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1335:, out of politics but concerned about the King's alliance with Garibaldi's revolutionaries and his desire to renew the war with Austria without allied support. When the weak La Marmora cabinet resigned, Victor Emmanuel was reluctant to have Cavour as premier again due both to their quarrel over the Armistice of Villafranca and Cavour's success in preventing the king from marrying his mistress after the queen's death. But Cavour was sent for on 20 January 1860.
1328:, virtual dictator of Tuscany at the time, wrote about this appeal to his brother, saying: "Tell General La Marmora that I have torn his letter into a thousand pieces." France continued direct talks with Piedmont on the destiny of the central Italian states, all of whose provisional governments supported unification with Piedmont but were restrained by the treaty, which called for the restoration of their old rulers.
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869:, the King of Piedmont (1831–1849). Cavour frequently ran afoul of the authorities in the academy, as he was too headstrong to deal with the rigid military discipline. He was once forced to live three days on bread and water because he had been caught with books that the academy had banned. He was found to be apt at the mathematical disciplines, and was therefore enlisted in the
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Cavour persuaded Victor
Emmanuel to write a letter to Garibaldi, requesting that he not invade the mainland; the letter was indeed sent, but the King secretly wished Garibaldi to invade. He wrote another letter asking him to go ahead, but this was apparently never sent. Cavour meanwhile attempted to
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tendencies which made him suspect to police forces at the time. He resigned his commission in the army in
November 1831, both because of boredom with military life and because of his dislike of the reactionary policies of King Charles Albert. He administered the family estate at Grinzane, some forty
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by working against his colleague from inside the
Cabinet in a somewhat disreputable takeover, although this was to Piedmont's advantage because of his many economic reforms. It allowed Cavour to begin his railway expansion program, giving Piedmont 800 kilometres of track by the year 1860, one-third
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Cavour was then brought back into
Parliament by the voters, where he was much more successful. His knowledge of European markets and modern economics earned him the positions of Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Commerce, and Minister of the Navy in 1850. Cavour soon came to dominate the cabinet
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Both France and
Piedmont began to prepare for war, but diplomatic support diminished rapidly. Napoleon III quickly soured on the plot, and Britain, Prussia, and Russia proposed an international congress, with one likely goal the disarmament of Piedmont. Piedmont was saved by Austria's sending an
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paradoxically opened an avenue of diplomacy between France and
Piedmont. While in jail awaiting trial, Orsini wrote a public letter to the Emperor of the French, ending with, "Remember that, so long as Italy is not independent, the peace of Europe and Your Majesty is but an empty dream... Set my
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of the railways in Italy at the time. He took the lead in legislation weakening the powers of the Church to own land, control the schools and supervise marriage laws. When the bishops protested, they were punished or exiled, making Cavour the hero of liberal anticlerical elements across Italy.
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must be an integral part of Italy but refused to take a stance on how to achieve it, saying "Will the deliverance of Venice come by arms or diplomacy? I do not know. It is the secret of
Providence." A motion approving of his foreign policy passed by a huge majority, basically only opposed by
1463:. Cavour had many difficult issues to consider, including how to create a national military, which legal institutions should be retained in what locations, and especially the future of Rome. Most Italians thought Rome must be the capital of a united Italy, but this conflicted with the
1162:("marriage"), uniting the moderate men of the Right and of the Left, and brought about the fall of the d'Azeglio cabinet in November 1852. The King reluctantly accepted Cavour as prime minister, the most conservative possible choice, but their relationship was never an easy one.
