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174:(1975). Study of mimicry in plants broadened in the 21st century, with the discovery of Batesian mimicry in plants in 2003, and crypsis or leaf mimicry in 2014. Until then, mimicry in plants was studied infrequently, both because it is uncommon and because botanists considered mainly physical factors in plant ecology. It may be that since plants often grow in clusters, foraging herbivores are hard to deceive once they have started to feed in an area.
416:
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573:. These plants develop thorn-like imprints or colorations on the face of their leaves due to the teeth along the margins of that leaf (or another leaf) pressing sustained indentations into the flesh of the non-spiny parts. The second type of thorn mimicry, a more classic case of Batesian mimicry, involves the pointed, colorful organs like
737:
817:
reduces damage from herbivorous animals. It has been speculated that such plants may make use of "some kind of vision" using ocelli, or "delicate chemical sensing", to account for the mimic's ability to cope with such a large number of variables in its model's appearance, including the ability to
853:
691:
Gilbertian or colonisation mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host–parasite aggressive mimicry. Georges
Pasteur named it after the American
124:
by a species, called the mimic, making it resemble something else, called the model, with the effect of deceiving another species, the dupe. The three are not always all distinct, as mimicry can for example be within a species. The adaptation is to the
663:
337:, is a form of reproductive floral mimicry where the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By providing similar sensory signals to the model's flowers, the mimic lures the model's pollinators. Like Bakerian mimics, no
641:
731:, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars.
166:. In the book, Darwin wonders why some orchids apparently mimic bees, and how orchids without nectar succeed in attracting pollinators. Several mimicry mechanisms in plants were described in the 20th century, starting with
794:
is an organism's ability to avoid detection by other organisms. In cryptic mimicry, a prey organism deceives a potential predator by providing false, usually visual, signals or a lack of signals, with the effect of
847:, which are known as pebble plants or living stones. By appearing non-living, they are less likely to be eaten by herbivores, and in dusty dry conditions among stones are extremely difficult to detect.
282:
mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of
74:, where a plant mimics a rewarding flower, luring pollinators by mimicking another species of flower, or fruit where feeders of the other species are attracted to a fake fruit to distribute seeds;
2131:
106:, where a harmless species deter predators by mimicking the characteristics of a harmful species; and leaf mimicry, where a plant resembles a nearby plant to evade the attention of herbivores.
769:
877:
2329:
Yamazaki, Kazuo; Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2015-01-07). "Dense white trichome production by plants as possible mimicry of arthropod silk or fungal hyphae that deter herbivory".
818:
mimic the foliage of an artificial host plant made of plastic. Another plant that could well be a cryptic mimic of its host is the parasitic
Australian mistletoe,
490:
emits several green-leaf volatiles that induce a response in wasp antennae. These same volatiles are also produced by cabbage leaves infested with caterpillars (
813:). It is capable of mimicking the leaf features of plant species that it clings to, such as their coloration, size, and shape. By camouflaging its leaves,
458:
as their primary pollinators. Social wasps feed their larvae on insects such as caterpillars. To locate that prey, they use a combination of visual and
2574:
1537:
133:; no conscious intention is involved. There is no essential difference between the evolution of mimicry in plants and in other organisms such as
387:. Similar cases are seen in some other species of the same family. The mimetic species may still have pollinators of its own; for example, a
2112:
635:
perhaps protect against large herbivores through their resemblance to bird droppings, which could be avoided as possible sources of disease.
592:
due to predatory habit or toxicity. This may be a case of visual mimicry or perceptual exploitation. Case examples include the new buds of
141:
into providing their service without rewarding them in return, and protective mimicry that deceives herbivores into not eating the plant.
531:
Thorn mimicry of two types has been observed in plants. The first, a special case of intra-organismic
Batesian mimicry characteristic of
1468:(1976). ""Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system with special reference to the Caricaceae". In Burley, J.; Styles, B. T. (eds.).
974:". The vampire-like plant attacks people using "tentacle-like aerial rootlets". Other authors followed with similar tales of their own.
