537:
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39:
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They expected a couple of hundred submissions. By May 2020 more than 4,600 design submissions for potential inhibitors were received. By
January 2021, the number of unique compound designs had risen to 14,000. In response, those involved began to shift from a spontaneous virtual collaboration to a larger and more organized network of partners with specialized skills and well-articulated goals.
613:, any drug that the project develops can be manufactured and sold by whoever wishes to produce it, worldwide. Countries that are unable to buy or manufacture expensive licensed drugs would therefore have the opportunity to produce their own supplies, and competition between suppliers is likely to result in greater availability and reduced prices for consumers.
378:, is one of the main proteins involved in the replication and transcription of SARS-CoV-2. By understanding Mpro's structure and the ways in which it functions, scientists can identify possible candidates to preemptively bind to Mpro and block its activity. Mpro is not the only possible target for drug design, but it is a highly interesting one.
1249:
Firth, James D.; Jones, S. Paul; Keeley, Aaron; KeserĂŒ, György M.; Klein, Hanna F.; Martin, Mathew P.; Noble, Martin E. M.; OâBrien, Peter; Powell, Ailsa; Reddi, Rambabu N.; Skyner, Rachael; Snee, Matthew; Waring, Michael J.; Wild, Conor; London, Nir; von Delft, Frank; Walsh, Martin A. (7 October 2020).
468:
In a matter of months, researchers were able to identify more than 200 promising crystal structure designs and to begin creating and testing them in the lab. Chris
Schofield at the University of Oxford synthesized and tested 4 of the most promising of the novel designed peptides to demonstrate their
181:
COVID Moonshot may be the first open-science community effort for the development of an antiviral drug. Hundreds of scientists around the world, from academic and industrial organizations, have shared their expertise, resources, data, and results to more rapidly identify, screen, and test candidate
1755:
Chan, H. T. Henry; Moesser, Marc A.; Walters, Rebecca K.; Malla, Tika R.; Twidale, Rebecca M.; John, Tobias; Deeks, Helen M.; Johnston-Wood, Tristan; Mikhailov, Victor; Sessions, Richard B.; Dawson, William; Salah, Eidarus; Lukacik, Petra; Strain-Damerell, Claire; Owen, C. David; Nakajima, Takahito;
190:
Development of antiviral drugs is a complicated and time-consuming multistage process. The public sharing of information in the early stages of genome identification and protein structure identification has accelerated the process of searching for COVID-19 treatments and established a basis for the
1248:
Douangamath, Alice; Fearon, Daren; Gehrtz, Paul; Krojer, Tobias; Lukacik, Petra; Owen, C. David; Resnick, Efrat; Strain-Damerell, Claire; Aimon, Anthony; ĂbrĂĄnyi-Balogh, PĂ©ter; BrandĂŁo-Neto, JosĂ©; Carbery, Anna; Davison, Gemma; Dias, Alexandre; Downes, Thomas D.; Dunnett, Louise; Fairhead, Michael;
464:
Many of the criteria for selecting drug candidates were determined by the group's goals. An ideal drug candidate would be effective in treating COVID-19. It also would be easily and cheaply made, so that as many countries and companies as possible could produce and distribute it. The ingredients to
426:
The open release of the data and its announcement on
Twitter on March 7, 2020, mark a critical point in the formation of COVID Moonshot. The scientists shared their information and challenged chemists worldwide to use that information to design potential openly available antiviral drug candidates.
493:
COVID Moonshot anticipates that they will select three pre-clinical candidates by March 2022, to be followed by preclinical safety and toxicology testing and identification of needed chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) steps. Based on that data, the most promising candidate will be chosen.
