349:
376:
60:
208:
339:
larvae eat enough to double their weight every 10 days for the following 3 months while they undergo metamorphosis. Reproductive maturity is reached 85 days after hatching (133 days after deposition of the fertilized eggs). The development of the nervous system lasts for 140 days. Often, the
California sea hare dies shortly after laying eggs. Cooler temperatures (14-25°C, or 57-77°F) delay spawning and have been shown to extend the lifespan.
364:
477:
524:. Chemical deterrence involves the release of toxic chemicals that are noxious to predators and rapidly dissuades them from feeding. Ink creates a dark, diffuse cloud in the water that disrupts the sensory perception of the predator by acting as a screen or decoy. The opaline, which affects the senses dealing with feeding, causes the predator to instinctively attack the cloud of chemicals as if it were indeed food.
42:
1218:
467:
resembles the food on which it grazes, and cannot be distinguished easily from the seaweed unless the animal is moving. When the sea hares eat algae, they consume toxins, which they store in themselves to repel predators. They can also release these toxins as a purple ink, which will also discourage
307:
A California sea hare is typically reddish-brown to greenish-brown, but the color varies based on the algae it ingests. Each sea hare houses four tentacles, with two on the head sheltering the eyes, and two on the face surrounding the mouth. The body has two folds, called parapodia, which envelop the
500:
When it is considerably disturbed, the sea hare is capable of releasing two different kinds of ink from different locations within its mantle cavity, much in the way an octopus does. One ink is reddish-purple and comes from what is called the purple ink gland, while the other is milky white, comes
338:
has a generation time of 19 weeks: Days 1-37 after hatching from the egg comprise the planktonic stage, days 34-37 are the metamorphic stage, and days 45-80 are the juvenile stage. At about day 30, the larvae move on from the planktonic stage and begin to roost on algae, typically red algae. The
430:
Coupling lasts for hours or sometimes for days, although the actual passage of the sperm may take only a few minutes. Egg laying normally has to be triggered by copulation, but it occurs spontaneously in individuals kept in isolation for up to 3–4 months (typically these eggs are unfertilized).
426:
At the base of the right anterior tentacle is the aperture from which the penis can protrude. The genital aperture lies at the anterior end of the mantle cavity, a seminal grove arises from it and runs forward to the penis, at the base of the anterior tentacle.
297:
The maximum length recorded for the
California sea hare is 75 cm (30 in) when crawling, thus fully extended, although most adult specimens are half this size or smaller. Adult animals can weigh up to 7 kg (15 lb). A closely related species,
393:
1127:
Turgeon, D.D.; Quinn, J.F.; Bogan, A.E.; Coan, E.V.; Hochberg, F.G.; Lyons, W.G.; Mikkelsen, P.M.; Neves, R.J.; Roper, C.F.E.; Rosenberg, G.; Roth, B.; Scheltema, A.; Thompson, F.G.; Vecchione, M.; Williams, J.D. (1998).
431:
Copulation occurs most frequently in the early morning, and rarely after 12:30 pm. An individual animal weighing 2,600g was recorded to have laid about 500 million eggs at 27 separate times during less than five months.
399:
398:
395:
394:
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397:
308:
gills for protection but enable water to get by. Below the body is a muscle that allows mobility, almost like a foot. The
California sea hare also has an internal shell to protect its organs.
872:
856:
Janet L. Leonard and Ken
Lukowiak. The Behavior of Aplysia californica Cooper (Gastropoda; Opisthobranchia): I. Ethogram. Behaviour Vol. 98, No. 1/4 (Aug., 1986), pp. 320-360
491:
Because of the toxins in its body that come from consuming algae, the
California sea hare has very few predators. Predators include starfish, lobsters, and the ophistobranch
463:, which give the animal its typically reddish or pinkish coloration. Some California sea hares will appear more brown, which helps them blend into their surroundings.
