Africa's Negotiated Settlement
3667:
3239:"Towards Majority Rule in South Africa: The Transitional Executive Council Act 1993"
760:). However, the second plenary session of CODESA, in May 1992, encountered stubborn
7403:
6294:
5903:
5724:
5675:
4838:
4752:
2985:"The politics of economic reform: Trade unions and democratization in South Africa"
1910:
1788:
The final plenary of the MPNF was convened on 17–18 November 1993. It ratified the
1676:
1650:
to appease white politicians, bureaucrats, and military men. In February 1993, the
1593:
1439:
1401:
1385:
1305:
1038:
1014:
888:
861:
819:
705:
539:
501:
491:
481:
381:
44:
4118:
4101:
3833:
3316:
4555:
4531:
4478:
4454:
4430:
4409:
4388:
4367:
3693:
3622:
3366:
3320:
7466:
7309:
7291:
7096:
5887:
4830:
4607:
Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa
3817:
1680:
1624:
1585:
1524:
1519:. It was overshadowed when later that week, on 17–18 June 1992, 45 residents of
1443:
1368:
1205:
1057:
938:
823:
441:
436:
421:
356:
1836:
In the run-up to the 1994 elections, a final stumbling block was the continued
6462:
6000:
5113:
5058:
4918:
4902:
4689:
4557:
Tomorrow Is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa's Road to Change
4267:
4169:
3567:
3254:
3000:
2877:
2796:
2478:
2385:
1871:
1870:
and confirmed its intention to contest the elections, ensuring that far-right
1768:
1726:
1431:
1285:
1078:
1042:
1034:
994:
871:
and other mainly black opposition political organisations were banned. As the
792:
549:
516:
391:
376:
361:
218:
4411:
Soldiers In A Storm: The Armed Forces In South Africa's Democratic Transition
4238:
4177:
4127:
4053:
3968:
3841:
3786:
3630:
3575:
3502:
3464:
3427:
3384:
3262:
3183:
3148:
3008:
2961:
2885:
2804:
2781:"The national peace accord in South Africa's political transition: 1991–1994"
2679:
2625:
2578:
2446:
2403:
2370:"Toyi-Toyi-ing to Freedom: The Endgame in the ANCs Armed Struggle, 1989-1990"
2334:
2034:
5921:
5912:
5843:
5249:
5226:
5215:
4596:
4519:
2984:
2780:
2162:
1747:
On 25 June 1993, MPNF negotiations were dramatically interrupted when their
1684:
1643:
1628:
1601:
1520:
1512:
1253:
1249:
1151:
1018:
990:
788:
570:
534:
471:
75:
67:
27:
1990–93 summits to end formal segregation and racial discrimination policies
4501:
The African National Congress and the Negotiated Settlement in South Africa
4456:
A Democratic South Africa?: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society
3698:
John M. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies Publications
1388:. The first plenary was held on 20–21 December 1991; was chaired by judges
1434:
of slightly different kinds, but with strong, built-in guarantees for the
7122:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
6691:
6189:
5834:
4958:
4815:
4576:
4499:
3416:"South Africa: Back to Brink; A Massacre Lays Bare The Still-Yawning Gap"
2229:"Tony Heard's final wave: A fighter for social justice and media freedom"
1901:
In 1995, the government passed legislation mandating the creation of the
1730:
1605:
1281:
1257:
1185:
1106:
3510:
3486:
3392:
3351:"Boipatong: The Politics of a Massacre and the South African Transition"
3350:
2687:
2663:
2586:
2562:
2411:
2369:
1041:. Although the South African government arrested the Cape Times editor,
5099:
4185:
4153:
3926:"Chris Hani's Assassination Put South Africa On the Brink of Civil War"
3583:
3551:
3375:
3156:
3124:
2969:
2937:
2055:
1837:
1352:
Constitutional principles and guidelines for a constitution-making body
918:
827:
752:, consolidated later that year by the establishment of the multi-party
3270:
3238:
2633:
2601:
2394:
2177:"Trailblazing South African journalist Tony Heard, NF '88, dies at 86"
1146:
On 2–4 May 1990, the ANC met with the South African government at the
1135:
735:
took a number of unilateral steps towards reform, including releasing
17:
5826:
4982:
4761:
1269:
978:
560:
2953:
2820:"South Africa's National Peace Accord: Its Structures and Functions"
1380:
CODESA held two plenary sessions, both at the World Trade Centre in
2285:
The Opening of the Apartheid Mind: Options for the New South Africa
4974:
4432:
The Long Journey: South Africa's Quest for a Negotiated Settlement
3301:"From Pariah to Partner – Bophuthatswana, the NPKF, and the SANDF"
3213:"Participating in the Design: Constitution-Making in South Africa"
2203:"Tony Heard: a journalist and one of the bravest men I have known"
1816:
1468:
1265:
1134:
1122:
6799:
2862:"The Path to Constitutional Democracy in South Africa: An Update"
1918:
Following changes made to the text at the instruction of the new
1158:, the return of ANC activists from exile, and the lifting of the
1005:
The very first meetings between the South African Government and
3453:"Mandela, Stunned by Massacre, Pulls Out of Talks on Black Rule"
1802:
860:
population and severely restricting the political rights of the
6803:
4724:
1922:, the final Constitution came into effect in February 1997 and
1037:
published an interview with the then banned leader of the ANC,
4695:
Memorandum from Mandela to de Klerk on the breakdown of CODESA
2703:"ANC Vows to Halt Talks Unless De Klerk Acts to Curb Violence"
1355:
Transitional mechanisms and transitional government structures
1222:
informant, that the government had been subsidising the IFP.
2467:
Sisk, Timothy (14 March 2017). "The Uncertain Interregnum".
2069:
Indispensable traitors: liberal parties in settler conflicts
2023:"Mandela and de Klerk Receive Liberty Medal in Philadelphia"
1204:
The Pretoria Minute was followed on 12 February 1991 by the
4345:
Clark, Domini; Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2004).
4201:"The Day Apartheid Died: Bombs and Chaos No Bar to Voters"
3895:"Address to the nation following the murder of Chris Hani"
1052:
The first less-tentative meeting between Mandela and the
1531:. Amid broader suspicions of state-sponsored so-called
4014:. Constitutional Court of South Africa. Archived from
1909:
tribunal which over the next three years investigated
1454:. The ANC viewed such proposals as attempts to dilute
917:, Chief Executive Councillor of the black homeland of
2664:"Political Violence and the South African Transition"
1438:. For example, the NP's preferred proposal was for a
1083:
Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa
3957:"White Separatists Storm South African Negotiations"
7379:
7284:
7185:
7087:
7037:
6979:
6859:
6747:
6653:
6486:
5941:
5932:
5790:
5586:
5225:
5170:
5089:
5027:
5000:
4993:
4759:
3064:"Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)"
2117:"A survey of race relations in South Africa (1975)"
2093:"A survey of race relations in South Africa (1974)"
4685:Constitution Hill Trust series on the negotiations
4225:Taylor, Paul; Claiborne, William (20 April 1994).