616:
This would circumvent issues around the time needed to vaccinate people worldwide. As of July 2021, it was estimated that at current rates, this was likely to take several years. Inequities in distribution will increase both the spreading of the virus and the risk that new and more dangerous
450:
to develop analysis tools for computational drug discovery, chemical synthesis and biochemical assays. When COVID Moonshot's appeal resulted in not hundreds but thousands of responses, they built a platform capable of triaging large numbers of compounds and designing routes for their synthetic
334:
Approaches to accelerating drug development have been suggested, but identification of proteins and drug development commonly take years. It was possible to sequence the virus and characterize key proteins extremely quickly because the new virus was somewhat familiar. It had a 70â80% sequence
476:
To go beyond the design phase, possible drug candidates must be created and tested for both effectiveness and safety in animal and human trials. The
Wellcome Trust has committed to key initial funding to support this process. Synthesis of candidates is being carried out in parallel, at sites
417:
Researchers examined thousands of possible fragments from diverse screening libraries and identified at least 71 possible proteinâligand crystal structures, chemical fragments which might have the potential to bind to Mpro. These results were immediately made available online.
442:'s CDD Vault, a database used for large-scale management of chemical structures, experimental protocols and experimental results. Alpha Lee and Matt Robinson brought computational expertise from PostEra to the project. PostEra used techniques from
1756:Ćwiderek, Katarzyna; Lodola, Alessio; Moliner, Vicent; Glowacki, David R.; Spencer, James; Walsh, Martin A.; Schofield, Christopher J.; Genovese, Luigi; Shoemark, Deborah K.; Mulholland, Adrian J.; Duarte, Fernanda; Morris, Garrett M. (2021).
620:
Supporters of the COVID Moonshot initiative have argued that open-science drug discovery is an essential model for combating both current and future pandemics, and that the prevention of the spread of pandemic diseases is an essential
465:
make it should be easy to obtain, and the processes involved should be as simple as possible. A drug shouldn't require special handling (like refrigeration) and it should be easy to administer (a pill rather than an injection).
509:
and protects against catching an infectious disease, an antiviral drug treats someone who is already sick by attacking the virus and countering its effects, potentially lessening both symptoms and further transmission.
351:
Identifying and recreating viral proteins in the lab is a first step to developing drugs to attack them and vaccines to protect against them. The COVID Moonshot initiative follows an approach to structure-based
367:
are often desirable drug targets, because proteases are important in the formation and spreading of viral particles. Inhibition of viral proteases can inhibit the virus's ability to replicate itself and spread.
1805:
Macip, Guillem; Garcia-Segura, Pol; Mestres-Truyol, JĂșlia; Saldivar-Espinoza, Bryan; Ojeda-Montes, MarĂa JosĂ©; Gimeno, Aleix; Cereto-MassaguĂ©, AdriĂ ; Garcia-VallvĂ©, Santiago; Pujadas, Gerard (26 October 2021).
20:
457:
access was provided through the COVID-19 High
Performance Computing (HPC) Consortium, accelerating the speed at which designs could be examined and compared. The distributed supercomputing initiative
545:
2154:
1563:
315:. On January 26, 2020, they submitted a structure of Mpro bound to an inhibitor to the Protein Data Bank. It was released as of February 5, 2020. Rao began coordinating with
2179:
410:. Nir London's laboratory at the Weizmann Institute contributed technology for identifying compounds that bind irreversibly to target proteins. Frank von Delft and the
1695:
von Delft, Frank; Calmiano, Mark; Chodera, John; Griffen, Ed; Lee, Alpha; London, Nir; Matviuk, Tatiana; Perry, Ben; Robinson, Matt; von Delft, Annette (June 2021).
224:
2035:
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in which researchers attempt to find a molecule that will bind tightly to a drug target and prevent it from carrying out its normal activities.
