25:
671:, as similarities in these genes have been found across taxa. Note, however, that some cyanobacteria retained their nature. Horizontal gene transfer among species occurred with a high probability in genes involved in the initial steps of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway such as
165:, while fungi retain a archaeal-like pathway. Among all these synthesizers, several possible selection and arrangements of biosynthetic genes exist, consisting of one gene cluster cluster, several clusters, or no clustering at all.
835:
Activation and analysis of cryptic crt genes for carotenoid biosynthesis from
Streptomyces griseus. Schumann G1, Nürnberger H, Sandmann G and Krügel H, Mol Gen Genet., 28 October 1996, volume 252, issue 6, pages 658-666,
1330:"Elucidation of a Carotenoid Biosynthesis Gene Cluster Encoding a Novel Enzyme, 2,2′-β-Hydroxylase, from Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD212 and Combinatorial Biosynthesis of New or Rare Xanthophylls"
932:"Elucidation of a Carotenoid Biosynthesis Gene Cluster Encoding a Novel Enzyme, 2,2′-β-Hydroxylase, from Brevundimonas sp. Strain SD212 and Combinatorial Biosynthesis of New or Rare Xanthophylls"
788:
Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: molecular phylogenies and evolutionary behavior of crt genes in eubacteria. Phadwal K, Gene, 17 January 2005, volume 345, issue 1, pages 35-43,
687:
are less conserved. The less conserved nature of these genes allowed for the expansion of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and its end products. Amino acid variations within
694:
Gene duplications are suspected to have occurred due to the presence of multiple copies of ctr clusters or genes within a single species. An example of this can be seen in the
1328:
Nishida, Yasuhiro; Adachi, Kyoko; Kasai, Hiroaki; Shizuri, Yoshikazu; Shindo, Kazutoshi; Sawabe, Akiyoshi; Komemushi, Sadao; Miki, Wataru; Misawa, Norihiko (August 2005).
930:
Nishida, Yasuhiro; Adachi, Kyoko; Kasai, Hiroaki; Shizuri, Yoshikazu; Shindo, Kazutoshi; Sawabe, Akiyoshi; Komemushi, Sadao; Miki, Wataru; Misawa, Norihiko (August 2005).
341:, is also capable of converting carotenoids into β-cryptoxanthin, Zeaxanthin, 3-Hydroxyechinenone, 3'-Hydroxyechinenone, Astaxanthin, Adonixanthin, and Adonirubin.
333:
in
Chlorophyta, is also involved in the conversion of other carotenoids into Canthaxanthin, 3-Hydroxyechinenone, 3'-Hydroxyechinenone, Adonixanthin, and Astaxanthin.
295:
Zeaxanthin and lutein are obtained through hydroxylation of α- and β-carotene. Hydroxylation of
Zeaxanthin occurs by β-carotene hydroxylase an enzyme encoded on the
819:
Molecular phylogenies and evolution of crt genes in algae. Chen Q, Jiang JG and Wang F, Crit Rev
Biotechnol., Apr-Jun 2007;, volume 27, issue 2, pages 77-91,
247:
Spirilloxanthin is obtained from lycopene following a hydration, desaturation, and methylation reaction. These reactions are catalyzed by carotene hydratase (
1054:
Giraud, Eric; Hannibal, Laure; Fardoux, Joël; Jaubert, Marianne; Jourand, Philippe; Dreyfus, Bernard; Sturgis, James N.; Verméglio, Andre (April 2004).
1281:"A New Type of Asymmetrically Acting β-Carotene Ketolase Is Required for the Synthesis of Echinenone in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803"
161:
is universal among carotenoid synthesizers. Among eukaryotes, plants and algae inherited the cyanobacterial pathway via biosynthesis of their
1105:"Complete Biosynthetic Pathway of the C50Carotenoid Bacterioruberin from Lycopene in the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Haloarcula japonica"
353:
encodes for carotenoid 2,2'- β-hydroxylase, this enzyme leads to the formation of 2-hydroxylated and 2,2′-dihydroxylated products in
108:
42:
1103:
Yang, Ying; Yatsunami, Rie; Ando, Ai; Miyoko, Nobuhiro; Fukui, Toshiaki; Takaichi, Shinichi; Nakamura, Satoshi (2015-02-23).