3775:"Mandela's Group Accepts 5 Years of Power-Sharing"
2282:
1332:. And South Africa's largest labour grouping, the
2435:"De Klerk to Meet With Delegation Led By Mandela"
1663:the parties to the MPNF devised and agreed to an
1349:Creation of a climate for free and fair elections
1239:Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)
43:in July 1993, near the close of negotiations, in
4291:"Ex-Guerrillas, Exiles Named to Mandela Cabinet"
2281:Heribert Adam; Kogila Moodley (1 January 1993).
1485:, democratically elected under the principle of
1030:secret engagement to a more public engagement.
783:, possibly through the use of a state-sponsored
716:of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial
5540:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2147:. Durban: South Africa: Just Done Productions.
1992:Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa
1615:
1544:
1346:
4690:Short documentary on the Groote Schuur meeting
4154:"'Negotiated Elections' in South Africa, 1994"
2860:Carpenter, Gretchen; Bewkes, Margaret (1992).
2754:"Inkathagate: How Buthelezi's cover was blown"
909:, leader of the liberal-reformist wing of the
895:Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith: January 1974
772:, and the constitution-making process itself.
7424:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song)
6919:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
6815:
4736:
2600:Rantete, Johannes; Giliomee, Hermann (1992).
1877:On 27 April 1994, a date later celebrated as
1737:Storming of the World Trade Centre: June 1993
1552:– Memo from Mandela to de Klerk, 26 June 1992
681:
8:
7152:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
4348:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
4076:"Mandela and De Klerk Win Nobel Peace Prize"
2563:"Negotiation and the South African Conflict"
1874:would be represented in the new government.
4653:Terms of reference of CODESA working groups
4533:The End of Apartheid: Diary of a Revolution
4227:"Buthelezi Ends Boycott of S. African Vote"
2512:. African National Congress. Archived from
2289:. University of California Press. pp.
1743:Storming of Kempton Park World Trade Centre
7218:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation
6850:President of the African National Congress
6822:
6808:
6800:
5938:
4997:
4743:
4729:
4721:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
1821:Mandela casting his vote on 27 April 1994.
688:
674:
54:
4480:South Africa's New Era: The 1994 Election
4117:
3743:"Negotiations: What Room for Compromise?"
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3374:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
2938:"Prospects for a Democratic South Africa"
2393:
1477:in January 1992, shortly after CODESA I.
1458:and possibly to allow the maintenance of
7004:Reconstruction and Development Programme
5613:Reconstruction and Development Programme
4648:Text of the CODESA Declaration of Intent
4504:. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik Publishers.
4042:"Joint South African Council Takes Over"
2138:
2136:
2002:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1972:History of the African National Congress
1588:, and the ANC by its Secretary General,
1361:Implementation, process, and time frames
754:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
31:
7077:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years
5209:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
2989:Journal of Contemporary African Studies
2013:
1711:Assassination of Chris Hani: April 1993
1579:Record of Understanding: September 1992
1506:Return to mass action: June–August 1992
629:Music in the movement against apartheid
66:
5690:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
3987:
3985:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3687:
3685:
3232:
3230:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3170:Wren, Christopher S. (19 March 1992).
3125:"Towards a South African Constitution"
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
2668:Irish Studies in International Affairs
1805:, where they were jointly awarded the
1367:In addition to a secretariat – led by
1334:Congress of South African Trade Unions
931:Signers of the Mahlabatini Declaration
891:of the National Intelligence Service.
4147:
4145:
4040:Noble, Kenneth B. (8 December 1993).
4035:
4033:
3936:from the original on 28 December 2021
3905:from the original on 28 December 2021
3874:from the original on 28 December 2021
3556:The Journal of Modern African Studies
3485:Glad, Betty; Blanton, Robert (1997).
3446:
3444:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3058:
3056:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2905:
2903:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2537:"De Klerk Warns Mandela on ANC Moves"
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
1304:, the United People's Front, and the
1280:, the Inyandza National Movement (of
1226:National Peace Accord: September 1991
1081:, Germany at events organized by the
7:
7142:Nelson Mandela International Airport
7047:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech)
3924:Simanowitz, Stefan (11 April 2013).
3816:Robinson, Jason (3 September 2015).
3712:"Compromises and the Sunset Clauses"
3605:Victor, Stephanie (2 January 2015).
2618:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098560
2056:http://www.shakinghandswithbilly.com
1809:for their efforts to end apartheid.
1721:On 10 April 1993, a white extremist
1658:Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF)
1436:representation of minority interests
1218:published evidence, obtained from a
7009:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
5620:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
5266:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
4663:Text of the Record of Understanding
4158:Review of African Political Economy
3822:Journal of Southern African Studies
3666:. 26 September 1992. Archived from
3611:Journal of Southern African Studies
3355:Journal of Southern African Studies
2374:Journal of Southern African Studies
2129:from the original on 23 March 2012.
2105:from the original on 23 March 2012.
1903:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1832:1994 South African general election
1784:Interim Constitution: November 1993
1608:summits" or retreats) that summer.
1515:on 16 June, the anniversary of the
1497:been resolved outside the plenary.
1358:Re-incorporation of the TBVC states
1099:speech at the opening of Parliament
915:Gatsha (later Mangosuthu) Buthelezi
806:Although the ANC and the governing
104:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
7167:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
4459:. University of California Press.
4199:Beresford, David (27 April 1994).
3762:from the original on 17 June 2009.
3141:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1994.tb01957.x
2779:Tessendorf, Harold (1 June 1996).
2321:Burns, John F. (4 February 1990).
1691:of the Transvaal Indian Congress,
25:
7061:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
6772:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
6407:South African Party (Cape Colony)
4643:Text of the National Peace Accord
4012:"The history of the Constitution"
4000:– via Princeton University.
3893:Mandela, Nelson (13 April 1993).
3773:Keller, Bill (19 February 1993).
3692:O'Malley, Padraig (1 June 1996).
2227:Battersby, John (28 March 2024).
1284:), the Intando Yesizwe Party (of
1200:D. F. Malan Accord: February 1991
1017:and his Deputy Director General,
7513:Events associated with apartheid
7480:
7479:
6964:state memorial service attendees
6784:
6783:
4673:Text of the interim Constitution
4317:"De Klerk, Party Quit Coalition"
4264:Independent Electoral Commission
4106:South African Historical Journal
3524:Mandela, Nelson (26 June 1992).