971:
497:, which are common prey items for wasps. Despite a large nectar reward, the species is almost entirely overlooked by other pollinators.
2380:
1746:
1863:(1975). "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants". In L. E. Gilbert; P. H. Raven (eds.).
51:
is where a plant evolves to resemble another organism physically or chemically. Mimicry in plants has been studied far less than
2676:
914:
Vavilovian mimicry (also known as crop mimicry or weed mimicry) is named after the
Russian plant geneticist who identified the
2606:
137:, though mimicry in animals is better known. Plant mimicry can broadly be divided into reproductive mimicry that deceives
525:
2014:(1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen" [On the Advantages of Mimicry in Butterflies].
2482:
1926:
1702:
Brodmann, Jennifer; Twele, Robert; Francke, Wittko; Hölzler, Gerald; Zhang, Qing-He; Ayasse, Manfred (2008-05-20).
1947:
Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2003-09-21). "Weapon (thorn) automimicry and mimicry of aposematic colorful thorns in plants".
629:
Another plant leaf pattern has been suggested to be mimetic: irregular white blotches on leaves of plants such as
39:
varies its leaf shape to resemble the plant it is climbing on, perhaps reducing its conspicuousness to herbivores.
2132:"'The Flowering Of The Strange Orchid': From Plant Science To Victorian Horror From a Multidisciplinary Approach"
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1477:
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471:
1582:
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158:
867:
29:
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Bawa, K. S. (May 1980). "Mimicry of Male by Female
Flowers and Intrasexual Competition for Pollinators in
947:
777:
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206:
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728:
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446:
367:
430:, named after the French lawyer and amateur botanist Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne, flowers mimic a male
258:
sites. The nectar acts as a lure to bring the insects closer to the reproductive parts of the flower.
2671:
2601:
2586:
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2540:
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2237:
Urru, Isabella; Stensmyr, Marcus C.; Hansson, Bill S. (2011). "Pollination by brood-site deception".
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520:, a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a
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234:) which search for dead animals to use as brood sites. The decaying smell of the flower comes from
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eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing
699:, who described it in 1975. The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus
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Several plants from different parts of the world may be mimics of spider webs. Dense, white
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difference between males and females of the same species. It is common in many species of
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2011:
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934:. Selection against the weed may occur by killing a young or adult weed, separating its
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434:'s potential female mate, visually or with other stimuli. Many orchids, including the
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706:
657:, which may offer protection from herbivory through their resemblance to spider webs.
388:
315:
219:
215:
98:, in which a flower imitates a female mate, deceiving a male pollinating insect into
2250:
2209:
17:
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958:
Darwin's open questions about orchid fertilisation stimulated popularizers such as
796:
2295:
1704:"Orchids Mimic Green-Leaf Volatiles to Attract Prey-Hunting Wasps for Pollination"
1978:"Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science"
1595:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae"
422:
flower resembles a female bee closely enough to attract males in search of a mate
2559:
2545:
2420:
2410:
967:
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303:
254:. Insects lay eggs on the carrion flowers, meaning they mistake the flowers for
235:
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Carrion flowers attract flies and other carrion-feeding insects by their smell.
163:
2342:
2261:(1951) . "The Origin, Variation, Immunity, and Breeding of Cultivated Plants".
1804:
Endersby, Jim (2016). "Deceived by orchids: sex, science, fiction and Darwin".
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have irregular white blotches that may look like bird droppings to herbivores.
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2003:
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238:, compounds found in decayed proteins with the sulfur-containing amino acids
1994:
1977:
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250:, this does not necessarily make their relationship to necrophagous insects
231:
126:
56:
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2201:
2130:
Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez, Francisco Javier; Poveda Arias, Jorge (2023-06-15).
