386:
increase in weight comes from the air, which in the vessel has been rendered denser, heavier, and in some measure adhesive, by the vehement and long-continued heat of the furnace: which air mixes with the calx (frequent agitation aiding) and becomes attached to its most minute particles: not otherwise than water makes heavier sand which you throw into it and agitate, by moistening it and adhering to the smallest of its grains", presumably the metal gained weight as it was being oxidized.
158:
649:
714:
In the early 18th century Georg Stahl renamed the substance phlogiston (from the Greek for 'burned') and extended the theory to include the calcination (and corrosion) of metals. Thus, metals were thought to be composed of calx (a powdery residue) and phlogiston; when a metal was heated, phlogiston
385:
notes that "having placed two pounds six ounces of fine
English tin in an iron vessel and heated it strongly on an open furnace for the space of six hours with continual agitation and without adding anything to it, he recovered two pounds thirteen ounces of a white calx". He claimed "That this
715:
was set free and the calx remained. The process could be reversed by heating the metal over charcoal (a substance believed to be rich in phlogiston, because combustion almost totally consumed it). The calx would absorb the phlogiston released by the burning charcoal and become metallic again.
389:
At room temperature, tin is quite resistant to the impact of air or water, as a thin oxide film forms on the surface of the metal. In air, tin starts to oxidize at a temperature of over 150 °C: Sn +
667:
662:
117:
is a steel cylinder that rotates inside a heated furnace and performs indirect high-temperature processing (550–1150 °C, or 1000–2100 °F) within a controlled atmosphere.
290:
Calcination reactions usually take place at or above the thermal decomposition temperature (for decomposition and volatilization reactions) or the transition temperature (for
431:. Actual calcination is that brought about by actual fire, from wood, coals, or other fuel, raised to a certain temperature. Potential calcination is that brought about by
745:
683:
1374:
1215:
149:. The product of calcination is usually referred to in general as "calcine", regardless of the actual minerals undergoing thermal treatment.
576:
738:
766:
707:
595:
Essays of Jean Rey, doctor of medicine, on an enquiry into the cause wherefore tin and lead increase in weight on calcination (1630)
845:
840:
731:
482:, which was said to occur when horns, hooves, etc., were hung over boiling water, or other liquor, until they had lost their
544:
1379:
1119:
1288:
1369:
1129:
281:
through electrically fired calcining furnace or gas calcination which results in development of graphitic structure.
617:
216:
691:
178:
1014:
60:
557:
Mosby's
Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 243
497:' was the true elemental substance that was left after phlogiston was driven out of it in the process of
1182:
1150:
1101:
754:
436:
417:
182:
64:
51:) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting under restricted supply of ambient
967:
382:
1235:
1124:
1010:
957:
763:
212:
70:
The root of the word calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon from
1065:
1005:
962:
774:
631:
256:
166:
1262:
1000:
793:
703:
599:
572:
490:
440:
401:
307:
295:
271:
95:
41:
1343:
1248:
1220:
808:
798:
695:
658:
526:
291:
699:
379:
Formal response to the question, why Tin and Lead increase in weight when they are calcined
129:'to burn lime' due to its most common application, the decomposition of calcium carbonate (
1333:
1293:
1169:
985:
977:
914:
902:
897:
892:
267:
238:
1283:
1114:
1080:
1044:
952:
835:
823:
223:
197:
142:
103:
1363:
1338:
1243:
1225:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1075:
1070:
653:
138:
134:
79:
31:
157:
1275:
995:
990:
947:
448:
294:). This temperature is usually defined as the temperature at which the standard
1109:
937:
869:
472:
444:
353:. The standard free energy of reaction is 0 in this case when the temperature,
333:
174:
1348:
1298:
1091:
1030:
1020:
877:
818:
498:
278:
75:
603:
1190:
1155:
1025:
909:
852:
530:
370:
312:
In limestone calcination, a decomposition process that occurs at 900 to 1050
193:
130:
71:
45:
1318:
1085:
1057:
882:
483:
468:
260:
249:
99:
723:
518:
942:
919:
887:
813:
464:
435:
fire, such as corrosive chemicals; for example, gold was calcined in a
413:
230:
204:
17:
59:
fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or
1323:
830:
593:
456:
452:
234:
208:
146:
91:
52:
229:
heat treatment to effect phase transformations, as in conversion of
652: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
339:
The standard Gibbs free energy of reaction in is approximated as Δ
857:
374:
242:
156:
1328:
494:
460:
252:
170:
727:
803:
48:
203:
decomposition of hydrated minerals, as in the calcination of
668:
Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
173:
or calciners) of various designs including shaft furnaces,
125:
The process of calcination derives its name from the Latin
404:
explored this experiment with similar results time later.
192:
decomposition of carbonate ores, as in the calcination of
188:
Examples of calcination processes include the following:
298:
for a particular calcination reaction is equal to zero.
571:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 145.