3217:Review of Constitutional Studies
2983:Webster, E.C. (1 January 1998).
2433:Burns, John F. (17 March 1990).
1913:violations under apartheid. The
1826:Democratic elections: April 1994
1316:) and on far right (notably the
1089:Reforms announced: February 1990
949:
937:
923:Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith
844:Internal resistance to apartheid
657:
656:
619:Internal resistance to apartheid
74:
6421:South African Party (1977–1980)
6414:South African Party (1911–1934)
6330:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
6127:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
4560:. University of Chicago Press.
4372:. University of Toronto Press.
4369:The Birth of a New South Africa
4074:Drogin, Bob (16 October 1993).
2470:Democratization in South Africa
2021:Olmstead, Larry (5 July 1993).
1172:Operation Vula § Exposure
129:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
7132:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate
6934:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
6841:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013
5739:2019 service delivery protests
5725:#FeesMustFall student protests
5470:1983 constitutional referendum
4266:. 28 June 2008. Archived from
3992:Scher, Daniel (11 July 2014).
3526:"Memorandum to F. W. de Klerk"
3491:Presidential Studies Quarterly
2911:"CODESA Declaration of Intent"
2535:Kraft, Scott (2 August 1990).
2473:. Princeton University Press.
2201:Weaver, Tony (27 March 2024).
1799:Transitional Executive Council
1759:Concerned South Africans Group
1119:Groote Schuur Minute: May 1990
1013:(NIS) under the leadership of
883:, which brought an end to the
1:
7399:International Tribute Concert
7266:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
6197:Johannesburg Reform Committee
5426:Israel–South Africa Agreement
4819:
4804:
4781:
4774:
4716:on the sunset clause proposal
4638:Text of the bilateral accords
4119:10.1080/02582473.2021.1909116
4100:Lynd, Hilary (3 April 2021).
3955:Keller, Bill (26 June 1993).
3834:10.1080/03057070.2015.1064297
3451:Keller, Bill (24 June 1992).
3414:Keller, Bill (22 June 1992).
3317:10.1080/10246029.1998.9627991
2701:Kraft, Scott (6 April 1991).
1571:on 7 September, in which the
1314:Azanian People's Organisation
1182:South African Communist Party
1077:(ANC) in Dakar, Senegal, and
1064:. In November 1985, Minister
1011:National Intelligence Service
801:Multi-Party Negotiating Forum
7409:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song)
7014:Constitution of South Africa
6999:Government of National Unity
5852:Black Consciousness Movement
5606:Government of National Unity
4610:. Rutgers University Press.
4387:De Villiers, Bertus (1994).
4366:Davenport, T. R. H. (1998).
3623:10.1080/03057070.2015.992714
3367:10.1080/03057070.2012.711674
3349:Simpson, James G.R. (2012).
3068:South African History Online
2561:Zartman, I. William (1991).
1997:Presidency of Nelson Mandela
1891:Government of National Unity
1753:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
1652:National Executive Committee
1473:De Klerk and Mandela at the
1214:unravelled after journalist
1166:Pretoria Minute: August 1990
840:South Africa under apartheid
712:in 1993, a precursor to the
594:Apartheid in popular culture
47:wait to jointly receive the
7137:Nelson Mandela Invitational
6882:1955 Congress of the People
5563:Saint James Church massacre
5449:Weapons of mass destruction
4658:Report on CODESA agreements
4315:Duke, Lynne (10 May 1996).
3032:"The Composition of CODESA"
1957:Saint James Church massacre
1725:senior SACP and ANC leader
1717:Assassination of Chris Hani
1462:apartheid in the country's
1414:proportional representation
1404:and judicially enforceable
1340:partners, the ANC and SACP.
1252:(the nominally independent
867:Between 1960 and 1990, the
164:Saint James Church massacre
159:Assassination of Chris Hani
7544:
7442:Cape Town City Hall statue
7117:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship
7107:Nelson Mandela Institution
6872:Mandela and Tambo law firm
5303:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
5181:South West Africa campaign
5080:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
5045:French Huguenot settlement
4498:Rantete, Johannes (1998).
4289:Drogin, Bob (7 May 1994).
1987:Government of South Africa
1962:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
1829:
1740:
1714:
1575:killed 28 ANC supporters.
1523:were killed, primarily by
1169:
1150:presidential residence in
898:
848:Apartheid was a system of
837:
169:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
45:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7475:
7387:African National Congress
7316:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
7177:Nelson Mandela University
7069:Conversations With Myself
6844:President of South Africa
6837:
6781:
6758:African National Congress
6218:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
5556:1992 apartheid referendum
4668:Documents of MPNF plenary
4429:Friedman, Steven (1993).
4170:10.1080/03056249408704075
3664:African National Congress
3660:"Record of Understanding"
3568:10.1017/S0022278X02004147
3299:Cilliers, Jakkie (1998).
3255:10.1017/S002185530001127X
3047:Nelson Mandela Foundation
3001:10.1080/02589009808729620
2915:United Nations Peacemaker
2878:10.1017/S0021855300009876
2797:10.1080/02589349608705031
2479:10.1515/9781400887392-008
2386:10.1080/03057070902920015
2067:Mitchell, Thomas (2002).
1849:British Foreign Secretary
1683:of the Democratic Party,
1631:'s sunset clause proposal
1501:Breakdown of negotiations
1322:Herstigte Nasionale Party
1114:Early "talks about talks"
1075:African National Congress
869:African National Congress
768:, political and cultural
722:African National Congress
417:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
7298:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
7157:Mandela National Stadium
7127:Nelson Mandela Challenge
6929:Mandela House and museum
6211:Labour Party (1969–1994)
6204:Labour Party (1910–1958)
5760:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
5718:#RhodesMustFall protests
5317:1960 republic referendum
4604:Waldmeir, Patti (1998).
4408:Frankel, Philip (2000).
4152:Szeftel, Morris (1994).
2936:Maphai, Vincent (1993).
2145:Shaking Hands with Billy
1982:Politics of South Africa
1881:, South Africa held its
1527:hostel dwellers, in the
1306:Ximoko Progressive Party
1127:South African President
989:) and Hudson Nisanwisi (
885:South African Border War
803:of April–November 1993.
604:Cape Qualified Franchise
7462:Washington, D.C. statue
7024:Intervention in Lesotho
6959:Death and state funeral
6656:terrorist organisations
5746:2019 Johannesburg riots
5359:Constructive engagement
5324:International isolation
5142:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
4575:Spitz, Richard (2000).
4536:. Biteback Publishing.
