461:
491:, and as such is a form genus of little taxonomic value. There are two forms of casts, which can give mistaken impressions of the organisms. The most common is an internal cast of the hollow (or pith-filled) void in the centre of the trunk. This can cause some confusion: firstly, it must be remembered that a fossil was probably surrounded with 4-5 times its width in (unpreserved) vascular tissue, so the organisms were much wider than the internal casts preserved. Further, the fossil gets narrower as it attaches to a rhizoid, a place where one would expect there to be the highest concentration of vascular tissue (as this is where the peak transport occurs). However, because the fossil is a cast, the narrowing in fact represents a constriction of the
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look quite similar to the stems in most cases, but have nodes that get progressively closer together as they approach the apical area (the growth tip that spreads outward through the soil).
1118:
1133:
1011:
460:
647:
1138:
940:
569:-like appearance and vertical ribbing. The branches, leaves and cones were all borne in whorls. The leaves were needle-shaped, with up to 25 per whorl.
694:
would allow them to spread quickly into new territory, and help to anchor them firmly in the unstable ground along rivers and in newly deposited delta
639:
437:
modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of 30–50 meters (100–160 feet). They were components of the understories of
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reproduced by means of spores, which were produced in small sacs organized into cones. They are also known to have possessed massive underground
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1128:
468:
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126:
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However, the value of these form taxa is limited. The distance between nodes, for example, is highly variable, and an intercalary
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was similar in that its trunk and stems were hollow, like wooden tubes. When these trunks buckled and broke, they could fill with
1029:
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60:
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31:
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838:"Origin of Equisetum: Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida"
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93:
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926:. Smithsonian Books (in association with the Natural History Museum of London), Washington, D.C. (2004).
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941:
web.archive.org/web/20120315050635/www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Plants/Pteridophyta/Calamites.html.
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of one tree. This is the only group of trees of their period known to have a clonal habit. This type of
75:
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forms by its prominent, swollen nodes and relatively wide-spaced longitudinal ribs. Another example,
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The stems of modern horsetails are typically hollow or contain numerous elongated air-filled sacs.
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specimens, illustrating the different appearance of fossils preserved under different
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836:
Elgorriaga, A.; Escapa, I.H.; Rothwell, G.W.; Tomescu, A.M.F.; Cúneo, N.R. (2018).
792:
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Geografiia rastenii s osnovani botaniki (Geography of plants and basics of botany)
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760:, the opposite is true or the specimen is just slightly wider than the diameter.
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726:), in a laboratory of practices of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of
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have been identified as part of a united organism, which has inherited the name
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arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus
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specimen is typically much wider than the diameter. In other forms like
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correctly refers only to casts of the stem of
Carboniferous/Permian
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In addition, the distance between successive node lines on a
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come in a variety of different "form genera". One type,
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Further organ genera belonging to sphenophytes include:
795:. The Calamitaceae finally became extinct in the Lower
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means that this distance varied as the organisms grew.
495:, into which vascular tubes encroach as they widen.
958:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
910:ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/sphenophyta/sphenofr.html
603:. This is the reason pith casts of the inside of
507:(stems which are preserved in a mineralised form)
919:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983).
653:Reconstruction of a whole Calamites tree with
515:(permineralised rhizomes, distinguished from
8:
1119:Paleozoic life of Newfoundland and Labrador
883:. Gos. nauchno-pedagog. izd-vo. p. 167
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228:
140:
853:
640:Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
917:Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants
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787:(formerly known as Sphenophyta) in the
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541:of leaf-whorls which are paraphyletic).
1134:Paleozoic life of Prince Edward Island
686:, which allowed for the production of
576:, meaning they were made of wood. The
805:, the only living sphenophyte genus.
7:
433:) are closely related. Unlike their
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1139:Prehistoric plants of North America
900:How large are the giant horsetails?