46:
1445:"An update on carotenoid biosynthesis in algae: phylogenetic evidence for the existence of two classes of phytoene synthase"
89:
227:
in
Chlorophyta. The following desaturation of phytoene into ζ-carotene is catalyzed by the phytoene desaturase encoded by
61:
740:
For concrete examples of the diversity of gene organization, compare the clusters presented in figure 1 (6 genomes),
204:
679:. These genes are often well conserved while others involved in the later stages of Carotenoid biosynthesis such as
68:
208:
1002:"New functional assignment of the carotenogenic genescrtBandcrtEwith constructs of these genes fromErwiniaspecies"
199:
encodes for an enzyme known as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase known to catalyze the condensation reaction of
1224:"Biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids in transgenic cyanobacteria expressing the algal gene for β-C-4-oxygenase, crtO"
267:
Lycopene is cyclized through two enzymes lycopene cyclase and β-C-4-oxygenase/β-carotene ketolase encoded on the
200:
717:
gene cluster. This second gene cluster has been shown to also be involved in carotenoid biosynthesis using its
653:
137:
75:
1398:"Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: molecular phylogenies and evolutionary behavior of crt genes in eubacteria"
35:
896:"Diversity and origin of carotenoid biosynthesis: its history of coevolution towards plant photosynthesis"
311:
Zeaxanthin can be further processed to obtain zeaxanthin-diglucoside by
Zeaxanthin glucosyl transferase (
57:
183:
crtA, crtB, crtC, crtD, crtE, crtF, crtG, crtH, crtI, crtO, crtP, crtR, crtT, crtU, crtV, and crtY, crtZ
856:
Sandmann, G (2021). "Diversity and
Evolution of Carotenoid Biosynthesis from Prokaryotes to Plants.".
1506:
1341:
1056:"Two Distinct crt Gene Clusters for Two Different Functional Classes of Carotenoid in Bradyrhizobium"
943:
142:
1261:
347:
catalyzes the isomerization of cis-carotenes into trans-carotenes through carotenoid isomerase.
321:
is obtained from β -carotene through the catalyzing enzyme β-C-4-oxygenase/β-carotene ketolase (
1511:
1482:
1464:
1425:
1417:
1375:
1357:
1310:
1302:
1253:
1245:
1199:
1181:
1142:
1124:
1085:
1077:
1023:
977:
959:
869:
837:
820:
789:
757:
749:
741:
216:
1472:
1456:
1409:
1365:
1349:
1292:
1235:
1189:
1173:
1132:
1116:
1067:
1013:
967:
951:
907:
861:
657:
648:
Previous studies have indicated through phylogenetic analysis that evolutionary patterns of
355:
235:ζ -carotene can also be obtained through phytoene using the carotene 2,4-desaturase enzyme (
82:
1345:
947:
239:). Depending on the species, varying carotenoids are accumulated following these steps.
1477:
1370:
1194:
1137:
1018:
1001:
972:
931:
696:
606:
Conversion of neurosporene to demethylspheroidene and lycopene to hydroxy derivatives
470:
Lycopene cyclase (Bacteria except
Firmicutes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria)
1240:
1500:
1329:
664:
1353:
955:
1265:
1223:
129:
125:
860:. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Vol. 1261. pp. 79–94.
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1161:
865:
668:
186:
24:
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1413:
1177:
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318:
190:
133:
1468:
1421:
1361:
1306:
1279:
Fernández-González, Blanca; Sandmann, Gerhard; Vioque, Agustín (April 1997).
1249:
1185:
1128:
1081:
1027:
963:
1297:
1280:
1486:
1443:
Tran, Duc; Haven, James; Qiu, Wei-Gang; Polle, Juergen E. W. (2008-12-09).
1429:
1379:
1203:
1146:
1089:
1072:
1055:
981:
873:
824:
793:
761:
753:
745:
1314:
1257:
841:
1104:
721:
212:
150:
1120:
663:
Horizontal gene transfer has been hypothesized to have occurred between
283:
cyclizes lycopene into β-carotene, which is subsequently oxygenated by
162:
154:
912:
895:
619:
Conversion of myxol to 2-hydroxymyxol and zeaxanthin to nostoxanthin
211:(GGDP). Two GGDP molecules are subsequently converted into a single
149:
Carotenoid synthesis is probably present in the common ancestor of
18:
691:
genes have evolved due to purifying and adaptive selection.
410:
Phytoene desaturase (Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, plant, algae)
136:. Those genes are found in eubacteria, in algae and are
363:
Table 1: role of CRT genes in carotenoid biosynthesis
858:
423:
Phytoeine desaturase (Archaea, fungi, most
Bacteria)
1000:
Sandmann, Gerhard; Misawa, Norihiko (January 1992).