680:
643:
575:
482:
1808:"Haste makes waste: A critical review of docking-based virtual screening in drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M-pro) inhibition"
1342:
1564:"COVID Moonshot funded by COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator to rapidly develop a safe, globally accessible and affordable antiviral pill"
316:
215:, where patients had a pneumonia-like illness. By January 5, Zhang and his team had sequenced a virus from the sample and deposited its
1188:"A comprehensive approach to X-ray crystallography for drug discovery at a synchrotron facility â The example of Diamond Light Source"
599:
469:
ability to block and inhibit Mpro. Freely available data from COVID Moonshot has also been used to assess the predictive ability of
1429:"A COVID moonshot: assessment of ligand binding to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy"
528:
Mpro does not mutate easily, so it is less likely that variants of the virus will adapt that can avoid the effects of such a drug.
461:
has carried out multiple sprints to model novel protein structures and target desirable structures as a part of COVID Moonshot.
789:
2144:
2008:
411:
248:
485:(NIHR)'s Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) is leading pre-clinical small molecule research related to COVID Moonshot.
208:
1427:
Kantsadi, Anastassia L.; Cattermole, Emma; Matsoukas, Minos-Timotheos; Spyroulias, Georgios A.; Vakonakis, Ioannis (2021).
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563:
391:
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251:(CSGID) and other groups began working to characterize the 3D structure of the proteins, sharing their results via the
495:
1932:"The Moonshot: Crowdsourcing To Develop The First Open-Source, Generic COVID-19 Antiviral Pill - Health Policy Watch"
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331:
facility. The
Diamond group was able to develop and release a high-resolution crystal structure of unbound Mpro.
2149:
28:
2139:
517:
that cause disease, so an antiviral drug that targets Mpro may also be effective against coronaviruses such as
363:, building new copies that are incorporated into new, rapidly spreading viral particles. Protease enzymes or
555:
443:
343:
outbreak in 2002. Researchers could therefore build on what was already known about previous coronaviruses.
2164:
2009:"PostEra and LifeArc collaborate on novel open science initiative to develop new antiviral for COVID-19"
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including
Ukraine (Enamine), India (Sai Life Sciences) and China (WuXi). Annette von Delft of the
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1373:
Chan, Daniel Shiu-Hin; Whitehouse, Andrew J.; Coyne, Anthony G.; Abell, Chris (8 November 2017).
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987:
742:
698:
506:
244:
988:"Nature's 10: ten people who helped shape science in 2020 : Zhang Yongzhen: Genome sharer"
414:
at the
University of Oxford provided technology for rapid crystallographic fragment screening.
2169:
2091:
1845:
1827:
1787:
1758:"Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 M pro peptide inhibitors from modelling substrate and ligand binding"
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In the case of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus enters the body and then replicates its genomic
296:
228:
204:
164:
835:
818:
Everts, Maaike; Cihlar, Tomas; Bostwick, J. Robert; Whitley, Richard J. (6 January 2017).
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403:
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270:
200:
24:
819:
594:. Support for the project has come from a variety of philanthropic sources including the
82:
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52:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1840:
1782:
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1291:
1251:"Crystallographic and electrophilic fragment screening of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease"
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498:, the first stage of testing in human subjects, are projected to begin by June 2023.
454:
266:
175:
137:
1591:"COVID-19 HPC Consortium pours 437 petaflops of compute power toward virus research"
820:"Accelerating Drug Development: Antiviral Therapies for Emerging Viruses as a Model"
606:
458:
212:
130:
116:
1905:"Moonshot initiative to develop affordable COVID-19 antivirals gets funding boost"
893:"The sprint to solve coronavirus protein structures â and disarm them with drugs"
2036:"Most poor nations 'will take until 2024 to achieve mass Covid-19 immunisation'"
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1329:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 841. Humana Press. pp. 161â177.
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1017:"How structural biologists revealed the new coronavirus's structure so quickly"
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1957:"Israeli scientists to participate in int'l drive to find COVID-curing pills"
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1103:"Structural Basis of Potential Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease"
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2062:"COVID vaccines to reach poorest countries in 2023 â despite recent pledges"
1374:
1322:
1186:
Mazzorana, Marco; Shotton, Elizabeth J.; Hall, David R. (10 December 2020).
