528:
attacks. This successful dodging, along with the fact that the adult squirrels are larger than the young ones, helps to deter the predators, as the rattlesnakes are 1.6 times more likely to be deterred from attacking an area after an encounter with an adult squirrel. In 30 out of 45 interactions with snakes, the tail-waving behavior of the squirrels stopped the snake in its tracks and the snake attempted to wait for the squirrel to leave before it would consider attacking again, showing that the behavior does deter predatory attacks by the rattlesnakes. This is due to the adult squirrels being vigilant and looking more threatening and also that they are able to more successfully dodge attacks. They also can use their tail-waving to signal to other ground squirrels in the area that a rattlesnake or other predator has recently been spotted. Though the ground squirrels have been found to also exhibit this tail-waving behavior when no predator is present, they wave their tails faster and for a longer time when they spot a predator or in an area where a predator has recently been spotted.
532:
aware that they are in an area where the rattlesnakes have recently been, they devote more time to being alert and searching for the predators than to hunting and foraging than in an environment where they do not believe predators exist. These vigilant squirrels were found to have a faster reaction time to a stimulus from a predator and jump higher and further away than a squirrel that was not as vigilant. In a simulated environment study, 60% of squirrels that were in an environment with a recent snake encounter exhibited an evasive leap behavior, which propels them farther away from their attackers; 20% of squirrels exhibited this behavior in a primary encounter with a snake and roughly 5% of squirrels exhibited this behavior when no snake was present and no threat was detected. This shows that the squirrels are more alert, vigilant, and ready for an attacker after one has been recently seen.
481:
461:
339:
97:
53:
430:
72:
366:, which they excavate themselves. Some burrows are occupied communally, but each squirrel has its own entrance. Although they readily become tame in areas used by humans, and quickly learn to take food left or offered by picnickers, they spend most of their time within 25 m (80 ft) of their burrows, and rarely go further than 50 m (160 ft) from it.
1075:
412:
California ground squirrels' mating season is early spring and tends to last only for a few weeks. The females are considered to be promiscuous, so the individuals of one litter can be from multiple mates. The
California ground squirrel has one litter of five to eleven per year, with gestation around
531:
Vigilant behavior in squirrels is also a defense mechanism to avoid predation. In addition to the tail-waving, the squirrels have been found to be more vigilant and on alert if a predator had recently been in the area than they were if no predator had been detected. If the ground squirrels are
527:
The swishing of the tail from side to side is called tail-waving, which helps the squirrel to deter a snake attack. The snakes attacked the squirrels that exhibited the tail-waving at a shorter distance than those that did not and majority of those tail-waving squirrels successfully dodged these
354:
containing a mixture of gray, light brown and dusky hairs. The shoulders, neck and sides are a lighter gray. The fur around the eyes is whitish. The underside is lighter, buff or grayish yellow. Head and body are about 30 cm (12 in) long and the tail an additional 15 centimetres
471:
California ground squirrels use their cheek pouches to store more food than can be consumed in one sitting to store it for a later date. They are considered to be mostly herbivorous, with seeds, grains, nuts, fruits, and sometimes roots constituting most of their diet.
523:
radiation. The hot tail-swishing appears to convey the message "I am not a threat, but I am too big and swift-moving for it to be worth trying to hunt me." These two confrontational techniques also distract the snake from any nearby squirrel burrows containing pups.
507:
as adults. Female squirrels with pups also chew on the skins shed by rattlesnakes and then lick themselves and their pups (that are never resistant to venom before one month of age) to disguise their scent.
416:
The coloration of the young is slightly lighter than the adults, and molting occurs at about eight weeks of age â when the young leave the burrows. California ground squirrels can live up to six years.
384:
in gardens and parks, since they eat ornamental plants and trees. They commonly feed on seeds, such as oats, but also eat insects such as crickets and grasshoppers, as well as various fruits. The
934:
355:(5.9 in). They can weigh from 280 to 738 g (9.9 to 26.0 oz). The tail is relatively bushy for a ground squirrel, and at a quick glance, the squirrel might be mistaken for a
2645:
512:
and other forms of harassment provoke the snake to rattle its tail, which allows a squirrel to assess the size and activity level (dependent on blood temperature) of the snake.