4390:Birth of a Constitution
3550:Pfister, Roger (2003).
3305:African Security Review
3237:Hatchard, John (1993).
2758:The Mail & Guardian
2662:Guelke, Adrian (1993).
2368:Simpson, Thula (2009).
2143:Anthony Turton (2010).
1977:History of South Africa
1947:One settler, one bullet
1842:U.S. Secretary of State
1729:outside Hani's home in
1376:CODESA I: December 1991
1310:Pan-Africanist Congress
1298:National People's Party
901:Mahlabatini Declaration
634:Nostalgia for apartheid
7340:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini
5669:Attack on Kennedy Road
5280:Congress of the People
4871:South African Republic
3243:Journal of African Law
2866:Journal of African Law
1822:
1767:of Bophuthatswana and
1627:, an early adopter of
1620:
1549:
1478:
1427:whites-only referendum
1392:, Petrus Shabort, and
1364:
1344:CODESA working groups:
1143:
1132:
1056:government came while
818:white groups, and the
609:Disinvestment campaign
334:State Security Council
52:
7162:Nelson Mandela Bridge
7147:Nelson Mandela Square
6949:90th Birthday Tribute
6944:70th Birthday Tribute
6914:Victor Verster Prison
6239:Natal Indian Congress
5959:Afrikaner Broederbond
5813:Afrikaner nationalism
5599:1994 general election
5570:Bophuthatswana crisis
5463:Church Street bombing
5243:Apartheid legislation
5236:1948 general election
5156:South Africa Act 1909
4951:Union of South Africa
4771:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
4751:Political history of
4712:Special issue of the
4632:Negotiation documents
4414:. Avalon Publishing.
3129:The Modern Law Review
3123:Corder, Hugh (1994).
3036:The O'Malley Archives
2942:International Affairs
2818:Spies, Chris (2002).
1952:Battle of Ventersdorp
1942:Afrikaner nationalism
1820:
1795:Tricameral Parliament
1472:
1440:bicameral legislature
1410:multi-party elections
1294:Natal Indian Congress
1138:
1126:
850:racial discrimination
824:independent homelands
797:Inkatha Freedom Party
750:National Peace Accord
599:Apartheid legislation
589:Afrikaner nationalism
149:Cape Town peace march
139:Trojan Horse Incident
99:1948 general election
35:
7414:"Mandela Day" (song)
7226:Mandela and de Klerk
7172:Ponts Nelson-Mandela
7102:Nelson Mandela Forum
7053:Long Walk to Freedom
7019:1995 Rugby World Cup
5873:Greater South Africa
5711:2014 platinum strike
5577:Shell House massacre
5505:Transkei coup d'état
5310:Sharpeville massacre
5073:Battle of Blaauwberg
5066:Battle of Muizenberg
5018:Battle of Salt River
4801:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3998:Successful Societies
3211:Heinz, Klug (1996).
2516:on 24 September 2006
1967:Shell House massacre
1924:successful elections
1920:Constitutional Court
1868:Afrikaner Volksfront
1860:Bophutatswana crisis
1813:Political transition
1790:interim Constitution
1778:Afrikaner Volksfront
1665:interim Constitution
1573:Ciskei Defence Force
1517:1976 Soweto uprising
1483:constituent assembly
1475:World Economic Forum
1446:would incorporate a
1398:separation of powers
1292:, the Transvaal and
1233:Goldstone Commission
1033:In October 1985 the
1001:Early contact: 1980s
742:Groote Schuur Minute
720:in 1994, won by the
710:interim Constitution
497:Eugène Terre'Blanche
367:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
174:Shell House massacre
144:Khotso House bombing
114:Sharpeville massacre
7447:Johannesburg statue
7294:(great-grandfather)
6765:Democratic Alliance
5942:Civic and political
5806:Afrikaner Calvinism
5799:African nationalism
5648:African Renaissance
5338:UNSC Resolution 591
5259:Internal resistance
5160:National Convention
5128:Transvaal Civil War
5052:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
4935:Orange River Colony
4451:Horowitz, Donald L.
4393:. Cape Town: Juta.
4351:. Pearson Longman.
3741:Slovo, Joe (1992).
2260:. Sandton: Struik.
1937:African nationalism
1907:restorative justice
1699:of Bophuthatswana.
1677:traditional leaders
1420:CODESA II: May 1992
1338:Tripartite Alliance
1330:Goodwill Zwelithini
1156:political prisoners
1009:were driven by the
905:On 4 January 1974,
726:liberation movement
644:Sullivan Principles
7202:Death of Apartheid
6954:Awards and honours
5512:Ciskei coup d'état
5331:UN Resolution 1761
5296:Women's March 1956
5149:South African Wars
5135:Mineral Revolution
4046:The New York Times
3961:The New York Times
3779:The New York Times
3670:on 12 October 2006
3457:The New York Times
3420:The New York Times
3323:on 12 October 2006
3176:The New York Times
2917:. 20 December 1991
2439:The New York Times
2327:The New York Times
2027:The New York Times
1915:final Constitution
1823:
1751:by the right-wing
1529:Boipatong massacre
1521:Boipatong, Gauteng
1479:
1412:under a system of
1318:Conservative Party
1278:Dikwankwetla Party
1160:state of emergency
1144:
1133:
781:political violence
777:Boipatong massacre
770:self-determination
764:over questions of
229:Conservative Party
109:1956 Treason Trial
53:
7495:
7494:
7437:Atlanta sculpture
6969:funeral attendees
6877:UMkhonto we Sizwe
6797:
6796:
6750:political parties
6743:
6742:
6720:Orde van die Dood
6337:Progressive Party
6043:Congress Alliance
5859:Cape Independence
5791:Political culture
5786:
5785:
5753:COVID-19 pandemic
5683:Marikana massacre
5519:Venda coup d'état
5273:Defiance Campaign
4863:Orange Free State
4793:Dutch Cape Colony
4714:African Communist
4617:978-0-8135-2582-2
4567:978-0-226-76855-7
4543:978-1-84954-865-6
4490:978-0-7493-1910-6
4466:978-0-520-07885-7
4442:978-0-86975-444-3
4421:978-0-8133-3747-0
4400:978-0-7021-3216-2
4379:978-0-8020-8054-7
4358:978-0-582-41437-2
4295:Los Angeles Times
4080:Los Angeles Times
3870:. 19 April 1993.
