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661:. Infestation can begin as soon as the fruit starts to ripen on the branches. In a study conducted in Iran, it was shown that initial infestation of the date fruit was only about 1.3%, but it peaked to 11.7% in mid-September, just months after initial fruit ripening in April. In the last month of the fruit cycle, in March, it was shown that up to 80% of the fruit was infected. More recent studies have shown that infection rates can be up to 90%.
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nearly 100% success rate after the first successful attempt. Females exhibit a post-copulatory behavior that involves performance of a drag walk with the male moth. This consists of her dragging the male moth behind her for some time. These copulatory behaviors serve to avoid courtship by males of different species.
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Male and female moths live on average 11 and 16 days respectively. In the short period in which they are alive, adults lay 3–4 broods. The mean fertility of females is 160 eggs on the second and third nights after leaving the pupal stage and entering the adult stage. After laying her eggs, the female
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Pupa is the term for the moth in its cocoon phase. Pupae are web-covered and brown. The cocoon is silken and they are usually hidden on the trees or in the upper soil layers near the vine trunks. Pupal development period usually lasts about 10 days, after which the adult moth emerges from the cocoon.
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Pheromones are chemical substances released into the environment which alter the behavior of other organisms in the same species. In terms of the raisin moth, the female begins the mating process by attracting male moths by releasing pheromones. These pheromones are quite similar to those from other
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flight patterns. It tends to be inactive during the day and begin significant activity at 7pm. Activity exponentially increases until it peaks at 8pm, when it then slowly levels off and reaches inactivity at 5am. Activity during this period consists of mating, as the moths do not forage in the adult
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are exposed. After this, the female abdomen begins to rise and male and female join at a 30-40 degree angle from the ground. Mating is initiated by a process involving a head bump followed by a thrusting action. The thrusting is fairly accurate, with a 75% success rate on the first try, followed by
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moths and is a male attractant. Studies using this pheromone against the raisin moth showed that it greatly confused the male raisin moths and led to a reduction in larvae production. There is also some indication that blue neon light attracts raisin moths, which could potentially be used to deter
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A male raisin moth finds its way to the female moth by following the pheromone trail left by the female. As the male approaches he will first curl his abdomen such that it reaches over his head. Female will turn to face him depending on direction of approach. After the male curls his abdomen, his
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Upon hatching, neonatal larvae, or caterpillars, immediately begin digging into all parts of fruit. Larvae develop continuously throughout the year, living within fruits on the trees or rotting on the ground. Larval development depends on warmth, so development takes longer during winter periods.
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Adult moths will not stay in a region that is below 15 °C or above 36 °C, which are the thresholds for their temperature tolerance. Adults will not fly at a temperature below 13 °C. The raisin moth prefers a climate that has arid, hot, clear, and rainless summers, along with mild
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stings and in effect parasitizes raisin moth larvae during warm winter days when they are located under tree bark. However, this parasitoid will not affect them during warmer seasons or on host plant fruit, so it is not effective as a natural pesticide. However, it can be used to effectively
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and a long thin costal outgrowth and at almost 90° angle. Wing pattern does not serve as a differentiating element in this species as it is very similar to other species of its genus. Their body has six rows of purple-colored dots running horizontally and their head is a reddish-brown color.
360:, and some parts of Australia, South America, and Africa. Specifically, the moth is present in regions of optimal breeding temperature and food resources. Since its rise, it first spread to the tropics and later nudged its way into cooler areas by following humans on trade routes.
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release by both the male and female moths as well as many other copulatory rituals that function to prevent interspecies mating. Copulation consists of specific head bump technique paired with thrusting behavior. There is also a specific method of curling the
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The raisin moth is classified as a pest throughout the world. It is especially known to cause severe qualitative and quantitative losses of dates. However, its larvae cause severe crop losses to almost all dried and drying fruits, as are specified in its
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The female raisin moth lays her fertilized eggs directly on or near the surface of the fruit of the host plant. The eggs are sticky, but are not glued down. They are laid one by one, or in small batches, and often in a star-shape. After
473:, eggs hatch within 4 days, and approximately 75% of laid eggs will hatch successfully. Eggs are small, round, and slightly yellow-orange and creamy white in color. They tend to turn to a more subtle greenish-grey color as they mature.
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During this stage of the moth's life cycle, the moth will mainly consume water. They do not focus much on foraging and instead devote full resources to reproduction. This is possibly due to the very short duration of this stage.
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This moth also displays migration behavior as well as nocturnal activity. During the start of cold winter months, the larvae of the raisin moth will move from the fruit in which they are enveloped to the top 4 inches of
265:. The raisin moth is known most commonly as a pest that feeds on dried fruits, such as the raisin and date. It covers a range that includes much of the world, primarily situating itself in areas of
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Adult raisin moths have a life span of 11–16 days and devote most of their resources to reproduction. Eggs are laid on or near the fruit and larvae immediately begin boring and infesting the fruit.
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subfamily, so elaborate courtship rituals are performed to avoid interspecies mating. Male moths also release a species specific pheromone that serves to reduce interspecies mating.