469:Estonian Museum of Natural History
25:
906:Fossil Record of the Sphenophyta
741:, is distinguishable from other
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572:Their trunks produced secondary
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27:Extinct genus of vascular plants
1114:Paleozoic life of New Brunswick
1109:Fossils of Georgia (U.S. state)
1099:Carboniferous first appearances
922:Davis, Paul and Kenrick, Paul.
52:needs additional citations for
904:“Sphenophyta: Fossil Record.”
1:
1124:Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia
771:Extinction and classification
638:from Italy on display at the
565:had a distinctive segmented,
1104:Cisuralian genus extinctions
618:A diagram of a pith cast of
554:The foliage (Annularia) of
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842:American Journal of Botany
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1129:Paleozoic life of Nunavut
394:Calamites schuetzeiformis
359:
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251:Scientific classification
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236:
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143:
1094:Prehistoric plant genera
779:is placed in the family
30:Not to be confused with
607:stems are so common as
877:V. V. Alekhin (1961).
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1051:Paleobiology Database
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483:in popular culture.
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386:Calamites rectangulus
1084:Carboniferous plants
692:asexual reproduction
519:by the absence of a
448:360 to 300
443:Carboniferous Period
378:Calamites multiramis
374:Calamites goeppertii
61:improve this article
783:in the plant class
410:Calamites undulatus
370:Calamites cruciatus
362:Calamites carinatus
732:
698:. The rhizomes of
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636:Annularia stellata
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402:Calamites sickowii
398:Calamites schulzii
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1038:Open Tree of Life
952:Taxon identifiers
855:10.1002/ajb2.1125
754:Calamites suckowi
739:Calamites suckowi
450:million years ago
416:
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406:Calamites suckowi
390:Calamites sachsei
382:Calamites ramosus
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16:(Redirected from
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848:(8): 1286–1303.
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791:allies division
718:(Carboniferous,
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578:vascular cambium
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366:Calamites cistii
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149:Temporal range:
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
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885:. Retrieved
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793:Pteridophyta
781:Calamitaceae
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663:Reproduction
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634:Specimen of
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489:sphenophytes
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475:A number of
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117:October 2020
114:
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
984:Wikispecies
714:Replica of
539:form genera
517:Arthropitys
512:Astromyelon
504:Arthropitys
321:Equisetales
311:Equisetidae
237:A range of
76:"Calamites"
1079:Horsetails
1073:Categories
887:2020-10-05
823:References
775:The genus
477:organ taxa
435:herbaceous
307:Subclass:
287:Division:
243:taphonomic
87:newspapers
32:Calamities
990:Calamites
975:Q11707255
960:Calamites
937:Calamites
802:Equisetum
777:Calamites
743:Calamites
735:Calamites
700:Calamites
696:sediments
680:Calamites
673:Calamites
655:Annularia
620:Calamites
605:Calamites
597:Calamites
586:unifacial
582:Calamites
563:Calamites
556:Calamites
528:Annularia
485:Calamites
481:Calamites
467:from the
430:Equisetum
420:Calamites
348:Calamites
264:Kingdom:
239:Calamites
145:Calamites
969:Wikidata
864:30025163
809:See also
765:meristem
684:rhizomes
601:sediment
456:Taxonomy
445:(around
355:Species
327:Family:
1043:5149268
1030:1094794
1017:1312466
1004:3229104
797:Permian
728:Corunna
675:rhizoid
609:fossils
546:Anatomy
425:extinct
340:Genus:
317:Order:
297:Class:
268:Plantae
101:scholar
1056:125728
930:
862:
688:clones
590:phloem
567:bamboo
493:cavity
245:modes
103:
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89:
82:
74:
1012:IRMNG
724:Spain
574:xylem
275:Clade
108:JSTOR
94:books
1025:ITIS
999:GBIF
928:ISBN
860:PMID
789:fern
720:Léon
584:was
531:and
439:coal
163:PreꞒ
80:news
850:doi
846:105
580:of
452:).
63:by
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213:Pg
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537:(
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344:†
331:†
218:N
208:K
203:J
198:T
193:P
188:C
183:D
178:S
173:O
168:Ꞓ
155:–
130:)
124:(
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115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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