503:, since the 1970s has shown that the squirrels use a variety of techniques to reduce rattlesnake predation. Some populations have varying levels of resistance to rattlesnake
2685:
2650:
2665:
2640:
2408:
2660:
2589:
2630:
2655:
373:
for several months, but in areas where winters have no snow, most squirrels are active year-round. In those parts where the summers are hot, they may also
2511:
2395:
2537:
2421:
1112:
942:
599:
1280:
2680:
652:
1210:
2670:
1997:
2563:
1898:
509:
515:
Another strategy is for a squirrel to super-heat and swish around its tail. When hunting, rattlesnakes primarily rely on their
2189:
500:
2439:
2162:
2126:
1408:
1262:
1228:
801:
779:
2542:
2426:
595:
96:
2198:
1873:
1834:
1237:
1201:
1942:
1085:
2268:
2135:
2117:
1271:
315:
208:
2337:
2434:
2207:
1970:
1809:
1105:
827:
985:"Ground squirrel tail-flag displays alter both predatory strike and ambush site selection behaviours of rattlesnakes"
745:
2675:
2215:
2062:
1907:
1398:
1079:
2594:
2144:
2006:
1305:
327:
264:
880:
Owings, Donald H.; Borchert, Mark; Virginia, Ross (1977-02-01). "The behaviour of
California ground squirrels".
499:. They are also preyed on by eagles, raccoons, foxes, badgers, and weasels. Interdisciplinary research at the
480:
460:
2635:
2044:
1952:
1800:
1323:
1314:
814:
Linsdale, J. (1946). The
California ground squirrel. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California press.
2259:
2153:
1961:
1933:
1670:
1556:
1389:
1219:
705:
Smith, Jennifer E.; Long, Douglas J.; Russell, Imani D.; Newcomb, Kate Lee; MuĂąoz, Valeska D. (2016-12-15).
2299:
2250:
2241:
2180:
2053:
2034:
2025:
2015:
1988:
1979:
1769:
1616:
1098:
2602:
2447:
2171:
2108:
1538:
1039:"The fear of unseen predators: ground squirrel tail-flagging in the absence of snakes signals vigilance"
957:
413:
one month. The young open their eyes at about five weeks and reach sexual maturity around one year old.
191:
1643:
1090:
2382:
2346:
1679:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1499:
1733:
1715:
1697:
1661:
1463:
1332:
573:
319:
61:
2581:
338:
2283:
1760:
1472:
915:
897:
276:
217:
91:
2607:
2452:
2413:
2498:
2369:
2351:
1742:
1706:
1688:
1364:
1251:
1190:
1014:
795:
648:
629:
2462:
853:
2230:
2083:
1634:
1481:
1341:
1050:
1004:
996:
965:
889:
722:
685:
568:
489:
52:
35:
2555:
1823:
1751:
1580:
1517:
1122:
295:
260:
168:
17:
1778:
1652:
1625:
1547:
1009:
984:
969:
746:"Beechey's Ground Squirrel - Spermophilus beecheyi - Literature - Encyclopedia of Life"
647:(Revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 262â263, Pl. 9.
385:
429:
2624:
2550:
1852:
1724:
1490:
1454:
893:
623:
559:
550:
381:
81:
76:
901:
2503:
2374:
1921:
1887:
1791:
1529:
1445:
1165:
356:
285:
2489:
668:
Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russel; Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. (2009).
625:
Fauna
Boreali-americana, or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America
2576:
2568:
2524:
2331:
2097:
1436:
1294:
504:
496:
465:
370:
2322:
727:
706:
374:
272:
1570:
1508:
1378:
1055:
1038:
690:
669:
516:
304:
108:
1018:
1000:
2361:
1074:
398:
395:
2483:
2316:
1355:
1172:
1144:
753:
520:
158:
128:
362:
As is typical for ground squirrels, California ground squirrels live in
307:) group. A full species account was published for this species in 2016.