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is often used. Mating disruption through the use of synthetic pheromone mimics is also an effective strategy and a greener alternative to pesticides. A specific pheromone,
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The adults of this moth species are about 1 cm long and have a brown grey complexion. Their wingspan ranges from 14–16 mm. A key element of distinction are its
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region, and some parts of Africa, Australia, and South
America. The moth prefers to live in a hot, arid climate with little moisture and plentiful harvest for its
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raisin moth does not stay to protect her eggs, instead abandoning them afterwards. The male raisin moth also plays no role in guarding or rearing its young.
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Raisin moth larvae face predation from competitors on dropped fruit. The mortality of the moth larvae in dropped fruit is higher in the presence of the
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Eggs are small, round, and slightly yellow-orange and creamy white in color. They tend to turn to a more subtle greenish-grey color as they mature.
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to feed on. Study of this species is important due to the vast amount of economic damage it causes yearly and worldwide to agriculture crops.
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846:"The Biology and Phenology of Arenipses Sabella Hmps. and Cadra Figulilella (Gregson) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on Dates in Israel."
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886:"Records of Cadra Figulilella (Gregson 1871) (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) and Contribution to Its Parasitoid Assamlages in Bulgaria."
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Donohoe, Heber C., Perez
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706:"Information Transmission during Intra- and Interspecific Courtship In Ephestia Elutella and Cadra Figulilella."
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902:"Impact of Ant Predation and Heat on Carob Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Mortality in California Date Gardens."
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During cold winter periods, the larvae will stay in topsoil or under the loose bark of host plants and exhibit
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because other host fruits are often scarce. However, they can be found year-round in decaying date fruit.
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process. This leads to the fruit being filled with contaminants, which cannot be removed by post-harvest
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and prefer to feed on dry fruits on the ground or still on the plant. In particular they feed on fallen
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in 1928. Its population quickly increased and spread throughout the world, now claiming ubiquity in the
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after harvest does not save infested fruits, as the pest has already dug into the fruit and spoiled it.
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the moth from laying eggs on fruit during mating season and lead to less larvae infestation in fruits.
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insect, meaning that it feeds on a large variety of different fruits. The larvae in particular are
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827:"Identification of a Sex Pheromone from the Female Raisin Moth, Cadra Figulilella1,2."
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Sustainable Pest
Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges
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The raisin moth likely got its name due to being first identified on
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927:. Vol. 8 Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea. University of Hawaii Press.
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Perring, Thomas M., Hamadttu A. F. El-Shafie, and Waqas Wakil.
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that distinguishes this moth from the moths of other species.
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United States
Department of Agriculture Washington D.C.
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765:"Carob Moth, Lesser Date Moth, and Raisin Moth."
811:Technical Bulletin No. 994 (1949): n. pag. Web.
830:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
863:Barnes, Dwight F., and George H. Kaloostian.
512:The raisin moth has been observed to exhibit
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291:The mating process consists of
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806:"Biology of the Raisin Moth."
891:21.6 (2015): 1254-256. Web.
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907:98.3 (2005): 725-31. Web.
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176:Ephestia figulilella
644:Pest of crop plants
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471:oviposition
421:cacao beans
401:herbivorous
397:polyphagous
391:Mullberries
312:Description
255:raisin moth
98:Lepidoptera
1289:Categories
1220:CadraFigul
933:10125/7337
686:References
659:fumigation
630:abdominal
619:Phycitinae
612:Pheromones
441:mulberries
409:carob pods
354:California
346:California
286:Fumigation
267:California
78:Arthropoda
1300:Phycitini
561:Parasites
526:Predators
514:nocturnal
369:winters.
318:hindwings
293:pheromone
263:Pyralidae
196:halfaella
126:Species:
108:Pyralidae
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1233:2.745161
1217:MaBENA:
1182:LepIndex
1174:10631425
1052:BugGuide
1028:BioLib:
1021:CADRFIGU
982:Q5016606
976:Wikidata
923:(1958).
625:Courting
586:such as
579:Several
546:fire ant
484:diapause
433:apricots
352:region,
167:Synonyms
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1259:1371672
1148:1873903
679:pyralid
521:Enemies
517:phase.
429:peaches
407:, ripe
364:Habitat
358:Florida
306:topsoil
298:abdomen
271:Florida
257:, is a
160:, 1871)
158:Gregson
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1161:215617
1122:441808
1109:305493
1096:EPHEFI
1083:361500
1057:907126
1044:362806
655:boring
607:Mating
447:Adults
425:prunes
413:grapes
279:larvae
273:, the
253:, the
1272:26353
1194:LoB:
1169:IRMNG
1104:EUNIS
1070:5WTC7
1031:50472
499:Adult
437:pears
322:uncus
119:Cadra
1254:NCBI
1210:6023
1205:MONA
1197:5662
1187:9377
1143:GBIF
1091:EPPO
1039:BOLD
651:diet
590:and
490:Pupa
405:figs
259:moth
1241:NBN
1078:EoL
1065:CoL
1006:AFD
929:hdl
464:Egg
340:in
194:f.
1291::
1269::
1256::
1243::
1230::
1207::
1184::
1171::
1158::
1145::
1132::
1119::
1106::
1093::
1080::
1067::
1054::
1041::
1008::
993::
978::
875:^
856:^
837:^
816:^
775:^
716:^
693:^
435:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
356:,
344:,
269:,
935:.
931::
156:(
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