3868:Los Angeles Times
3751:African Communist
3720:Constitution Hill
3530:O'Malley Archives
3028:O'Malley, Padraig
2707:Los Angeles Times
2541:Los Angeles Times
2488:978-1-4008-8739-2
2300:978-0-520-08199-4
2267:978-1-87501-511-5
2181:Nieman Foundation
2154:978-1-92031-558-0
1807:Nobel Peace Prize
1749:venue was stormed
1731:Boksburg, Gauteng
1639:African Communist
1623:– ANC negotiator
1487:one man, one vote
1464:minority-majority
1400:, with a supreme
1194:Umkhonto we Sizwe
881:Tripartite Accord
766:regional autonomy
698:
697:
555:South-West Africa
16:(Redirected from
7535:
7483:
7482:
7419:"Rise Up" (song)
7334:Makaziwe Mandela
7328:Makgatho Mandela
7029:Mahlamba Ndlopfu
6909:Pollsmoor Prison
6824:
6817:
6810:
6801:
6787:
6786:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6654:Paramilitary and
6646:
6644:Umkosi Wezintaba
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6489:social movements
6487:Trade unions and
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6008:Boerestaat Party
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5939:
5925:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5891:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5779:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5498:Dakar Conference
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5421:
5419:Israeli alliance
5414:
5407:
5400:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5373:Sporting boycott
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5345:Academic boycott
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5202:Great Depression
5197:
5190:
5188:Maritz rebellion
5183:
5163:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5038:Dutch settlement
5020:
5013:
5011:Bantu migrations
4998:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4943:Transvaal Colony
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4911:Nieuwe Republiek
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4847:Natalia Republic
4842:
4834:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4816:Ndwandwe Kingdom
4811:
4809:
4806:
4796:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4722:
4700:De Klerk's reply
4621:
4600:
4581:. Oxford: Hart.
4571:
4552:Sparks, Allister
4547:
4523:
4494:
4475:Meredith, Martin
4470:
4446:
4425:
4404:
4383:
4362:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4121:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4018:on 10 April 2007
4008:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3813:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3716:Our Constitution
3708:
3702:
3701:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3378:
3346:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3319:. Archived from
3296:
3283:
3282:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3120:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3024:
3013:
3012:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2857:
2832:
2831:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2659:
2638:
2637:
2612:(365): 515–542.
2597:
2591:
2590:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2397:
2365:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2254:Sparks, Allister
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2018:
1695:of the IFP, and
1632:
1564:Security Council
1553:
1491:legal continuity
1274:Democratic Party
1027:Pollsmoor Prison
956:Gatsha Buthelezi
953:
941:
690:
683:
676:
660:
659:
457:Albertina Sisulu
452:Benjamin Moloise
387:Arthur Goldreich
78:
55:
21:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7528:Peace processes
7508:Democratization
7498:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7471:
7457:Pretoria statue
7375:
7366:(granddaughter)
7354:(granddaughter)
7352:Ndileka Mandela
7280:
7186:Film depictions
7181:
7089:
7083:
7039:
7033:
6975:
6924:Liliesleaf Farm
6887:Freedom Charter
6855:
6842:
6833:
6828:
6798:
6793:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6155:HNP (Herstigte)
6153:
6148:HNP (Herenigde)
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5966:Afrikaner Party
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5934:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5901:
5894:
5885:
5880:Honorary whites
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5841:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5782:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5641:Soweto bombings
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5442:Soweto Uprising
5440:
5433:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5366:Tar Baby Option
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:Freedom Charter
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5166:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5023:
5016:
5009:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4887:Griqualand West
4885:
4879:Griqualand East
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4755:
4749:
4705:Mandela's reply
4681:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4603:
4589:
4574:
4568:
4550:
4544:
4526:
4512:
4497:
4491:
4473:
4467:
4449:
4443:
4435:. Ravan Press.
4428:
4422:
4407:
4401:
4386:
4380:
4365:
4359:
4344:
4340:
4338:Further reading
4335:
4325:
4323:
4321:Washington Post
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4270:on 28 June 2008
4260:"Elections '94"
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4231:Washington Post
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4164:(61): 457–470.
4151:
4150:
4143:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3991:
3990:
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3954:
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3937:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3892:
3891:
3887:
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3862:
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3815:
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3789:
3772:
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3710:
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3705:
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3683:
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3523:
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3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3450:
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3442:
3432:
3430:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3348:
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3326:
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3298:
3297:
3286:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3122:
3121:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3016:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2954:10.2307/2621591
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2859:
2858:
2835:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2760:. 21 April 2010
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2728:"'Inkathagate'"
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2661:
2660:
2641:
2606:African Affairs
2599:
2598:
2594:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
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2301:
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2252:
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2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
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2221:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1932:
1899:
1883:first elections
1866:split from the
1852:Peter Carington
1845:Henry Kissinger
1834:
1828:
1815:
1786:
1761:
1745:
1739:
1719:
1713:
1685:Benny Alexander
1673:
1660:
1634:
1622:
1590:Cyril Ramaphosa
1581:
1555:
1551:
1508:
1503:
1432:federal systems
1422:
1408:, with regular
1390:Michael Corbett
1378:
1365:
1345:
1246:
1241:
1228:
1220:Security Branch
1216:David Beresford
1202:
1174:
1168:
1121:
1116:
1091:
1062:State President
1003:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
954:
946:
945:
942:
933:
932:
903:
897:
846:
838:Main articles:
836:
822:leaders of the
746:Pretoria Minute
694:
649:
648:
624:Kairos Document
614:Freedom Charter
584:
576:
575:
559:
530:
522:
521:
352:Vernon Berrangé
347:
339:
338:
299:Security Branch
189:
179:
178:
124:Soweto uprising
94:
93:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7541:
7539:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7523:Nelson Mandela
7520:
7515:
7510:
7500:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7430:Nelson Mandela
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7367:
7364:Zoleka Mandela
7361:
7358:Mandla Mandela
7355:
7349:
7346:Zindzi Mandela
7343:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7304:Nosekeni Fanny
7301:
7295:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7270:
7262:
7258:Winnie Mandela
7254:
7246:
7238:
7234:Goodbye Bafana
7230:
7222:
7214:
7206:
7198:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7112:46664 concerts
7109:
7104:
7099:
7093:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7073:
7065:
7057:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6847:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6831:Nelson Mandela
6829:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6753:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6713:Ossewabrandwag
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6659:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6456:Unionist Party
6452:
6445:
6438:
6435:Torch Commando
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6309:Orde Boerevolk
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6085:DP (1989–2000)
6081:
6078:DP (1973–1977)
6074:
6071:Dominion Party
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5952:Afrikaner Bond
5947:
5945:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5866:Day of the Vow
5862:
5855:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5634:Floor crossing
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5549:Bisho massacre
5545:
5544:
5543:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5491:Operation Vula
5487:
5484:Rubicon speech
5480:
5477:Langa massacre
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5239:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5195:Rand Rebellion
5191:
5184:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5121:Boer Republics
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5004:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4967:Bophuthatswana
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4927:Klein Vrystaat
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4812:
4797:
4789:
4766:
4764:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:External links
4625:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4601:
4587:
4572:
4566:
4548:
4542:
4528:Renwick, Robin
4524:
4510:
4495:
4489:
4471:
4465:
4453:(1 May 1992).