1298:
1209:
1604:
1476:
1055:
1502:
396:
520:
The typical defence response of the sea hare to a predator is the release of chemicals such as free amino acids, ink from the ink gland, and opaline from the
1579:
1589:
594:
1221:
Moroz L. L., Ju J., Russo J. J., Puthanveetti S., Kohn A., Medina M., Walsh P. J., Birren B., Lander E. S. & Kandel E. R. (2004) "Sequencing the
1450:
1226:
1087:
604:
1489:
348:
363:
1594:
1574:
1515:
639:
692:
MacFarland, F.M. (1966). Studies of the opisthobranchiate mollusks of the
Pacific coast of North America. Mem. Calif. Acad. Sc. VI, p. 1-596
919:
328:
is known to form mating chains with up to 20 animals. The eggs are yellow-green, and change after 8–9 days into a brown color before
1137:
1006:
375:
847:
Watkins et al. Lobster attack induces sensitization in the sea hare, Aplysia californica. J Neurosci. 2010 Aug 18;30(33):11028-31.
1541:
664:
Rosenberg, G.; Bouchet, P. (2011). Aplysia californica J. G. Cooper, 1863. Accessed through: World
Register of Marine Species at
1494:
785:
742:
1143:
1156:
Cummins Scott F, Erpenbeck Dirk, Zou Zhihua, Claudianos
Charles, Moroz Leonid L, Nagle Gregg T, Degnan Bernard M (2009).
1599:
1411:
1122:
plysiid species from
Eastern Australia with notes on the Pacific Ocean Aplysiomorpha (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia).
1507:
1158:"Candidate chemoreceptor subfamilies differentially expressed in the chemosensory organs of the mollusc Aplysia"
971:
59:
1230:
1132:. 2nd ed. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 26. American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, MD (USA).
1071:
513:, a major predator of sea hares, by means of three mechanisms: chemical deterrence, sensory disruption, and
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197:
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54:
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Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks
289:
to graze on algae, mainly the intertidal, usually not deeper than 18–20 m (59–66 ft).
1481:
873:"Chemical Composition of Inks of Diverse Marine Molluscs Suggests Convergent Chemical Defenses"
573:
with cell bodies up to 1 mm in size. Despite its seemingly simple nervous system, though,
1424:
1339:
1280:
1191:
1133:
1049:
1012:
1002:
903:
680:
Behavioral
Biology of Aplysia: Contribution to the Comparative Study of Opisthobranch Molluscs
635:
629:
277:
is found along the coast of California, United States, and northwestern Mexico (including the
114:
1569:
1393:
1323:
1270:
1260:
1181:
1171:
895:
823:
717:
332:
hatch. Mating is most prominent during the summer following water temperature rise to 17°C.
300:
871:
Derby, Charles D.; Kicklighter, Cynthia E.; Johnson, P. M. & Xu Zhang (29 March 2007).
207:
1075:
493:
1031:
1256:
891:
1275:
1238:
1186:
1157:
566:
552:
536:
1239:"Predicting Adaptive Behavior in the Environment from Central Nervous System Dynamics"
1563:
578:
521:
510:
317:
577:
is capable of a variety of nonassociative and associative learning tasks, including
1308:"Effect of Photoperiod and Temperature on Egg-Laying Behavior in a Marine Mollusk,
540:
514:
501:
from what is called the opaline gland, and contains the aversive chemical opaline.
41:
17:
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1237:
Proekt A., Wong J., Zhurov Y., Kozlova N., Weiss K. R., Brezina V. (2008).
1231:
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/Sequencing/SeqProposals/AplysiaSeq.pdf
1195:
1176:
907:
701:
1373:
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1115:
Notes on the California species of Aplysia (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia).
996:
544:
255:
91:
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251:
157:
1225:
Genome: a model for single cell, real-time and comparative genomics".