90:(g). Calcium oxide is a crucial ingredient in modern
1311:
1274:
1261:
1234:
1181:
1168:
1138:
1100:
1056:
1043:
976:
930:
868:
786:
773:
423:Alchemists distinguished two kinds of calcination,
222:decomposition of volatile matter contained in raw
618:"Tin: its oxidation states and reactions with it"
369:In some cases, calcination of a metal results in
598:. E. & S. Livingstone for the Alembic Club.
420:required for the transformation of a substance.
671:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
739:
8:
545:"High-Temperature Processing with Calciners"
523:The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
416:, calcination was believed to be one of the
308:Calcination equilibrium of calcium carbonate
266:defluorination of uranyl fluoride to create
1271:
1178:
1053:
783:
746:
732:
724:
486:, and were easily reducible into powder.
332:Today, this reaction largely occurs in a
102:. Industrial calcination generally emits
44:of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed
349:≈ 177,100 J/mol − 158 J/(mol*K) *
643:
641:
510:
169:or reactors (sometimes referred to as
471:; lead with sulfur; and mercury with
7:
700:10.1093/acref/9780199204632.001.0001
161:An oven for calcination of limestone
82:. This calcination reaction is CaCO
25:
1375:Chemistry of construction methods
767:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
94:, and is also used as a chemical
647:
712:– via Oxford Reference.
447:; silver with common salt and
165:Calcination is carried out in
1:
1120:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
316:°C, the chemical reaction is
682:Daintith, John, ed. (2008).
74:(calcium carbonate) through
632:"Lavoisier tin calcination"
63:substances and/or to incur
1396:
489:According to the obsolete
373:of the metal to produce a
305:
29:
761:
688:A Dictionary of Chemistry
480:philosophical calcination
80:calcium oxide (quicklime)
846:Underground in soft rock
841:Underground in hard rock
567:Gilchrist, J.D. (1989).
217:water of crystallization
179:multiple hearth furnaces
30:Not to be confused with
692:Oxford University Press
531:10.1351/goldbook.C00773
463:with sal ammoniac and
183:fluidized bed reactors
162:
1174:(by aqueous solution)
1006:Gravity Concentration
755:Extractive metallurgy
569:Extraction Metallurgy
437:reverberatory furnace
302:Limestone calcination
160:
145:, in order to create
65:thermal decomposition
27:Manufacturing process
1380:Alchemical processes
1289:Hall–Héroult process
968:Mechanical screening
153:Industrial processes
1011:Magnetic separation
958:Cyclonic separation
779:(by physical means)
764:Metallurgical assay
684:"Phlogiston theory"
361:K, or 848 °C.
1370:Chemical processes
1092:Refractory linings
963:Gyratory equipment
775:Mineral processing
592:Rey, Jean (1953).
418:12 vital processes
357:, is equal to 1121
277:heat treatment of
163:
1357:
1356:
1307:
1306:
1268:
1263:Electrometallurgy
1257:
1256:
1216:Gold chlorination
1175:
1164:
1163:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1001:Jig concentrators
799:Natural resources
794:Geological survey
780:
659:Chambers, Ephraim
578:978-0-08-036612-8
491:phlogiston theory
402:Antoine Lavoisier
324:(s) → CaO(s) + CO
296:Gibbs free energy
292:phase transitions
272:hydrofluoric acid
86:(s) → CaO(s) + CO
42:thermal treatment
16:(Redirected from
1387:
1272:
1267:(by electricity)
1266:
1249:Pan amalgamation
1221:Gold cyanidation
1211:In situ leaching
1179:
1173:
1054:
1048:
809:Economic geology
784:
778:
748:
741:
734:
725:
718:
717:
690:(6th ed.).
679:
673:
672:
651:
650:
645:
636:
635:
628:
622:
621:
614:
608:
607:
589:
583:
582:
564:
558:
555:
549:
548:
541:
535:
534:
515:
377:. In his essay "
360:
315:
21:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1303:
1294:Castner process
1265:
1253:
1230:
1172:
1170:Hydrometallurgy
1160:
1134:
1130:IsaKidd process
1096:
1047:
1035:
986:Froth flotation
972:
926:
864:
777:
769:
757:
752:
722:
721:
710:
681:
680:
676:
657:
648:
646:
639:
630:
629:
625:
616:
615:
611:
591:
590:
586:
579:
566:
565:
561:
556:
552:
543:
542:
538:
517:
516:
512:
507:
478:There was also
410:
397:
393:
367:
358:
348:
327:
323:
313:
310:
304:
288:
268:uranium dioxide
239:devitrification
219:as water vapor;
155:
123:
109:
89:
85:
58:
55:(i.e. gaseous O
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Electrowinning
1280:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Parkes process
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:Flash smelting
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1045:Pyrometallurgy
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
927:
925:
924:
923:
922:
917:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
885:
880:
874:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
861:
860:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
828:
827:
826:
824:Precious metal
821:
816:
811:
801:
796:
790:
788:
781:
771:
770:
762:
759:
758:
753:
751:
750:
743:
736:
728:
720:
719:
708:
674:
661:, ed. (1728).