2516:
2400:
1179:
347:
2529:
1422:
1158:
1151:
1137:
363:
280:
268:
148:
138:
118:
2293:
916:"Squirrels Use Old Snake Skins To Mask Their Scent From Predators"
479:
459:
342:
showing white on neck and shoulders in San Luis Obispo, California
337:
369:
In the colder parts of their range, California ground squirrels
2387:
2297:
1094:
424:
351:
330:, an early 19th-century British explorer and naval officer.
670:"Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus
495:
California ground squirrels are frequently preyed on by
989:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
441:
549:
Timm, R.; Ălvarez-CastaĂąeda, S.T.; Lacher, T. (2016).
1086:
Measures for controlling
California ground squirrels
275:
and its range has relatively recently extended into
2473:
2306:
2228:
2095:
2074:
1919:
1885:
1864:
1821:
1789:
1568:
1420:
1376:
1353:
1292:
1249:
1188:
854:"Spermophilus beecheyi California ground squirrel"
380:California ground squirrels are often regarded as
30:"Douglas ground squirrel" redirects here. For the
875:
873:
617:
615:
822:
820:
2646:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
574:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20481A22263743.en
1106:
8:
643:Jameson, E.W. Jr.; Peeters, Hans J. (2004).
935:"Calif. squirrels yank rattlesnakes' tails"
2686:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
2651:Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2294:
1113:
1099:
1091:
70:
51:
42:
1054:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1008:
740:
738:
726:
689:
572:
303:as previously defined was not a natural (
2666:Least concern biota of the United States
326:, or "Beechey's marmot", named it after
1281:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
600:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
541:
2641:Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
958:"Squirrel Has Hot Tail to Tell Snakes"
933:Schmid, Randolph E. (13 August 2007).
793:
774:
772:
770:
263:of the western United States and the
7:
2661:Least concern biota of North America
2631:IUCN Red List least concern species
1998:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel
560:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2656:Fauna of the Western United States
970:10.1038/scientificamerican1007-36d
941:. Associated Press. Archived from
259:, is a common and easily observed
25:
1256:(golden-mantled ground squirrels)
1211:EspĂritu Santo antelope squirrel
299:in 2009, as it became clear that
1073:
956:Minkel, J. R (August 14, 2007).
628:. London: John Murray. pp.
428:
324:Arctomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi
226:Arctomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi
95:
2163:Southern Idaho ground squirrel
2127:Northern Idaho ground squirrel
1409:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
1263:Golden-mantled ground squirrel
1229:White-tailed antelope squirrel
832:www.naturemappingfoundation.org
501:University of California, Davis
346:The squirrel's upper parts are
1835:Baja California rock squirrel
1238:San Joaquin antelope squirrel
464:California ground squirrel at
1:
2269:Round-tailed ground squirrel
2190:Richardson's ground squirrel
1272:Sierra Madre ground squirrel
983:Barbour, M; Clark, R (2012).
2681:Rodents of the United States
2208:Long-tailed ground squirrel
2102:(Holarctic ground squirrels)
2065:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)
1971:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
1927:(Old World ground squirrels)
1810:Ring-tailed ground squirrel
1037:Clark, R; Putman, B (2015).
894:10.1016/0003-3472(77)90085-9
828:"California Ground Squirrel"
2216:Washington ground squirrel
2199:Townsend's ground squirrel
2063:Asia Minor ground squirrel
1899:Père David's rock squirrel
1874:Franklin's ground squirrel
1844:California ground squirrel
1399:Rio Grande ground squirrel
1202:Harris's antelope squirrel
784:California ground squirrel"
377:for periods of a few days.