936:"Diamond Light Source: contributions to SARS-CoV-2 biology and therapeutics"
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The original crowdsourced design of the fragment merge (TRY-UNI-714a760b-6)
247:
world-wide began examining its protein structures. Investigators from the
1487:
Chodera, John; Lee, Alpha A.; London, Nir; von Delft, Frank (July 2020).
1101:
Mengist, Hylemariam
Mihiretie; Dilnessa, Tebelay; Jin, Tengchuan (2021).
336:
308:
304:
152:
148:
134:
1930:
von Delft, Annette; Mowbray, Charles; Nyaoke, Borna (24 December 2021).
1643:"Your computer can help scientists find a cure for COVID-19. Here's how"
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934:
Walsh, Martin A.; Grimes, Jonathan M.; Stuart, David I. (January 2021).
1773:
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220:
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223:, an international research database maintained by the United States
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96:âData coordination strategies used in the COVID Moonshot initiativeâ
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Among the many participants in the COVID Moonshot project are the
535:
429:
312:
257:
2122:
679:
Lee, Alpha; Chodera, John; von Delft, Frank (27 September 2021).
644:"Moonshot is the spanner in the Covid-19 works the country needs"
522:
518:
340:
133:
project started in March 2020 with the goal of developing an un-
21:
Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation
1162:"How to marshal a crowd to launch a moonshot against Covid-19"
360:
32:
1077:
National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
681:"Why we are developing a patent-free Covid antiviral therapy"
295:
Scientists were able to identify a key protein in the virus:
1983:"COVID Moonshot consortium receives funding from Wellcome"
473:
in suggesting the potency of SARS-CoV-2 M-pro inhibitors.
790:"The COVID-19 antiviral race: we're all in this together"
546:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology
540:
Some of the international participants in COVID Moonshot.
398:, the facilities at Diamond Light were used to develop
235:
had Zhang's permission to publicly release the genome.
113:"Could the COVID Moonshot change how we design drugs?"
1073:"Structural Genomics Centers for Infectious Diseases"
249:
Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases
1880:"COVID Moonshot Effort Generates "Elite" Antivirals"
1697:"A white-knuckle ride of open COVID drug discovery"
940:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
281:) in complex with protease inhibitor chemical 11a (
71:
83:"How Humans Are Crowdsourcing a Cure to COVID-19"
151:. COVID Moonshot researchers are targeting the
2155:International medical and health organizations
1568:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi)
1243:
1241:
1239:
225:National Center for Biotechnology Information
8:
1489:"Crowdsourcing drug discovery for pandemics"
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824:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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598:, COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator (CTA),
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1375:"Mass spectrometry for fragment screening"
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2180:Scientific organisations based in England
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182:compounds for the treatment of COVID-19.
1641:Masterson, Victoria (22 December 2020).
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725:"The challenges of antiviral treatments"
25:Citizen science § COVID-19 pandemic
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584:Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative
199:On January 3, 2020, Chinese virologist
159:. They are particularly interested in
836:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104533
788:Thomas, Uduak Grace (12 August 2020).
602:, LifeArc, and through crowdsourcing.
576:Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
483:National Institute for Health Research
438:The design submissions were stored in
209:Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center
68:
1878:Scudellari, Megan (4 December 2020).
1323:"Crystallographic Fragment Screening"
986:Cyranoski, David (14 December 2020).
674:
672:
670:
668:
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664:
7:
605:Because COVID Moonshot is based in
600:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
1192:Drug Discovery Today: Technologies
1046:Holmes, Edward (11 January 2020).
489:Potential for antiviral treatments
335:similarity to the proteins in the
14:
2034:Safi, Michael (27 January 2021).
891:Scudellari, Megan (19 May 2020).
642:Whipple, Tom (October 23, 2021).
16:Project developing antiviral drug
723:Dance, Amber (9 February 2021).