2054:
1968:
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1911:
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1729:
1694:
1653:
1528:
1510:
1485:
210:, mimic the scent and appearance of rotting flesh to attract necrophagous (
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advantage of the mimic. As such it can be any mechanism that may evolve by
78:, where a plant has structures like butterfly eggs, dissuading egg-laying;
716:
654:
585:
521:
350:
331:
307:
243:
223:
2280:"Boquila trifoliolata mimics leaves of an artificial plastic host plant"
1554:
577:, leaves and fruit of mimetic plant species that mimic warning-coloured
359:
that occurs in the northern part of South
America, resembles flowers of
2596:
2554:
2397:
2389:
2083:
2062:
Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A Classificatory Review of
Mimicry Systems".
1686:
1645:
1569:
Barrett, S.C.H. (2001). "The Baker and
Stebbins era comes to a close".
1470:
Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding, and
Conservation of Tropical Trees
843:
801:
791:
760:
211:
134:
115:
52:
35:
1499:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
444:
in this way, using them to transfer pollen. For instance, the orchid
436:
393:
338:
319:
279:
247:
1678:
1637:
1594:
2157:"On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids"
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186:
28:
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1343:
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927:
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865:(center) has foliage closely resembling that of its host, here
719:, small outgrowths at the base of each leaf, that mimic mature
1101:
1099:
574:
398:
1827:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory"
1086:
1084:
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that occurs within a single species. In plants, the female
63:, to provide a service without offering a reward in return.
1583:
10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2371:tbasec]2.0.co;2
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1030:
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1024:
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are produced on newly extended stems and leaves that deter
2358:
1294:
1116:
1114:
70:, where female flowers imitate males of the same species;
1360:
1358:
1356:
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colorful thorns not found anywhere else in the organism.
528:
and possibly of spider webs has been observed in plants.
1825:
Gianoli, Ernesto; Carrasco-Urra, Fernando (2014-05-05).
1762:
Journal de la Société Nationale d'Horticulture de France
1148:
1146:
1144:
809:, is a climbing vine with a highly variable appearance (
516:
In Batesian mimicry, named after the English naturalist
152:
mimicry, were described in animals in the 19th century.
824:, which has an "uncanny resemblance" to the foliage of
1495:"Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants"
1182:
1180:
1178:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1756:
Correvon, Henry; Pouyanne, Maurice-Alexandre (1916).
1661:
Boyden, Thomas C. (January 1980). "Floral Mimicry by
1047:
1045:
1043:
246:. While carrion flowers do produce a small amount of
2136:
Brumal. Revista de investigación sobre lo Fantástico
1011:
2528:
2490:
2396:
2091:van der Pijl, Leendert; Dodson, Calaway H. (1966).
1493:Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano (2021-03-29).
1198:
2027:Pannell, John R.; Farmer, Edward E. (2016-09-12).
1306:
926:comes to share one or more characteristics with a
1347:
266:Bakerian mimicry, named after English naturalist
1758:"Un curieux cas de mimétisme chez les orchidées"
1105:
59:, or may deceptively encourage mutualists, like
2097:Orchid Flowers: Their Pollination and Evolution
1741:(4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. Chapter 50.
763:(not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs.
164:reproductive strategies co-evolved with insects
2278:White, Jacob; Yamashita, Felipe (2022-12-31).
1806:The British Journal for the History of Science
1412:
1400:
942:), or both. This has been done manually since
2374:
1449:Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez & Poveda Arias 2023
1246:
1034:
753:, defending against being eaten by larvae of
162:laid the foundations for research into plant
8:
970:to tell a tale of killer orchids, his 1896 "
922:. It is a form of mimicry in plants where a
330:Dodsonian mimicry, named after the American
474:attractive to foragers of the social wasps
2381:
2367:
2359:
2265:(13). Translated by K. S. Chester: 1–366.
1270:
715:butterflies. The host plants have evolved
2575:Coloration evidence for natural selection
2311:
2217:South Coast Orchid Society (April 2021).