46:California ground squirrel
2702:
2145:Columbian ground squirrel
2136:Merriam's ground squirrel
2118:Belding's ground squirrel
2007:Tian Shan ground squirrel
1943:Brandtâs ground squirrel (
800:: CS1 maint: url-status (
596:"Otospermophilus beecheyi"
247:California ground squirrel
29:
18:California Ground Squirrel
2671:Mammals described in 1829
2280:
2045:Speckled ground squirrel
1953:European ground squirrel
1801:Tropical ground squirrel
1700:(N. quadrimaculatus)
1383:(little ground squirrels)
1324:Black-tailed prairie dog
1315:White-tailed prairie dog
1132:
622:Richardson, John (1829).
328:Frederick William Beechey
293:, it was reclassified in
265:Baja California Peninsula
223:
216:
197:
190:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
50:
45:
2475:Otospermophilus beecheyi
2338:Otospermophilus beecheyi
2260:Spotted ground squirrel
2235:(pygmy ground squirrels)
2154:Wyoming ground squirrel
2056:(Spermophilus taurensis)
2035:Relict ground squirrel (
2016:Pallid ground squirrel (
1962:Daurian ground squirrel
1934:Alashan ground squirrel
1908:Forrest's rock squirrel
1709:(N. quadrivittatus)
1671:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk
1559:(M. vancouverensis)
1557:Vancouver Island marmot
1390:Mexican ground squirrel
1220:Texas antelope squirrel
1121:Living species of tribe
1080:Otospermophilus beecheyi
709:Otospermophilus beecheyi
553:Otospermophilus beecheyi
486:Otospermophilus beecheyi
252:Otospermophilus beecheyi
201:Otospermophilus beecheyi
2251:Perote ground squirrel
2242:Mohave ground squirrel
2181:Arctic ground squirrel
2054:Taurus ground squirrel
2047:(Spermophilus suslicus)
2026:Little ground squirrel
1989:Russet ground squirrel
1980:Yellow ground squirrel
1619:(N. cinereicollis)
1617:Gray-collared chipmunk
1509:Groundhog or woodchuck
1306:Gunnison's prairie dog
728:10.1093/mspecies/sew010
691:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1
257:Beechey ground squirrel
2271:(X. tereticaudus)
2192:(U. richardsonii)
2172:Piute ground squirrel
2109:Uinta ground squirrel
1973:(S. erythrogenys)
1892:(Asian rock squirrels)
1837:(O. atricapillus)
1691:(N. panamintinus)
1541:(M. flaviventris)
1539:Yellow-bellied marmot
1466:(M. camtschatica)
1001:10.1098/rspb.2012.1112
711:(Rodentia: Sciuridae)"
492:
468:
343:
2603:Paleobiology Database
2448:Paleobiology Database
2352:Spermophilus_beecheyi
2308:Spermophilus beecheyi
2218:(U. washingtoni)
2147:(U. columbianus)
1936:(S. alashanicus)
1608:Gray-footed chipmunk
1590:Yellow-pine chipmunk
1411:(I. tridecemlineatus)
1056:10.1093/beheco/aru176
782:Spermophilus beecheyi
645:Mammals of California
567:: e.T20481A22263743.
483:
463:
341:
291:Spermophilus beecheyi
283:. Formerly placed in
255:), also known as the
233:Spermophilus beecheyi
2253:(X. perotensis)
2244:(X. mohavensis)
2201:(U. townsendii)
2009:(S. nilkaensis)
1901:(S. davidianus)
1876:(P. franklinii)
1855:(O. variegatus)
1772:(N. townsendii)
1770:Townsend's chipmunk
1718:(N. ruficaudus)
1716:Red-tailed chipmunk
1698:Long-eared chipmunk
1673:(N. ochrogenys)
1662:California chipmunk
1484:(M. himalayana)
1464:Black-capped marmot
1333:Mexican prairie dog
1195:(antelope squirrels)
1082:at Wikimedia Commons
858:Animal Diversity Web
788:Animal Diversity Web
750:Encyclopedia of Life
678:Journal of Mammalogy
2262:(X. spilosoma)
2210:(U. undulatus)
2165:(U. endemicus)
1812:(N. annulatus)
1763:(N. speciosus)
1761:Lodgepole chipmunk
1644:Merriam's chipmunk
1575:(western chipmunks)
1502:(M. menzbieri)
1473:Long-tailed marmot
1439:(M. baibacina)
1367:(E. sibiricus)
1335:(C. mexicanus)
1283:(C. saturatus)
1274:(C. madrensis)
1265:(C. lateralis)
1222:(A. interpres)
1213:(A. insularis)
995:(1743): 3827â3833.