637:
623:
609:
584:
577:
559:
550:
536:
509:
508:
506:
503:
455:with salt and
409:
406:
395:
391:
366:
363:
344:
330:
329:
325:
321:
306:Main article:
303:
300:
287:
284:
283:
282:
275:
264:
246:
227:
224:petroleum coke
220:
201:
198:carbon dioxide
154:
151:
143:carbon dioxide
122:
119:
107:
104:carbon dioxide
87:
83:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Patio process
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1226:Bayer process
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Tank leaching
1204:
1202:
1201:Dump leaching
1199:
1197:
1196:Heap leaching
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Zinc smelting
1074:
1072:
1071:Lead smelting
1069:
1067:
1066:Iron smelting
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
978:Concentration
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
929:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
871:
867:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
782:
776:
772:
768:
765:
760:
756:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
729:
726:
716:
711:
709:9780191726569
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
670:
669:
664:
663:"Calcination"
660:
655:
654:public domain
644:
642:
638:
633:
627:
624:
619:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
596:
588:
585:
580:
574:
570:
563:
560:
554:
551:
546:
540:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:"Calcination"
514:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
356:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:
319:
318:
317:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
285:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
213:carbonate ore
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:to drive off
195:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
159:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:calcium oxide
132:
128:
120:
118:
116:
111:
105:
101:
97:
93:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
33:
32:Calcification
19:
1276:Electrolysis
1236:Amalgamation
1145:
991:Jameson cell
948:Hydrocyclone
713:
687:
677:
666:
626:
612:
594:
587:
568:
562:
553:
539:
522:
513:
488:
479:
477:
432:
428:
424:
422:
411:
400:
388:
378:
368:
354:
350:
345:
340:
338:
331:
311:
289:
187:
175:rotary kilns
164:
126:
124:
114:
112:
69:
37:
36:
1312:Co-products
1146:Calcination
1110:Cupellation
1026:Dry washing
1015:Magnetation
938:Ore sorting
903:Pebble mill
870:Comminution
473:nitric acid
467:; tin with
449:alkali salt
445:salammoniac
375:metal oxide
334:cement kiln
248:removal of
38:Calcination
1364:Categories
1349:Stamp sand
1299:Downs cell
1031:Buddle pit
1021:Rocker box
878:Stamp mill
819:Base metal
787:Extraction
505:References
499:combustion
381:" (1630),
279:anthracite
245:materials;
215:to remove
76:combustion
1191:Lixiviant
1156:Liquation
1049:(by heat)
910:Ball mill
853:Recycling
604:154124030
433:potential
429:potential
371:oxidation
365:Oxidation
286:Reactions
257:synthesis
194:limestone
131:limestone
127:calcinare
121:Etymology
78:to yield
72:limestone
46:carbonate
1319:Tailings
1183:Leaching
1151:Roasting
1102:Refining
1086:ISASMELT
1058:Smelting
915:Rod mill
898:SAG mill
883:Arrastra
525:. 2014.
484:mucilage
469:antimony
383:Jean Rey
261:zeolites
250:ammonium
167:furnaces
115:calciner
100:smelting
61:volatile
1344:Red mud
1334:Clinker
1088:furnace
996:Panning
953:Trommel
943:Vanning
920:IsaMill
893:AG mill
888:Crusher
836:Surface
814:Mineral
656::
493:, the '
465:vinegar
441:mercury
414:alchemy
408:Alchemy
255:in the
231:anatase
205:bauxite
18:Calcine
1324:Gangue
1125:Poling
931:Sizing
831:Mining
706:
602:
575:
457:sulfur
453:copper
425:actual
359:
314:
235:rutile
209:gypsum
181:, and
147:cement
141:) and
92:cement
53:oxygen
1139:Other
858:Scrap
439:with
394:→ SnO
243:glass
171:kilns
133:) to
1339:Chat
1329:Slag
704:ISBN
600:OCLC
573:ISBN
495:calx
461:iron
443:and
427:and
320:CaCO
274:gas;
270:and
253:ions
207:and
139:lime
110:).
96:flux
49:ores
804:Ore
696:doi
527:doi
412:In
328:(g)
259:of
241:of
237:or
233:to
106:(CO
98:in
40:is
1366::
702:.
694:.
686:.
665:.
640:^
521:.
501:.
475:.
459:;
451:;
398:.
336:.
211:,
185:.
177:,
113:A
67:.
1017:)
1013:(
747:e
740:t
733:v
698::
634:.
620:.
606:.
581:.
547:.
533:.
529::
396:2
392:2
390:O
355:T
351:T
346:r
343:°
341:G
326:2
322:3
263:;
226:;
200:;
137:(
108:2
88:2
84:3
57:2
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