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81:
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866:
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862:
475:
329:
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http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=240765
1520:
1354:
1144:
NIH/University of Miami National Resource for Aplysia Facility
369:
Juvenile on display at Birch Aquarium in San Diego, California
1124:
Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 34: 87-147
1078:. Last updated 14 September 2009. Accessed 24 November 2009
215:
Occurrence is sparse in the northern portion of this range
593:. Study typically involves a reduced preparation of the
1092:"NHGRI Targets 12 More Organisms for Genome Sequencing"
1032:"Sea Slug Offers Clues to Improving Long-Term Memory"
569:, consisting of just 20,000 large, easily identified
262:. It is found in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of
1030:
December 2011, Joseph Castro 30 (30 December 2011).
628:
Robert Hugh Morris; Eugene Clinton Haderlie (1980).
607:
in March 2005. The draft genome is available on the
1363:
320:, simultaneously acting as male and female during
970:Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson (14 May 2013).
551:, and is especially associated with the work of
1094:. NIH new Releases, Last Updated: 12 June 2009.
316:Like all sea hares, the California sea hare is
998:Teaching physics : with the physics suite
266:in the United States and northwestern Mexico.
304:, the black sea hare, can grow larger still.
8:
1297:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1054:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
682:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company.
1351:
634:. Stanford University Press. p. 348.
206:
40:
31:
1274:
1264:
1185:
1175:
1227:National Human Genome Research Institute
1088:National Human Genome Research Institute
972:"A Nobel Prize with help from sea slugs"
766:
764:
762:
605:National Human Genome Research Institute
565:studies can be attributed to its simple
660:
658:
620:
344:
1605:Marine fauna of the Gulf of California
1290:
1201:
1104:aplCal1 at UCSC Genome Browser Gateway
1047:
1001:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
774:. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
631:Intertidal Invertebrates of California
818:
816:
814:
7:
443:species, the California sea hare is
49:Releasing ink after being disturbed
824:"Insided Look: California Sea Hare"
770:Kandel, Eric Behavioral biology of
25:
1580:Taxa named by James Graham Cooper
1306:Wayne N. L., Block G. D. (1992).
595:gill and siphon withdrawal reflex
447:. Its diet consists primarily of
1590:Marine molluscs of North America
1216:
828:Catalina Island Marine Institute
509:Inking provides protection from
468:predators from attacking them.
391:
374:
362:
347:
58:
944:Inman, Mason (29 March 2005).
603:was approved as a priority by
601:Sequencing of its whole genome
354:Out of water at low tide near
1:
1595:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
1575:Gastropods described in 1863
1266:10.1371/journal.pone.0003678
946:"Sea Hares Lose Their Lunch"
1069:Approved Sequencing Targets
880:Journal of Chemical Ecology
786:"California Brown Sea Hare"
743:"California Brown Sea Hare"
497:which will take juveniles.
1621:
1117:The Veliger 5(4): 145–147.
995:Redish, Edward F. (2003).
784:Pacific, Aquarium of the.
741:Pacific, Aquarium of the.
1233:Accessed 20 November 2009
900:10.1007/s10886-007-9279-0
790:www.aquariumofpacific.org
747:www.aquariumofpacific.org
678:Kandel, Eric. R. (1979).
539:, used in studies of the
226:
219:
214:
205:
186:
179:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
258:in the sea hare family,
1316:The Biological Bulletin
705:from the Sea Slug Forum
1177:10.1186/1741-7007-7-28
1140:. IX, 526 + cd-rom pp.