567:
Conversion of zeaxanthin to zeaxanthin-diglucoside
185:. These genes play a role in varying stages of the
181:gene cluster consists of twenty-five genes such as
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1222:Harker, Mark; Hirschberg, Joseph (1997-03-10).
538:β-carotene hydroxylase (various Cyanobacteria)
925:
923:
551:β-carotene hydroxylase (various Chlorophyta)
8:
1162:"Carotenoids as natural functional pigments"
889:
887:
885:
883:
554:Hydroxylation of β-carotene to zeaxanthin
541:Hydroxylation of β-carotene to zeaxanthin
528:Conversion of spheroidene to spheroidenone
580:Conversion of β-carotene to canthaxanthin
851:
849:
436:ζ- carotene desaturase (Qa: 'evolved from
361:
1476:
1369:
1296:
1239:
1193:
1136:
1071:
1017:
971:
911:
593:Conversion of β-carotene to echinenone
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
483:Lycopene cyclase (two in Cyanobacteria:
447:Desaturation of ζ- carotene to lycopene
426:Conversion of phytoene into ζ- carotene
413:Conversion of phytoene into ζ- carotene
772:
733:
460:Isomeration of cis to trans carotones
1334:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
936:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
515:Conversion of phytoene to ζ-carotene
1391:
1389:
1217:
1215:
1213:
7:
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1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
995:
993:
991:
815:
813:
811:
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807:
805:
803:
801:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
637:* In Chlorophyta, In cyanobacteria
590:β-C-4-oxygenase/β-carotene ketolase
577:β-C-4-oxygenase/β-carotene ketolase
47:adding citations to reliable sources
255:), and carotene methyltransferase (
1019:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05162.x
894:Sandmann, Gerhard (October 2021).
14:
1396:Phadwal, Kanchan (January 2005).
387:IPP and DMAPP conversion to GGDP
564:Zeaxanthin glucosyl transferase
173:genes in carotenoid biosynthesis
23:
1354:10.1128/aem.71.8.4286-4296.2005
1285:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1060:Journal of Biological Chemistry
956:10.1128/AEM.71.8.4286-4296.2005
34:needs additional citations for
705:genes can be found (excluding
616:Carotenoid 2,2′-β-hydroxylase
397:Phytoene Synthase (universal)
1:
1241:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00110-5
1160:Maoka, Takashi (2019-10-01).
251:), carotene 3,4- desaturase (
157:; the phytoene synthase gene
1166:Journal of Natural Medicines
400:GGDP conversion to phytoene
866:10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_7
756:figure 1 (10 genomes), and
713:genes) as well as a second
673:crtE, crtB, crtY, crtL, PSY
652:genes are characterized by
205:dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
1528:
1414:10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.038
1178:10.1007/s11418-019-01364-x
525:Spheroidene monooxygenase
209:geranylgeranyl diphosphate
1461:10.1007/s00425-008-0866-2
1006:FEMS Microbiology Letters
636:
512:Carotene 3,4-desaturase
201:isopentenyl pyrophosphate
654:horizontal gene transfer
502:Cyclization of lycopene
473:Cyclization of lycopene
275:(in cyanobacteria), and
193:biosynthesis (Table 1).
1298:10.1074/jbc.272.15.9728
1109:Journal of Bacteriology
303:gene (in Chlorophyta).
299:(in cyanobacteria) and
287:to form canthaxanthin.
219:, an enzyme encoded by
1073:10.1074/jbc.m312113200
764:figure 3 (11 genomes).
748:figure 1 (4 genomes),
701:strain, where initial
629:Carotenoid regulation
457:Carotenoid isomerase
291:Zeaxanthin and lutein
143:Streptomyces griseus
128:responsible for the
43:improve this article
1346:2005ApEnM..71.4286N
1121:10.1128/jb.02523-14
1066:(15): 15076–15083.
948:2005ApEnM..71.4286N
603:Carotene hydratase
440:; Qb: evolved from
374:Catalyzed reaction
364:
58:"CRT" genetics
362:
271:(in Chlorophyta) /
1291:(15): 9728–9733.
913:10.1111/nph.17655
641:
640:
259:), respectively.
217:phytoene synthase
189:biosynthesis and
119:
118:
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93:
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1373:
1340:(8): 4286–4296.
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1243:
1234:(2–3): 129–134.