962:Scientific American
888:(Part 1): 221â230.
62:Conservation status
2129:(U. brunneus)
2120:(U. beldingi)
2086:(T. striatus)
2028:(S. pygmaeus)
1964:(S. dauricus)
1955:(S. citellus)
1910:(S. forresti)
1846:(O. beecheyi)
1803:(N. adocetus)
1781:(N. umbrinus)
1745:(N. siskiyou)
1743:Siskiyou chipmunk
1707:Colorado chipmunk
1689:Panamint chipmunk
1680:Palmer's chipmunk
1664:(N. obscurus)
1646:(N. merriami)
1637:(N. durangae)
1628:(N. dorsalis)
1599:Buller's chipmunk
1532:(M. caligata)
1520:(M. sibirica)
1500:Menzbier's marmot
1365:Siberian chipmunk
1317:(C. leucurus)
1231:(A. leucurus)
1204:(A. harrisii)
1125:(ground squirrels)
1043:Behavioral Ecology
493:
484:Bleached skull of
469:
440:. You can help by
344:
267:; it is common in
2676:Rodents of Mexico
2618:
2617:
2300:Taxon identifiers
2291:
2290:
2183:(U. parryii)
2156:(U. elegans)
2111:(U. armatus)
2084:Eastern chipmunk
1754:(N. sonomae)
1734:Allen's chipmunk
1682:(N. palmeri)
1655:(N. minimus)
1635:Durango chipmunk
1610:(N. canipes)
1601:(N. bulleri)
1592:(N. amoenus)
1583:(N. alpinus)
1550:(M. olympus)
1493:(M. marmota)
1482:Himalayan marmot
1475:(M. caudata)
1457:(M. broweri)
1342:Utah prairie dog
1326:(C. ludovicianus)
1252:Callospermophilus
1240:(A. nelsoni)
1126:
1078:Media related to
715:Mammalian Species
654:978-0-520-23582-3
458:
457:
318:, who originally
279:and northwestern
243:
242:
237:Citellus beecheyi
230:
85:
27:Species of rodent
16:(Redirected from
2693:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2295:
2231:Xerospermophilus
2174:(U. mollis)
1982:(S. fulvus)
1828:(rock squirrels)
1752:Sonoma chipmunk
1581:Alpine chipmunk
1518:Tarbagan marmot
1191:Ammospermophilus
1124:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1077:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1012:
980:
974:
973:
953:
947:
946:
930:
924:
923:
912:
906:
905:
882:Animal Behaviour
877:
868:
867:
865:
864:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
824:
815:
812:
806:
805:
799:
791:
776:
765:
764:
762:
761:
752:. Archived from
742:
733:
732:
730:
702:
696:
695:
693:
665:
659:
658:
640:
634:
633:
619:
610:
609:
607:
606:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
576:
546:
519:, which detects
490:Ballona Wetlands
453:
450:
432:
425:
421:Food and feeding
403:
401:
400:
397:
229:Richardson, 1829
228:
203:
183:O. beecheyi
100:
99:
79:
74:
73:
55:
43:
36:Douglas squirrel
21:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2636:Otospermophilus
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2276:
2234:
2224:
2138:(U. canus)
2101:
2091:
2070:
2018:S. pallidicauda
1991:(S. major)
1926:
1915:
1891:
1881:
1860:
1827:
1824:Otospermophilus
1817:
1785:
1779:Uinta chipmunk
1736:(N. senex)
1727:(N. rufus)
1653:Least chipmunk
1626:Cliff chipmunk
1574:
1564:
1548:Olympic marmot
1523:
1511:(M. monax)
1448:(M. bobak)
1426:
1416:
1382:
1372:
1349:
1298:
1288:
1255:
1245:
1194:
1184:
1128:
1119:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1036:
1035:
1026:
982:
981:
977:
955:
954:
950:
945:on 4 July 2018.