4447:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4405:
4399:
4384:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4307:
4281:
4251:
4217:
4191:
4141:
4112:(2): 318–360.
4092:
4066:
4029:
4003:
3981:
3947:
3916:
3885:
3855:
3828:(5): 953–967.
3799:
3765:
3733:
3703:
3681:
3644:
3597:
3542:
3516:
3497:(3): 565–590.
3477:
3440:
3406:
3361:(3): 623–647.
3334:
3284:
3249:(2): 206–211.
3226:
3196:
3162:
3135:(4): 491–533.
3080:
3052:
3014:
2975:
2948:(2): 223–237.
2928:
2899:
2872:(2): 168–174.
2833:
2810:
2771:
2745:
2734:. 25 July 1991
2719:
2693:
2639:
2592:
2573:(1): 113–132.
2553:
2527:
2494:
2487:
2459:
2425:
2380:(2): 507–521.
2347:
2313:
2299:
2273:
2266:
2245:
2233:Daily Maverick
2219:
2207:Daily Maverick
2193:
2168:
2153:
2132:
2108:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2047:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1898:
1895:
1830:Main article:
1827:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1785:
1782:
1760:
1757:
1741:Main article:
1738:
1735:
1715:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1693:Frank Mdlalose
1689:Pravin Gordhan
1672:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1614:
1580:
1577:
1569:Bisho massacre
1560:United Nations
1543:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1421:
1418:
1406:bill of rights
1394:Ismail Mahomed
1377:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1262:Bophuthatswana
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1227:
1224:
1201:
1198:
1190:Natal province
1178:Operation Vula
1167:
1164:
1140:Nelson Mandela
1129:F. W. de Klerk
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1095:F. W. de Klerk
1090:
1087:
1054:National Party
1007:Nelson Mandela
1002:
999:
987:Bophuthatswana
975:Cedric Phatudi
966:Bill of Rights
955:
948:
947:
943:
936:
935:
934:
930:
929:
928:
927:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
873:National Party
835:
832:
814:black groups,
808:National Party
737:Nelson Mandela
733:F. W. de Klerk
696:
695:
693:
692:
685:
678:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:
651:
650:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
583:Related topics
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
507:H. F. Verwoerd
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Adelaide Tambo
484:
479:
477:Robert Sobukwe
474:
469:
467:J. G. Strijdom
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:Raymond Mhlaba
444:
439:
434:
432:Nelson Mandela
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Albert Luthuli
409:
407:Ahmed Kathrada
404:
399:
397:Bantu Holomisa
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:F. W. de Klerk
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
289:National Party
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
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116:
111:
106:
101:
95:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
41:Nelson Mandela
37:F. W. de Klerk
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7540:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7488:
7487:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7452:London statue
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7370:Ndaba Mandela
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7274:Mandela's Gun
7271:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6989:1994 election
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:Robben Island
6902:
6900:
6899:Rivonia Trial
6897:
6895:
6894:Treason Trial
6892:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6792:
6791:
6780:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6746:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6630:Die Spoorbund
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6470:Workers Party
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6351:Radio Freedom
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:Oranjewerkers
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:organisations
5940:
5937:
5935:organisations
5931:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:Tshwane riots
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:Project Coast
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:Mafeje affair
5432:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:Durban Moment
5402:
5399:
5398:Rivonia Trial
5395:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:Disinvestment
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:1820 Settlers
5104:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4817:
4813:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4588:1-84113-178-4
4584:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4511:0-627-02329-0
4507:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:(1): 83–102.
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2733:
2732:Baltimore Sun
2729:
2723:
2720:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:0-313-31774-7
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Freedom Front
1861:
1857:
1856:Zulu monarchy
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:Lucas Mangope
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:power-sharing
1645:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:majority rule
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Groote Schuur
1141:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1069:years later.
1067:
1066:Kobie Coetsee
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:Robben Island
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Lucas Mangope
980:
976:
970:
967:
952:
944:Harry Schwarz
940:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Harry Schwarz
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
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821:
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798:
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786:
782:
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773:
771:
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763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
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707:
703:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
655:
654:
653:
652:
645:
642:
640:
639:Project Coast
637:
635:
632:
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612:
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580:
579:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Robben Island
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
526:
525:
518:
515:
513:
512:B. J. Vorster
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Walter Sisulu
460:
458:
455:
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443:
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197:
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188:
187:Organisations
183:
182:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
134:Vaal uprising
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
119:Rivonia Trial
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
90:
87:
86:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:Liberty Medal
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
7484:
7429:
7404:Madiba shirt
7322:Graça Machel
7273:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7241:
7233:
7225:
7217:
7209:
7201:
7193:
7076:
7068:
7060:
7052:
6918:
6788:
6748:Histories of
6449:United Party
6358:Reform Party
6295:Orangia Unie
5920:
5911:
5904:Swart gevaar
5902:
5886:
5842:
5833:
5774:
5676:Blikkiesdorp
5532:
5002:Pre-colonial
4855:Natal Colony
4839:Zulu Kingdom
4753:South Africa
4713:
4606:
4577:
4556:
4532:
4500:
4483:. Mandarin.
4479:
4455:
4431:
4410:
4389:
4368:
4347:
4324:. Retrieved
4320:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4294:
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4268:the original
4263:
4254:
4242:. Retrieved
4230:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4205:the Guardian
4204:
4194:
4161:
4157:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4079:
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4045:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4006:
3997:
3972:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3929:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3867:
3858:
3825:
3821:
3790:. Retrieved
3778:
3768:
3755:
3749:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3697:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:the original
3663:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3562:(1): 51–73.
3559:
3555:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:
3519:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3456:
3431:. Retrieved
3419:
3409:
3358:
3354:
3325:. Retrieved
3321:the original
3311:(4): 29–40.
3308:
3304:
3246:
3242:
3220:
3216:
3187:. Retrieved
3175:
3165:
3132:
3128:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:
3045:– via
3039:. Retrieved
3035:
2995:(1): 39–64.
2992:
2988:
2978:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2914:
2869:
2865:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2791:(1): 79–96.
