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homes, but some of the protesters threw stones at the troops, who fired two shots in the air. The warning shots did not intimidate the farmers, who continued to advance, throwing stones against the police. At this point, they heard more shots, followed by a salvo of rifle fire. Several protesters fell to the ground in a pool of blood. Eight people were killed on the spot and 26 were wounded; five later died in the days after the shooting. (Other sources mention 11 dead and others mortally wounded )
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appropriate the land personally. In the fall of 1892, with the advent of the Fasci
Siciliani, the peasants were convinced that the distribution of the land was imminent and set aside grain to be used as seed. However, past mid-January 1893, nothing had been done to divide the land, risking that it could not be sown in time that year.
29:
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On the evening of
January 19 a crowded meeting discussed what to do next. Some pleaded for occupying the land while moderates argued for patience. After the meeting, the more radical elements went from house to house and convinced many to occupy the land early the next morning. Other leaders got wind
153:
was abolished in Sicily. Before the abolition of feudalism, the villagers had the right to go on estates to collect firewood and vegetables, but that right expired in 1812 arousing the ire of the entire population. The dispute about access to the land lasted for years, until an agreement was reached
170:
Landless peasants occupied the communal land at dawn and began to hoe the fields. The commander of the military stationed in the county tried to persuade the peasants to leave the fields and go home. The crowd ignored the warning and began to whistle and yell at the troops. To prevent the situation
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The citizens of
Caltavuturo who waited anxiously to get hold of a piece of land to feed their families, fell from the frying pan into the fire. While the municipality had to distribute the land among the villagers, town administrators and notables stalled the distribution, because they wanted to
174:
When they returned to join their companions in the fields they were stopped in the Via
Vittorio Emanuele by soldiers, policemen and two municipal guards, with the intention of preventing the two groups meet. The commander once again tried to persuade the peasants to disperse and return to their
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At first, people hearing the shots, thought it was firecrackers in honour of San
Sebastian, but the tragic massacre soon became clear. The unharmed protesters fled to the mountains, but military reinforcements from Palermo triggered a real manhunt and arrested several peasants.
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13 killed: Giovanni Ariano (28), Giuseppe
Bonanno (28), Pasquale Cirrito (17), Calogero Di Stefano (22), Liborio Frisa (38), Vincenzo Guarnieri (18), Mariano Guggino (45), Nicolò Iannè (60), Francesco Inglese (68), Giuseppe Modaro (34), Giuseppe Renna
136:, some 500 peasants returning from the symbolic occupation of 250 hectares of communal land were dispersed by soldiers and policemen, killing 13 and wounding 21 peasants. The claim for land reform was one of the demands of the
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The 250 hectares of communal land had been ceded to the municipality of
Caltavuturo by the Duke of Fernardina, owner of more than 6,000 hectares of land (more than half of the entire municipality) after 1812 – the year that
227:(Saint Sebastian Day). The play, a monologue depicting a peasant woman whose husband was killed in the events at Caltavuturo, was first performed on February 2, 1893, in Palermo to raise money for the victims.
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from worsening, the military withdrew and returned to the town. Shortly thereafter, a group of protesters stopped to till the soil and went to the town hall, demanding to speak with the mayor to no avail.
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The news of the massacre created a national scandal and mobilized the Fasci, led by the most prestigious leaders, such as
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under which the duke agreed to cede 250 hectares to the municipality in exchange for giving up the 'communal rights'.
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of the manifestation and informed the army and police, while infiltrators were sent among the peasants.
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Popular depiction of the crackdown on the Fasci
Siciliani mentioning the massacre in Caltavuturo
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199:, who organized financial contributions to help the families of victims. The socialist leader
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100 years after the event, is based on Bosco's play about the
Caltavuturo massacre. It won a
140:(Sicilian Leagues), a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891–1894.
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Living the revolution: Italian women's resistance and radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945
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and attracted more than 4,000 people from the surrounding towns.
366:, British Film Institute database (access date October 30, 2010)
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Tilly, Charles; Louise Tilly & Richard H. Tilly (1975).
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harshly attacked the government in parliamentary questions.
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Landless peasants occupying communal land during the
381:, La Repubblica (Palermo edition), February 19, 2008
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114:Prevent the peasants to take hold of the land
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236:(Saint Sebastian's Day) (1993), directed by
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411:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
348:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
275:, L’altra faccia (accessed June 30, 2012)
132:(Sicily), when during the celebration of
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423:, University of North Carolina Press,
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654:(Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by
642:(The Old and the Young) written by
124:took place on January 20, 1893, in
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700:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
436:The rebellious century, 1830-1930
334:The rebellious century, 1830-1930
219:One of the leaders of the Fasci,
206:The memorial service was held in
379:Il drammaturgo della rivoluzione
223:, wrote a play about the event,
414:, Palermo: Remo Sandron Editore
305:, La Sicilia, February 8, 2009
16:1893 massacre in Sicily, Italy
1:
408:Colajanni, Napoleone (1895).
391:Biography of Pasquale Scimeca
303:L’eccidio di «San Sebastiano»
720:Massacres committed by Italy
520:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
439:, Harvard University Press,
417:Guglielmo, Jennifer (2010).
651:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
364:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
273:Caltavuturo e il 20 gennaio
233:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
225:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
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244:and was presented at the
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617:Lercara Friddi massacre
525:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
510:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
221:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
189:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
631:In literature and film
214:In literature and film
725:1893 murders in Italy
320:Living the revolution
639:I vecchi e i giovani
612:Giardinello massacre
607:Caltavuturo massacre
602:Banca Romana scandal
246:Venice film festival
122:Caltavuturo massacre
22:Caltavuturo massacre
705:January 1893 events
566:Napoleone Colajanni
559:Related politicians
201:Napoleone Colajanni
130:Province of Palermo
47:Province of Palermo
695:Massacres in Italy
396:2012-03-01 at the
104:Royal Italian Army
685:Massacres in 1893
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581:Antonio Di Rudinì
576:Giovanni Giolitti
540:Lorenzo Panepinto
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656:Pasquale Scimeca
644:Luigi Pirandello
622:Lunigiana revolt
571:Francesco Crispi
550:Bernardino Verro
530:Giacomo Montalto
515:Vito Cascioferro
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238:Pasquale Scimeca
193:Bernardino Verro
60:January 20, 1893
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134:Saint Sebastian
106:and Carabinieri
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166:The massacre
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100:Perpetrators
345:Colajanni,
317:Guglielmo,
126:Caltavuturo
78:Attack type
43:Caltavuturo
710:1893 riots
674:Categories
445:0674749553
257:References
144:Background
95:21 wounded
230:The film
183:Aftermath
151:feudalism
394:Archived
351:, p. 144
336:, p. 148
208:Corleone
83:Massacre
39:Location
488:Leaders
323:, p. 35
250:trailer
128:in the
45:in the
658:(1993)
646:(1913)
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111:Motive
89:Deaths
65:Target
51:Sicily
93:(30);
441:ISBN
425:ISBN
195:and
120:The
57:Date
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356:^
310:^
280:^
252:)
191:,
49:,
473:e
466:t
459:v
72:.
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