932:
931:
927:
914:
913:
909:
879:
878:
871:
862:
860:
851:
850:
846:
837:
835:
834:. NatureMapping
826:
825:
818:
813:
809:
792:
778:
777:
768:
759:
757:
744:
743:
736:
721:(939): 91â108.
704:
703:
699:
667:
666:
662:
655:
642:
641:
637:
621:
620:
613:
604:
602:
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
548:
547:
543:
538:
478:
454:
448:
445:
438:needs expansion
423:
410:
394:
393:
336:
322:the species as
316:John Richardson
313:
296:Otospermophilus
261:ground squirrel
235:
231:
212:
205:
199:
186:
170:Otospermophilus
94:
86:
75:
71:
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2392:
2379:
2366:
2356:
2343:
2328:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2032:
2023:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:Rock squirrel
1850:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1725:Hopi chipmunk
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1491:Alpine marmot
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1455:Alaska marmot
1452:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1396:
1392:(I. mexicanus)
1386:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1344:(C. parvidens)
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1308:(C. gunnisoni)
1302:
1300:
1299:(prairie dogs)
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1069:
1068:External links
1066:
1063:
1062:
1024:
975:
948:
925:
907:
869:
852:Lima, Marcie.
844:
816:
807:
766:
734:
697:
684:(2): 270â305.
660:
653:
635:
611:
587:
540:
539:
537:
534:
477:
474:
456:
455:
435:
433:
422:
419:
409:
406:
386:dental formula
335:
332:
312:
309:
241:
240:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
195:
194:
188:
187:
180:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
88:
87:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2698:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:S. brevicauda
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:sensu stricto
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:Poliocitellus
1863:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:Hoary marmot
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:Bobak marmot
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:(I. parvidens
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
917:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
870:
859:
855:
848:
845:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
811:
808:
803:
797:
789:
785:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
756:on 2017-12-01
755:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
701:
698:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
673:
664:
661:
656:
650:
646:
639:
636:
631:
627:
626:
618:
616:
612:
601:
597:
591:
588:
575:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
554:
545:
542:
535:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
513:
511:
506:
502:
498:
491:
487:
482:
475:
473:
467:
462:
452:
443:
439:
436:This section
434:
431:
427:
426:
420:
418:
414:
407:
405:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
349:
340:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
239:
238:
234:
227:
222:
219:
215:
210:
204:
202:
196:
193:
192:Binomial name
189:
185:
184:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
89:
83:
78:
77:Least Concern
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
34:species, see
33:
19:
2474:
2307:
2282:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2229:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2096:
2085:
2075:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2027:
2017:
2008:
2000:(S. musicus)
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1935:
1922:Spermophilus
1920:
1909:
1900:
1888:Sciurotamias
1886:
1875:
1865:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1792:Notocitellus
1790:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1526:Petromarmota
1525:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1437:Gray marmot
1432:
1421:
1410:
1400:
1391:
1377:
1366:
1354:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1293:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1250:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1189:
1166:Sciuromorpha
1046:
1042:
992:
988:
978:
961:
951:
943:the original
938:
928:
920:ScienceDaily
919:
910:
885:
881:
861:. Retrieved
857:
847:
836:. Retrieved
831:
810:
787:
781:
758:. Retrieved
754:the original
749:
718:
714:
708:
700:
681:
677:
672:Spermophilus
671:
663:
644:
638:
624:
603:. Retrieved
590:
578:. Retrieved
564:
558:
552:
544:
530:
526:
514:
510:Sand-kicking
497:rattlesnakes
494:
485:
470:
446:
442:adding to it
437:
415:
411:
408:Life history
389:
379:
368:
361:
357:fox squirrel
345:
323:
314:
305:monophyletic
301:Spermophilus
300:
294:
290:
286:Spermophilus
284:
256:
251:
250:
246:
244:
236:
232:
225:
224:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
40:
32:Tamiasciurus
31:
2577:NatureServe
2525:iNaturalist
2332:Wikispecies
2098:Urocitellus
2037:S. relictus
1178:Subfamily:
1049:: 185â193.