2788:
2784:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2696:
2671:
2667:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2469:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2438:
2428:
2377:
2373:
2338:. Retrieved
2326:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2284:
2276:
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:
2171:
2144:
2111:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
1911:human rights
1900:
1876:
1835:
1787:
1774:
1762:
1746:
1723:assassinated
1720:
1705:
1701:
1697:Rowan Cronjé
1687:of the PAC,
1674:
1661:
1637:
1635:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1597:
1594:Johannesburg
1582:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1509:
1495:
1480:
1459:
1452:group rights
1423:
1402:constitution
1386:Johannesburg
1382:Kempton Park
1379:
1366:
1326:Zulu monarch
1290:Labour Party
1247:
1229:
1203:
1175:
1145:
1131:in May 1990.
1092:
1071:
1051:
1039:Oliver Tambo
1032:
1015:Niel Barnard
1004:
971:
962:
911:United Party
904:
889:Niel Barnard
877:
866:
847:
820:conservative
805:
800:
774:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
730:
714:Constitution
706:South Africa
699:
540:District Six
502:Desmond Tutu
492:Oliver Tambo
482:Helen Suzman
382:Bram Fischer
153:
29:
7518:Negotiation
7467:Ismail Ayob
7310:Evelyn Mase
7292:Ngubengcuka
7097:Mandela Day
6852:(1991–1997)
6846:(1994–1999)
5888:Rooi gevaar
5767:2021 unrest
5697:Nkandlagate
5526:Third Force
5387:Rugby union
4985:(1981–1994)
4977:(1979–1994)
4969:(1977–1994)
4961:(1976–1994)
4953:(1910–1961)
4945:(1902–1910)
4937:(1902–1910)
4929:(1886–1891)
4921:(1885–1887)
4913:(1884–1888)
4905:(1882–1885)
4897:(1882–1883)
4889:(1870–1873)
4881:(1861–1879)
4873:(1856–1902)
4865:(1854–1902)
4857:(1843–1910)
4849:(1839–1843)
4841:(1816–1897)
4833:(1795–1910)
4831:Cape Colony
4823: 1780
4808: 1780
4795:(1652–1806)
4785: 1220
4778: 1075
4679:Other media
3940:28 December
3909:28 December
3878:28 December
3674:19 December
3376:11427/12144
3327:19 December
3223:(1): 18–59.
2567:SAIS Review
2520:19 December
2071:. Praeger.
1879:Freedom Day
1847:and former
1681:Colin Eglin
1671:Composition
1625:Albie Sachs
1586:Roelf Meyer
1538:Sharpeville
1533:third force
1444:upper house
1369:Mac Maharaj
1250:TBVC states
1244:Composition
1206:D. F. Malan
1058:P. W. Botha
913:, met with
854:segregation
793:separatists
785:third force
442:Thabo Mbeki
437:Govan Mbeki
427:D. F. Malan
422:Mac Maharaj
357:P. W. Botha
284:Broederbond
7502:Categories
7372:(grandson)
7360:(grandson)
7348:(daughter)
7342:(daughter)
7336:(daughter)
7088:Legacy and
6994:Presidency
6981:Presidency
6939:The Elders
6867:Early life
6699:Greyshirts
6463:Volksparty
6001:Black Sash
5662:Xenophobia
5655:Travelgate
5412:Border War
5216:Bantustans
5114:Great Trek
5059:Xhosa Wars
4919:Upingtonia
4903:Stellaland
2395:2263/14707
2009:References
1872:Afrikaners
1769:Oupa Gqozo
1727:Chris Hani
1598:bosberaads
1312:(PAC) and
1302:Solidarity
1286:KwaNdebele
1170:See also:
1079:Leverkusen
1047:non-racial
1043:Tony Heard
1035:Cape Times
995:Alan Paton
864:majority.
834:Background
816:right-wing
789:extremists
704:system in
550:Sophiatown
517:Jacob Zuma
402:Joel Joffe
392:Chris Hani
377:Ruth First
362:Steve Biko
219:Black Sash
7090:namesakes
7038:Books and
5922:Volkstaat
5913:Uitlander
5844:Boerehaat
5820:Anarchism
5627:Arms Deal
5590:apartheid
5250:Pass laws
5227:Apartheid
5172:1910–1948
5091:1815–1910
5029:1652–1815
4239:0190-8286
4178:0305-6244
4136:236389402
4128:0258-2473
4054:0362-4331
3969:0362-4331
3850:142773066
3842:0305-7070
3787:0362-4331
3758:: 36–41.
3639:145694313
3631:0305-7070
3592:145351783
3576:0022-278X
3503:0360-4918
3465:0362-4331
3428:0362-4331
3401:143618316
3385:0305-7070
3279:145769949
3263:0021-8553
3184:0362-4331
3149:0026-7961
3009:0258-9001
2962:0020-5850
2894:143324015
2886:1464-3731
2805:0258-9346
2785:Politikon
2680:0332-1460
2674:: 59–68.
2626:0001-9909
2579:1946-4444
2447:0362-4331
2420:145785746
2404:0305-7070
2335:0362-4331
2163:22656001M
2035:0362-4331
1897:Aftermath
1887:president
1644:Joe Slovo
1629:Joe Slovo
1602:Afrikaans
1513:stay-away
1254:homelands
1211:Transvaal
1152:Cape Town
1019:Mike Louw
991:Gazankulu
812:left-wing
718:elections
702:apartheid
571:Vlakplaas
535:Bantustan
472:Joe Slovo
68:Apartheid
7486:Category
7306:(mother)
7300:(father)
7250:Invictus
7040:speeches
6790:Category
6692:Boeremag
6190:Jeugkrag
6141:Het Volk
5835:Baasskap
5777:incident
5380:Olympics
4959:Transkei
4762:polities
4760:Defunct
4597:44884540
4554:(1996).
4530:(2015).
4520:40345019
4477:(1994).
4022:28 April
3934:Archived
3903:Archived
3872:Archived
3760:Archived
3511:27551769
3393:23267032
2688:30001810
2587:45345458
2412:40283245
2256:(1994).
2124:Archived
2100:Archived
1930:See also
1466:regions.