2191:
2044:
1993:
1901:
1842:
1719:
1518:
1152:
2064:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1388:
1376:
1318:
1090:
805:, a South American member of the family
1920:Kullenberg, Bertil (1961). "Studies in
1436:
1424:
1364:
1282:
1210:
1186:
1169:
1135:
1120:
1051:
999:
849:
733:
637:
440:bee orchids, deceive male insects into
1258:
1075:
1222:
1063:
727:between caterpillars, which are also
604:species from Greece, flower heads of
7:
1234:
837:(ice plants) of Southern Africa are
775:Butterfly egg mimicry in the orchid
214:-feeding) insects like flesh flies (
55:. It may provide protection against
2093:"Chapter 11: Mimicry and Deception"
2076:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125
1599:Transactions of the Linnean Society
972:The Flowering of the Strange Orchid
962:to write on the topic, and led the
946:times, and in more recent years by
2515:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation)
1785:Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin
1622:(D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae)".
1611:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x
610:from Estonia, a fledgling leaf of
144:Mimicry mechanisms, including the
25:
1884:Johnson, Steven D. (2016-07-11).
1865:Coevolution of Animals and Plants
1199:Urru, Stensmyr & Hansson 2011
2641:
2640:
2481:
2416:Aristotelian/Distraction display
1778:"Natural Pollination of Orchids"
1549:. No. 257. pp. 76–83.
1012:Gianoli & Carrasco-Urra 2014
876:
852:
833:Some hundreds of species in the
768:
736:
662:
640:
2251:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.014
1295:South Coast Orchid Society 2021
170:(1916), Vavilovian (1951), and
66:Types of plant mimicry include
2504:
2331:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2284:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1949:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1927:Zoologiska Bidrag FrĂĄn Uppsala
1307:van der Pijl & Dodson 1966
1:
2607:Frequency-dependent selection
2499:
2296:10.1080/15592324.2021.1977530
2219:"Orchids Today and Yesterday"
1961:10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00156-5
1348:Yamazaki & Lev-Yadun 2015
397:species mainly pollinated by
1106:Correvon & Pouyanne 1916
841:as small stones, especially
551:), and dozens of species of
2693:
2343:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.045
2223:South Coast Orchid Society
1976:McElroy, J. Scott (2014).
1665:(Orchidaceae) in Panama".
1413:White & Yamashita 2022
1401:Baluška & Mancuso 2021
907:
684:
509:
408:
391:beetle helps to pollinate
226:) and some beetles (e.g.,
113:
2635:
2479:
2184:10.1007/s00114-005-0636-y
2046:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.005
1903:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.047
1869:University of Texas Press
1844:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010
1818:10.1017/S0007087416000352
1776:; Frymire, G. P. (1961).
1721:10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.040
1478:Linnean Society of London
1247:Dodson & Frymire 1961
1035:Pannell & Farmer 2016
725:intraspecific competition
705:, which is grazed by the
669:Leaves of plants such as
204:, including the enormous
2536:Anti-predator adaptation
2155:Schiestl, F. P. (2005).
1737:Campbell, N. A. (1996).
938:from those of the crop (
159:Fertilisation of Orchids
1995:10.1614/WS-D-13-00122.1
930:through generations of
868:Casuarina equisetifolia
859:The epiphytic parasite
450:is physiologically and
2677:Polymorphism (biology)
2148:10.5565/rev/brumal.960
1511:10.1098/rstb.2019.0760
948:agricultural machinery
918:of cultivated plants,
778:Bulbophyllum scabratum
759:butterflies with leaf
672:Pulmonaria officinalis
632:Pulmonaria officinalis
616:from Estonia, and new
524:. Batesian mimicry of
423:
207:Amorphophallus titanum
198:
40:
2627:Underwater camouflage
2406:Aggressive/Wicklerian
2016:Zoologischer Anzeiger
544:Washingtonia filifera
510:Further information:
462:cues. The flowers of
447:Epipactis helleborine
418:
368:Asclepias curassavica
306:, found primarily in
276:intraspecific mimicry
190:
88:artificially selected
32:
2602:Evolutionary ecology
2587:Deception in animals
2581:Dazzled and Deceived
2541:Animal communication
1871:. pp. 210–240.
1861:Gilbert, Lawrence E.