580:13 November
488:, found at
466:Point Lobos
390:O. beecheyi
350:, with the
334:Description
2625:Categories
1164:Suborder:
1123:Marmotini
863:2017-11-01
838:2014-11-03
760:2017-11-28
605:2016-03-21
536:References
277:Washington
273:California
209:Richardson
2490:Q21727766
1571:Neotamias
1524:Subgenus
1431:Subgenus
1427:(marmots)
1379:Ictidomys
1173:Sciuridae
1136:Kingdom:
517:pit organ
476:Predators
449:July 2024
371:hibernate
320:described
311:Etymology
177:Species:
159:Sciuridae
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
2582:2.103839
2484:Wikidata
2440:12400994
2414:10199548
2359:BioLib:
2323:Q1092075
2317:Wikidata
2284:Category
1356:Eutamias
1171:Family:
1159:Rodentia
1152:Mammalia
1145:Chordata
1143:Phylum:
1138:Animalia
1019:22787023
939:NBC News
902:53158532
796:cite web
521:infrared
402:Ăâ2 = 22
375:estivate
218:Synonyms
155:Family:
149:Rodentia
139:Mammalia
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
2569:1001765
2517:8080937
2463:6612609
2401:2437293
1442:
1433:Marmota
1423:Marmota
1295:Cynomys
1180:Xerinae
1157:Order:
1150:Class:
1010:3415919
399:1.0.1.3
396:1.0.2.3
364:burrows
348:mottled
211:, 1829)
165:Genus:
145:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
2543:930301
2530:180007
2460:uBio:
2427:180148
2388:327990
2362:898383
2265:
2256:
2247:
2221:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2076:Tamias
2059:
2050:
2041:
2031:
2022:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1939:
1904:
1849:
1840:
1806:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1405:
1395:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1277:
1268:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1017:
1007:
900:
651:
281:Nevada
269:Oregon
2608:49497
2595:34862
2556:20481
2504:4B7TF
2453:51683
2409:IRMNG
2375:6YWX5
898:S2CID
632:â172.
505:venom
382:pests
289:, as
2590:NCBI
2551:IUCN
2538:ITIS
2512:GBIF
2422:ITIS
2396:GBIF
1015:PMID
802:link
649:ISBN
582:2021
565:2016
271:and
245:The
2564:MDD
2499:CoL
2435:MSW
2383:EoL
2370:CoL
2347:ADW
1051:doi
1005:PMC
997:doi
993:279
966:doi
890:doi
723:doi
686:doi
630:170
569:doi
444:.
392:is
388:of
352:fur
2627::
2605::
2592::
2579::
2566::
2553::
2540::
2527::
2514::
2501::
2486::
2450::
2437::
2424::
2411::
2398::
2385::
2372::
2349::
2334::
2319::
1528::
1435::
1047:26
1045:.
1041:.
1027:^
1013:.
1003:.
991:.
987:.
964:.
960:.
937:.
918:.
896:.
886:25
884:.
872:^
856:.
830:.
819:^
798:}}
794:{{
786:.
769:^
748:.
737:^
719:48
717:.
713:.
682:90
680:.
676:.
614:^
598:.
563:.
557:.
404:.
359:.
2039:)
2020:)
1947:)
1403:)
1114:e
1107:t
1100:v
1059:.
1053::
1021:.
999::
972:.
968::
922:.
904:.
892::
866:.
841:.
804:)
790:.
780:"
763:.
731:.
725::
707:"
694:.
688::
674:"
657:.
608:.
584:.
571::
555:"
551:"
451:)
447:(
249:(
207:(
84:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