1460:de facto
1384:outside
1320:and the
1282:KaNgwane
1258:Transkei
1186:Pretoria
1107:Sebokeng
762:deadlock
662:Category
566:Sun City
60:a series
58:Part of
7392:history
7380:Related
7242:Endgame
7210:Mandela
7194:Mandela
6595:SAAPAWU
5933:Defunct
5896:Slavery
5100:Mfecane
4326:23 July
4300:23 July
4274:23 July
4244:24 July
4210:23 July
4186:4006156
4085:23 July
4059:23 July
3974:23 July
3792:24 July
3726:24 July
3584:3876189
3535:24 July
3470:23 July
3433:24 July
3189:24 July
3157:1096553
3073:24 July
3041:23 July
2970:2621591
2921:24 July
2764:24 July
2738:24 July
2712:24 July
2546:24 July
2452:23 July
2340:23 July
2238:3 April
2212:3 April
2186:3 April
2040:23 July
1838:boycott
1536:to the
1288:), the
1105:in the
919:KwaZulu
828:KwaZulu
7324:(wife)
7318:(wife)
7312:(wife)
7285:Family
7276:(2016)
7268:(2013)
7260:(2011)
7252:(2009)
7244:(2009)
7236:(2007)
7228:(1997)
7220:(1996)
7212:(1996)
7204:(1995)
7196:(1987)
7079:(2017)
7071:(2010)
7063:(1999)
7055:(1994)
6546:FOSATU
6400:SAYRCO
6372:SADECO
6288:Occupy
5827:Azania
5775:Lady R
5704:Racism
5533:CODESA
4994:Events
4983:Ciskei
4895:Goshen
4825:–1819)
4810:–1817)
4614:
4595:
4585:
4564:
4540:
4518:
4508:
4487:
4463:
4439:
4418:
4397:
4376:
4355:
4237:
4184:
4176:
4134:
4126:
4052:
3967:
3899:Polity
3848:
3840:
3785:
3637:
3629:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3509:
3501:
3463:
3426:
3399:
3391:
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3277:
3271:745733
3269:
3261:
3182:
3155:
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3007:
2968:
2960:
2892:
2884:
2824:Accord
2803:
2686:
2678:
2634:722988
2632:
2624:
2585:
2577:
2485:
2445:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2333:
2306:6 July
2297:
2264:
2161:
2151:
2075:
2033:
1442:whose
1296:, the
1276:, the
1270:Ciskei
1268:, and
1103:police
979:Lebowa
758:CODESA
724:(ANC)
561:Soweto
529:Places
346:People
294:COSATU
244:FOSATU
154:CODESA
89:Events
18:CODESA
7330:(son)
6727:PAGAD
6623:SATUC
6616:SARHU
6602:SACTU
6581:NURHS
6539:FNETU
6525:CTSWU
6518:CNETU
6511:BLATU
6393:SAYCO
6281:NUSAS
6162:IDASA
5973:AITUP
5588:Post-
4975:Venda
4182:JSTOR
4132:S2CID
3846:S2CID
3746:(PDF)
3722:Trust
3635:S2CID
3588:S2CID
3580:JSTOR
3507:JSTOR
3397:S2CID
3389:JSTOR
3275:S2CID
3267:JSTOR
3153:JSTOR
2966:JSTOR
2890:S2CID
2684:JSTOR
2630:JSTOR
2583:JSTOR
2416:S2CID
2408:JSTOR
2127:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
1604:for "
1562:(UN)
1266:Venda
1093:When
862:black
858:white
7432:(EP)
6860:Life
6734:SANF
6664:APLA
6609:SAIF
6588:PAWE
6574:NEUM
6567:MUSA
6532:FCWU
6477:WOSA
6428:TNIP
6386:SASO
6379:SAIC
6365:SABP
6316:PAVN
6050:COSG
6029:CTEG
6022:CNIP
4612:ISBN
4593:OCLC
4583:ISBN
4562:ISBN
4538:ISBN
4516:OCLC
4506:ISBN
4485:ISBN
4461:ISBN
4437:ISBN
4416:ISBN
4395:ISBN
4374:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4328:2022
4302:2022
4276:2022
4246:2022
4235:ISSN
4212:2022
4174:ISSN
4124:ISSN
4087:2022
4061:2022
4050:ISSN
4024:2007
3976:2022
3965:ISSN
3942:2021
3930:Vice
3911:2021
3880:2021
3838:ISSN
3794:2022
3783:ISSN
3728:2022
3676:2006
3627:ISSN
3572:ISSN
3537:2022
3499:ISSN
3472:2022
3461:ISSN
3435:2022
3424:ISSN
3381:ISSN
3329:2006
3259:ISSN
3191:2022
3180:ISSN
3145:ISSN
3075:2022
3043:2022
3005:ISSN
2958:ISSN
2923:2022
2882:ISSN
2801:ISSN
2766:2022
2740:2022
2714:2022
2676:ISSN
2622:ISSN
2575:ISSN
2548:2022
2522:2006
2483:ISBN
2454:2022
2443:ISSN
2400:ISSN
2342:2022
2331:ISSN
2308:2013
2295:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2240:2024
2214:2024
2188:2024
2149:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2042:2022
2031:ISSN
1905:, a
1803:Oslo
1606:bush
1525:Zulu
1448:veto
1060:was
852:and
842:and
826:and
791:and
744:and
700:The
329:SACP
319:SAMA
314:SAIC
309:SADF
304:SACC
199:APLA
39:and
6685:BBB
6678:AWB
6671:ARM
6637:UDF
6560:IWW
6553:ICU
6504:BCM
6497:APF
6442:UFP
6344:PRP
6323:PFP
6274:NRP
6267:NPP
6253:NNP
6246:NLP
6232:NCP
6183:ISL
6134:GNP
6106:ECC
6099:DSM
6092:DPP
6064:DLF
6036:COD
6015:CDA
5994:BPC
5987:AVF
5980:APO
4166:doi
4114:doi
3830:doi
3756:130
3619:doi
3564:doi
3371:hdl
3363:doi
3313:doi
3251:doi
3137:doi
2997:doi
2950:doi
2874:doi
2793:doi
2614:doi
2475:doi
2390:hdl
2382:doi
2293:–.
1642:by
1256:of
1025:to
981:),
324:SAP
279:UDF
274:PAC
264:HNP
259:PFP
239:ECC
224:CCB
214:BBB
209:AWB
204:IFP
194:ANC
7504::
6706:MK
6260:NP
6225:NA
6176:IP
6169:ID
6120:FD
6113:FA
6057:CP
4820:c.
4805:c.
4782:c.
4775:c.
4591:.
4514:.
4319:.
4293:.
4262:.
4233:.
4229:.
4203:.
4180:.
4172:.
4162:21
4160:.
4156:.
4144:^
4130:.
4122:.
4110:73
4108:.
4104:.
4078:.
4048:.
4044:.
4032:^
3996:.
3984:^
3963:.
3959:.
3932:.
3928:.
3901:.
3897:.
3866:.
3844:.
3836:.
3826:41
3824:.
3820:.
3802:^
3781:.
3777:.
3754:.
3748:.
3718:.
3714:.
3696:.
3684:^
3662:.
3647:^
3633:.
3625:.
3615:41
3613:.
3609:.
3586:.
3578:.
3570:.
3560:41
3558:.
3554:.
3528:.
3505:.
3495:27
3493:.
3489:.
3459:.
3455:.
3443:^
3422:.
3418:.
3395:.
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