1663:Epidendrum ibaguense
1620:Jacaratia dolichaula
1536:Barrett, S. (1987).
1480:. pp. 161–169.
1472:. London; New York:
1331:Brodmann et al. 2008
989:Deception in animals
932:artificial selection
373:Epidendrum ibaguense
353:orchid of the genus
346:Epidendrum ibaguense
183:Brood-site deception
45:evolutionary biology
18:Camouflage in plants
2448:Emsleyan/Mertensian
2259:Vavilov, Nikolai I.
2176:2005NW.....92..255S
2164:Naturwissenschaften
2101:University of Miami
2029:"Mimicry in plants"
1546:Scientific American
1538:"Mimicry in Plants"
1427:, pp. 207–216.
1403:, p. 20190760.
1309:, pp. 129–141.
1261:, pp. 135–136.
1249:, pp. 133–139.
1237:, pp. 467–474.
1225:, pp. 161–169.
1138:, pp. 210–240.
1093:, pp. 205–229.
835:Mesembryanthemaceae
749:flower species use
697:Lawrence E. Gilbert
488:E. helleborine
464:E. helleborine
454:adapted to attract
86:is unintentionally
2592:Deimatic behaviour
2193:20.500.11850/32223
1774:Dodson, Calaway H.
1505:(1821): 20190760.
1439:, p. 169–199.
954:In popular culture
928:domesticated plant
910:Vavilovian mimicry
889:, a pebble plant,
802:Boquila trifoliata
751:Gilbertian mimicry
687:Gilbertian mimicry
607:Arctium tomentosum
518:Henry Walter Bates
428:Pouyannian mimicry
424:
411:Pouyannian mimicry
199:
53:mimicry in animals
41:
36:Boquila trifoliata
2654:
2653:
2622:Signalling theory
2597:Mimicry#Evolution
2570:Community ecology
2565:Animal coloration
2411:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
2263:Chronica Botanica
2245:(13): 1655–1666.
2114:978-0-87024-069-0
2039:(17): R784–R785.
1896:(13): R556–R558.
1886:"Carrion flowers"
1577:(11): 2371–2374.
1466:Baker, Herbert G.
1451:, pp. 21–43.
1273:, pp. 1–340.
1123:, pp. 1–366.
916:centres of origin
653:have dense white
613:Tussilago farfara
477:Vespula germanica
468:E. purpurata
377:monarch butterfly
375:is pollinated by
335:Calaway H. Dodson
284:sexual dimorphism
131:natural selection
49:mimicry in plants
16:(Redirected from
2684:
2646:Category mimicry
2644:
2643:
2485:
2383:
2376:
2369:
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2325:
2315:
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2151:
2126:
2103:Press. pp.
2099:. Coral Gables:
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2007:
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1586:
1565:
1563:
1557:. Archived from
1542:
1532:
1522:
1489:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1015:
1009:
984:Chemical mimicry
886:Lithops salicola
880:
856:
772:
740:
666:
644:
623:Osmunda japonica
512:Batesian mimicry
493:Pieris brassicae
483:V. vulgaris
470:emit green-leaf
442:pseudocopulation
381:Danaus plexippus
300:flowering plants
222:), house flies (
100:pseudocopulation
21:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2631:
2524:
2486:
2477:
2392:
2387:
2357:
2328:
2277:
2257:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2159:
2154:
2129:
2115:
2090:
2061:
2033:Current Biology
2026:
2010:
1975:
1946:
1919:
1890:Current Biology
1883:
1859:
1831:Current Biology
1824:
1803:
1780:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1736:
1714:(10): 740–744.
1708:Current Biology
1701:
1679:10.2307/2408322
1660:
1638:10.2307/2408216
1617:
1591:Bates, Henry W.
1589:
1568:
1564:on 6 July 2024.