1120:Bebbington A. (1977) A
535:has become a valuable
488:
718:"Aplysia californica"
505:Protective mechanisms
480:Close-up showing the
479:
411:Monterey Bay Aquarium
722:Animal Diversity Web
591:operant conditioning
285:species inhabit the
35:California sea hare
27:Species of gastropod
1600:Fauna of California
1394:Aplysia_californica
1365:Aplysia californica
1310:Aplysia californica
1257:2008PLoSO...3.3678P
1113:Beeman R.D. (1963)
925:on 15 November 2009
892:2007JCEco..33.1105D
703:Aplysia californica
609:UCSC Genome browser
563:synaptic plasticity
486:Aplysia californica
461:Ceramium eatonianum
457:Plocamium pacificum
422:Sexual reproduction
247:Aplysia californica
242:California sea hare
198:James Graham Cooper
190:Aplysia californica
172:A. californica
18:California sea slug
1074:2012-07-27 at the
489:
453:Laurencia pacifica
279:Gulf of California
1557:
1556:
1357:Taxon identifiers
886:(33): 1105–1113.
641:978-0-8047-1045-9
537:laboratory animal
401:
238:
237:
233:
115:Euopisthobranchia
16:(Redirected from
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918:. Archived from
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716:Dice, Samantha.
713:
707:
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669:
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561:Its ubiquity in
403:
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301:Aplysia vaccaria
231:
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63:
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32:
21:
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1328:10.2307/1542176
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1152:
1150:Further reading
1110:
1109:
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1098:
1090:(1 March 2005)
1086:
1082:
1076:Wayback Machine
1067:
1063:
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1036:livescience.com
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229:Aplysia nettiae
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57:
28:
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15:
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5:
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950:Sciencemag.org
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575:A. californica
567:nervous system
553:Nobel laureate
533:A. californica
529:
528:Laboratory use
526:
511:spiny lobsters
506:
503:
473:
470:
465:A. californica
436:
435:Feeding habits
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423:
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407:A. californica
405:
390:
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382:A. californica
380:
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336:A. californica
326:A. californica
318:hermaphroditic
313:
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275:A. californica
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1585:Animal models
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1251:(11): e3678.
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668:on 2012-03-31
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579:sensitization
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522:opaline gland
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1464:iNaturalist
1322:(1): 8–14.
1163:BMC Biology
583:habituation
556:Eric Kandel
482:rhinophores
445:herbivorous
293:Description
287:photic zone
138:Aplysioidea
1564:Categories
1041:2020-10-31
981:2020-10-31
834:2022-10-20
808:Newby 1972
795:2022-10-20
752:2022-10-20
727:2022-10-20
615:References
385:rhinophore
264:California
260:Aplysiidae
148:Aplysiidae
102:Gastropoda
1170:(7): 28.
587:classical
472:Predators
451:such as
449:red algae
439:Like all
356:Morro Bay
312:Lifecycle
166:Species:
128:Anaspidea
78:Kingdom:
72:Eukaryota
1482:10419726
1443:46448995
1401:BioLib:
1380:Q1698916
1374:Wikidata
1344:29304714
1285:18989362
1244:PLoS ONE
1196:19493360
1072:Archived
1050:cite web
1017:53287676
908:17393278
545:learning
256:sea slug
221:Synonyms
144:Family:
92:Mollusca
88:Phylum:
82:Animalia
68:Domain:
1570:Aplysia
1456:5191261
1404:1075751
1336:1542176
1276:2576442
1253:Bibcode
1223:Aplysia
1187:2700072
888:Bibcode
772:Aplysia
647:26 July
571:neurons
441:Aplysia
283:Aplysia
252:species
250:) is a
200:, 1863)
159:Aplysia
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549:memory
459:, and
330:larvae
322:mating
1542:WoRMS
1495:78032
1477:IRMNG
1469:48655
1417:83499
1332:JSTOR
929:9 May
923:(PDF)
916:92064
912:S2CID
876:(PDF)
122:Clade
109:Clade
1534:8433
1516:OBIS
1508:6500
1503:NCBI
1490:ITIS
1451:GBIF
1430:FQ2Y
1412:BOLD
1340:PMID
1299:link
1281:PMID
1210:link
1192:PMID
1168:2009
1134:ISBN
1056:link
1013:OCLC
1003:ISBN
957:2015
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884:2007
649:2013
636:ISBN
589:and
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