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337:, similarly to
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243:Spirilloxanthin
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52:
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40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1455:(3): 723–729.
1435:
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1012:(3): 253–258.
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879:
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697:Bradyrhizobium
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384:GGDP synthase
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99:September 2021
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665:cyanobacteria
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495:became plant
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263:Canthaxanthin
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207:(DMAPP) into
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54:Find sources:
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38:
37:
32:This article
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26:
21:
20:
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1448:
1438:
1408:(1): 35–43.
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1228:FEBS Letters
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573:crtW (bkt2*)
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130:biosynthesis
126:gene cluster
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72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
16:Gene cluster
1507:Carotenoids
1172:(1): 1–16.
707:crtC, crtD,
669:Chlorophyta
406:crtP (PDS*)
393:crtB (PSY*)
229:crtI, crtP,
223:, known as
187:Astaxanthin
134:carotenoids
1501:Categories
728:References
319:Echinenone
203:(IPP) and
191:Carotenoid
69:newspapers
1469:0032-0935
1422:0378-1119
1362:0099-2240
1307:0021-9258
1250:0014-5793
1186:1340-3443
1129:0021-9193
1082:0021-9258
1028:0378-1097
964:0099-2240
644:Phylogeny
1512:Genetics
1487:19066941
1430:15716108
1380:16085816
1204:31588965
1147:25712483
1090:14734565
982:16085816
874:33783732
825:17578704
794:15716108
762:32155882
754:22963379
746:37887056
722:paralogs
660:events.
213:phytoene
169:Role of
163:plastids
151:Bacteria
1478:6008256
1371:1183362
1342:Bibcode
1315:9092504
1266:9125542
1258:9119049
1195:6949322
1138:4403650
973:1183362
944:Bibcode
842:8917308
371:Enzyme
231:and/or
155:Archaea
138:cryptic
124:is the
83:scholar
1485:
1475:
1467:
1449:Planta
1428:
1420:
1378:
1368:
1360:
1313:
1305:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1145:
1135:
1127:
1088:
1080:
1026:
980:
970:
962:
872:
840:
823:
792:
760:
752:
744:
699:ORS278
675:, and
493:crtL-e
485:crtL-b
356:E coli
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1262:S2CID
547:crtZ*
497:lcy-E
489:lcy-B
368:Gene
307:Other
90:JSTOR
76:books
1483:PMID
1465:ISSN
1426:PMID
1418:ISSN
1402:Gene
1376:PMID
1358:ISSN
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1254:PMID
1246:ISSN
1200:PMID
1182:ISSN
1143:PMID
1125:ISSN
1086:PMID
1078:ISSN
1024:ISSN
978:PMID
960:ISSN
870:PMID
838:PMID
821:PMID
790:PMID
758:PMID
750:PMID
742:PMID
711:crtF
709:and
685:crtO
683:and
681:crtW
677:crtQ
667:and
656:and
625:crtK
612:crtG
599:crtC
586:crtO
560:crtX
534:crtR
521:crtA
508:crtD
479:crtL
466:crtY
453:crtH
442:CrtP
438:CrtI
432:crtQ
419:crtI
380:crtE
351:crtG
345:crtH
339:crtO
335:CrtZ
331:bkt2
327:CrtO
323:crtO
313:crtX
301:crtZ
297:crtR
285:crtW
281:crtY
277:crtW
273:crtL
269:crtY
257:crtF
253:crtD
249:crtC
237:crtD
233:PDS.
221:crtB
197:crtE
177:The
159:crtB
153:and
62:news
1473:PMC
1457:doi
1453:229
1410:doi
1406:345
1366:PMC
1350:doi
1293:doi
1289:272
1236:doi
1232:404
1190:PMC
1174:doi
1133:PMC
1117:doi
1113:197
1068:doi
1064:279
1014:doi
968:PMC
952:doi
908:doi
904:232
862:doi
719:crt
715:crt
703:crt
689:crt
650:crt
359:.
325:).
315:).
225:PSY
179:CRT
171:CRT
140:in
132:of
122:CRT
45:by
1503::
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1471:.
1463:.
1451:.
1447:.
1424:.
1416:.
1404:.
1400:.
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1374:.
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1336:.
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1301:.
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1260:.
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1244:.
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1198:.
1188:.
1180:.
1170:74
1168:.
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1022:.
1010:90
1008:.
1004:.
990:^
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958:.
950:.
940:71
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882:^
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800:^
775:^
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