1561:
1540:
1535:
1492:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1271:Kullenberg 1961
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1041:
1033:
1018:
1010:
1001:
997:
980:
964:science fiction
956:
920:Nikolai Vavilov
912:
906:
901:
894:
893:as small stones
881:
872:
862:Amyema cambagei
857:
821:Amyema cambagei
807:Lardizabalaceae
788:
781:
773:
764:
741:
709:larvae of some
689:
683:
676:
667:
658:
647:Plants such as
645:
514:
508:
503:
452:morphologically
413:
407:
349:, a species of
328:
270:, is a form of
264:
202:Carrion flowers
194:Orbea variegata
185:
180:
118:
112:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2529:Related topics
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2468:In vertebrates
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2326:
2275:
2255:
2239:Phytochemistry
2234:
2214:
2170:(6): 255–264.
2152:
2127:
2113:
2088:
2059:
2024:
2008:
1988:(2): 207–216.
1973:
1955:(2): 183–188.
1944:
1924:Pollination".
1917:
1881:
1857:
1837:(9): 984–987.
1822:
1812:(2): 205–229.
1801:
1791:(9): 133–152.
1770:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1699:
1673:(1): 135–136.
1658:
1632:(3): 467–474.
1615:
1605:(3): 495–566.
1587:
1566:
1533:
1490:
1474:Academic Press
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 186.
1352:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1285:, p. 169.
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1174:
1157:
1153:Lev-Yadun 2003
1140:
1125:
1110:
1095:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1039:
1016:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
979:
976:
955:
952:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
900:
899:In cultivation
897:
896:
895:
882:
875:
873:
858:
851:
787:
784:
783:
782:
774:
767:
765:
742:
735:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
678:
677:
668:
661:
659:
646:
639:
507:
504:
502:
499:
409:Main article:
406:
403:
383:) and perhaps
362:Lantana camara
327:
324:
263:
260:
218:), blowflies (
184:
181:
179:
176:
154:Charles Darwin
120:Mimicry is an
111:
108:
90:to resemble a
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2689:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
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2444:
2441:
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2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2018:(in German).
2017:
2013:
2012:MĂĽller, Fritz
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
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1878:
1874:
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1866:
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1858:
1854:
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1845:
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1832:
1828:
1823:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:(in French).
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:0-8053-1957-3
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
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1676:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:Campbell 1996
1385:
1382:
1379:, Chapter 50.
1378:
1377:Campbell 1996
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:Schiestl 2005
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Endersby 2016
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
903:
898:
892:
888:
887:
879:
874:
870:
869:
864:
863:
855:
850:
848:
846:
845:
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:
823:
822:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
793:
785:
780:
779:
771:
766:
762:
758:
757:
752:
748:
747:
739:
734:
732:
730:
729:cannibalistic
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
707:micropredator
704:
703:
698:
695:
688:
680:
674:
673:
665:
660:
656:
652:
651:
643:
638:
636:
634:
633:
627:
625:
624:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:
598:from Israel,
597:
596:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
565:
561:
556:
555:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
513:
505:
500:
498:
496:
494:
489:
485:
484:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
421:
417:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
341:is provided.
340:
336:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
316:South America
313:
309:
305:
302:in the order
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Herbert Baker
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:oligosulfides
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Calliphoridae
217:
216:Sarcophagidae
213:
209:
208:
203:
196:
195:
189:
182:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
156:'s 1862 book
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
37:
31:
27:
19:
2617:Polymorphism
2612:Phagomimicry
2579:
2560:Co-evolution
2491:
2334:
2330:
2287:
2283:
2262:
2242:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:
2167:
2163:
2142:(1): 21–43.
2139:
2135:
2096:
2067:
2063:
2036:
2032:
2019:
2015:
1985:
1982:Weed Science
1981:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1916:</ref>
1893:
1889:
1864:
1834:
1830:
1809:
1805:
1788:
1784:
1765:
1761:
1738:
1711:
1707:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1602:
1598:
1574:
1570:
1559:the original
1544:
1502:
1498:
1469:
1444:
1437:Pasteur 1982
1432:
1425:McElroy 2014
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1365:Pasteur 1982
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1283:Pasteur 1982
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1211:Barrett 2001
1206:
1194:
1187:Johnson 2016
1170:Barrett 1987
1136:Gilbert 1975
1121:Vavilov 1951
1071:
1059:
1052:Pasteur 1982
957:
913:
884:
883:The cryptic
866:
860:
842:
832:
825:
819:
814:
800:
797:camouflaging
790:In ecology,
789:
776:
754:
744:
720:
710:
700:
690:
670:
648:
630:
628:
626:from Japan.