107:
90:
77:
37:
1048:"Novel 2019 coronavirus genome"
1021:Chemical & Engineering News
412:Nuffield Department of Medicine
155:needed to form functioning new
1327:Structure-Based Drug Discovery
1160:Ahuja, Anjana (7 April 2020).
178:and replication of proteins.
1:
1589:Wiggers, Kyle (28 May 2020).
564:Weizmann Institute of Science
392:Weizmann Institute of Science
211:received a test sample from
2060:Padma, T. V. (5 July 2021).
1015:Howes, Laura (May 2, 2020).
440:Collaborative Drug Discovery
339:coronavirus that caused the
1433:Journal of Biomolecular NMR
1335:10.1007/978-1-61779-520-6_7
1205:10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.10.003
191:COVID Moonshot initiative.
85:, Coffee Break, May 3, 2020
2196:
2087:10.1038/d41586-021-01762-w
1812:Medicinal Research Reviews
1722:10.1038/d41586-021-01571-1
1668:"Together We Are Powerful"
1445:10.1007/s10858-021-00365-x
1275:10.1038/s41467-020-18709-w
952:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.041
796:. Vol. 21, no. 3
580:University of Johannesburg
543:
386:In collaboration with the
18:
1617:"PostEra: COVID MoonShot"
1514:10.1038/s41557-020-0496-2
1120:10.3389/fchem.2021.622898
738:10.1146/knowable-020821-2
694:10.1146/knowable-092721-1
513:Mpro is present in other
106:
89:
76:
46:This article needs to be
29:COVID-19 drug development
1621:COVID-19 HPC Consortium
556:University of Cambridge
496:Phase-1 clinical trials
444:artificial intelligence
243:With that information,
227:. By January 11, 2020,
2145:Collaborative projects
1379:Essays in Biochemistry
1107:Frontiers in Chemistry
617:variants will emerge.
541:
525:and future pandemics.
435:
374:(Mpro), a coronavirus
299:(Mpro). Crucial early
292:
1321:Badger, John (2012).
1255:Nature Communications
539:
433:
376:nonstructural protein
319:and Martin Walsh at
301:X-ray crystallography
261:
245:structural biologists
195:Genome identification
172:nonstructural protein
1963:. September 29, 2021
1909:University of Oxford
1647:World Economic Forum
794:Drug Discovery World
560:Diamond Light Source
552:University of Oxford
479:University of Oxford
422:Designing candidates
388:University of Oxford
321:Diamond Light Source
233:University of Sydney
147:, the virus causing
2078:2021Natur.595..342P
1936:Health Policy Watch
1911:. 28 September 2021
1768:(41): 13686â13703.
1713:2021Natur.594..330V
1570:. 27 September 2021
1505:2020NatCh..12..581C
1391:10.1042/EBC20170071
1267:2020NatCo..11.5047D
307:and Haitao Yang in
129:is a collaborative
102:, November 17, 2020
98:, Lizbe Koekemoer,
1961:The Jerusalem Post
1774:10.1039/D1SC03628A
542:
505:, which increases
436:
382:Fragment screening
293:
239:Protein structures
174:that mediates the
119:, January 21, 2021
2072:(7867): 342â343.
1824:10.1002/med.21862
1707:(7863): 330â332.
1344:978-1-61779-519-0
729:Knowable Magazine
685:Knowable Magazine
572:Temple University
408:mass spectrometry
253:Protein Data Bank
123:
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100:Oxford University
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2150:Genome databases
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2123:Official website
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372:3C-like protease
347:Possible targets
297:3C-like protease
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265:main proteinase
229:Edward C. Holmes
205:Fudan University
165:3C-like protease
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354:drug design
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2175:SARS-CoV-2
2134:Categories
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629:References
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544:See also:
263:SARS-CoV-2
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305:Zihe Rao
207:and the
176:breaking
163:such as
153:proteins
149:COVID-19
135:patented
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2013:LifeArc
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