621:
611:
605:
599:
593:
583:
568:
558:
557:, including
552:
542:
532:
530:
515:
491:
487:
481:
475:
467:
463:
456:social wasps
445:
435:
425:
392:
385:hummingbirds
380:
372:
366:
360:
354:
344:
343:
329:
275:
271:
265:
205:
200:
197:illustrated.
192:
178:Reproductive
157:
143:
127:evolutionary
119:
110:Introduction
71:
67:
65:
48:
42:
34:
33:The climber
26:
2672:Pollination
2546:Aposematism
2421:Automimicry
1259:Boyden 1980
1076:MĂĽller 1878
968:H. G. Wells
960:Grant Allen
891:camouflaged
839:camouflaged
564:A. salmiana
560:A. applanta
389:Lamellicorn
310:regions of
304:Brassicales
286:, i.e. the
272:automimicry
256:oviposition
252:mutualistic
228:Dermestidae
139:pollinators
61:pollinators
2661:Categories
2551:Camouflage
2520:Vavilovian
2510:Gilbertian
2473:Wasmannian
2398:In animals
1223:Baker 1976
1064:Bates 1862
995:References
904:Vavilovian
756:Heliconius
746:Passiflora
721:Heliconius
712:Heliconius
702:Passiflora
681:Gilbertian
579:aposematic
570:A. obscura
432:pollinator
420:Bee orchid
405:Pouyannian
356:Epidendrum
292:Caricaceae
288:phenotypic
240:methionine
172:Gilbertian
168:Pouyannian
135:in animals
122:adaptation
114:See also:
96:Pouyannian
92:crop plant
82:, where a
80:Vavilovian
76:Gilbertian
2505:Dodsonian
2492:In plants
2458:MĂĽllerian
2431:Locomotor
2304:1559-2324
2271:608036378
2123:310489511
2004:0043-1745
1934:: 1–340.
1877:636384400
1797:604064774
1667:Evolution
1625:Evolution
1571:Evolution
1235:Bawa 1980
944:Neolithic
940:winnowing
827:Casuarina
811:phenotype
694:ecologist
655:trichomes
650:Onopordum
601:Carthamus
595:Onopordum
590:herbivory
586:trichomes
549:Arecaceae
539:Liliaceae
537:species (
501:Defensive
472:volatiles
460:olfactory
351:epiphytic
326:Dodsonian
232:Silphidae
150:MĂĽllerian
72:Dodsonian
57:herbivory
2500:Bakerian
2443:Chemical
2426:Batesian
2351:25193285
2322:34545774
2228:5 August
2210:24626163
2202:15931514
2055:27623255
2022:: 54–55.
1969:12927525
1912:27404246
1853:24768053
1768:: 29–47.
1730:18472423
1695:28563205
1654:28568703
1593:(1862).
1555:24979480
1529:33550947
1476:for the
978:See also
799:itself.
761:stipules
717:stipules
522:predator
506:Batesian
332:botanist
308:tropical
262:Bakerian
244:cysteine
224:Muscidae
146:Batesian
104:Batesian
68:Bakerian
2667:Mimicry
2555:Crypsis
2453:Eyespot
2390:Mimicry
2337:: 1–6.
2313:8903786
2172:Bibcode
2105:129–141
2084:2097066
2070:: 169.
1940:7847789
1739:Biology
1687:2408322
1646:2408216
1520:7934911
1486:2565215
1458:Sources
966:writer
844:Lithops
830:trees.
815:Boquila
792:crypsis
786:Crypsis
312:Central
280:flowers
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