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were arranged with huge majorities in all these provinces to approve the changes. Cavour managed to convince most that uniting Italy would make up for these territorial losses. With this, the first stage of unification was completed. It was now up to
Garibaldi to overthrow the
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country free, and the blessings of twenty-five million people will follow you everywhere and forever." Orsini was still executed, but
Napoleon III began to explore the possibility of a joint operation with Piedmont against Austria. Cavour and Napoleon met in July 1858 at
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ultimatum on 23 April, demanding that
Piedmont disarm itself, thus casting Austria as an aggressor. France mobilised and slowly began to enter Italy, but Piedmont needed to defend itself for a short period. Fortunately, rainstorms and Austrian indecision under
1314:. Victor Emmanuel accepted the peace, but Cavour was so infuriated after reading the terms of the treaty that he tendered his resignation. He soon regained his optimism, however, as several of the terms, such as the restoration to power of the rulers of
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says Cavour was the most successful parliamentarian in Italian history, but he was not especially democratic. Cavour was often dictatorial, ignored his ministerial colleagues and parliament, and interfered in parliamentary elections. He also practised
1015:, rather than a unified Italy. For example, during the conservative period, he gained a reputation as a non-revolutionary progressive. He was a poor public speaker. Cavour then lost the next election, while the Piedmontese army was destroyed at the
1411:, but the populace was unreceptive. Garibaldi invaded, attempting to reach Naples quickly before Cavour found a way to stop him. On 7 September he entered Naples, at that time the largest city in Italy, and unilaterally declared Victor Emmanuel the
971:, sponsoring the building of many railroads and canals. Between 1838 and 1842 Cavour began several initiatives in attempts to solve economic problems in his area. He experimented with different agricultural techniques on his estate, such as growing
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Creating Italy was no easy task, but ruling it proved a worse strain on the Prime Minister. In 1861, at the peak of his career, months of long days coupled with insomnia and constant worry took their toll on Cavour. He fell ill, presumably of
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spawned a new movement of Italian liberalism, allowing Cavour to enter the political arena, no longer in fear of the police. He then gave a speech in front of numerous journalists in favour of a constitution for Piedmont, which was
1492:, and to make matters worse insisted upon being bled. His regular doctor would have refused, but he was not available; so Cavour was bled several times until it was nearly impossible to draw any blood from him. He was buried in
975:, and was one of the first Italian landowners to use chemical fertilizers. He also founded the Piedmontese Agricultural Society. In his spare time, he again travelled extensively, mostly in France and the United Kingdom.
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Today, many Italian cities, including Turin, Trieste, Rome, Florence, and Naples, have important streets, squares, piazzas, and metro stations named after Cavour, as well as Mazzini and Garibaldi. The
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Cavour believed that economic progress had to precede political change, and stressed the advantages of railroad construction in the peninsula. He was a strong supporter of transportation by
1434:. This linked the territories conquered by Piedmont with those taken by Garibaldi. The King met with Garibaldi, who handed over control of southern Italy and Sicily, thus uniting Italy.
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Camillo and his older brother Gustavo were initially educated at home. He was sent to the Turin Military Academy when he was only ten years old. In July 1824 he was named a page to
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politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the
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1422:. Cavour feared France in that case would declare war to defend the Pope and successfully stopped Garibaldi from initiating his attack. Garibaldi had been weakened by the
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The relationship between Cavour and Garibaldi was always fractious: Cavour likened Garibaldi to "a savage" while Garibaldi memorably called Cavour "a low intriguer".
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on 4 April 1860 diverted him southward. He requested a brigade of Piedmontese to take Sicily, but Cavour refused. So instead, Garibaldi raised a force of a thousand (
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Cavour never planned for the establishment of a united country, and even later during his premiership, his objective was to expand Piedmont with the annexation of
928:, confirming his devotion to a political career. He next went to London, where he was much more disappointed by British politics, and toured the country, visiting
854:(1781–1850), and his wife (1805) Adélaïde (Adèle) Suzanne, Marchioness of Sellon (1780–1846), herself of French origin. His godparents were Napoleon's sister
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succeeded to Cavour's post and insisted on following the treaty terms, even sending a letter to Tuscany asking that they restore their Grand Duke.
1031:. Cavour united the Right Center and the Left Center in the chamber to show dominance there as well. In 1851, Cavour gained a Cabinet promotion to
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Dal Lago, Enrico. "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective."
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entry into the war, and the potential for an over-strong Piedmontese state convinced Napoleon to sign a separate peace with Austria in the
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left Franco-Piedmontese forces in control of Lombardy, but the Austrians remained confident of defending their "fortress
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and Modena, and the establishment of an Italian Confederation including Austria, were not actually carried out.
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and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861; the boot is a well-known reference to the shape of the
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This article is about the 19th-century Italian statesman. For ships bearing his name, see
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Garibaldi was unwilling to stop at this point, and planned an immediate invasion of the
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Ten pesos banknote, printed in Uruguay in 1887, with the image of Cavour and Garibaldi
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kilometres outside the capital, serving as mayor there from 1832 to the revolutionary
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in 1827. While in the army, he studied the English language as well as the works of
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ruled a state five times as large, which dominated Italy and ranked among Europe's
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1302:. These defences, the horrors of the Battle of Solferino, the possibility of
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and other policies which were carried over into post-Risorgimento Italy.
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1968:
Braun, Martin. "'Great Expectations': Cavour and Garibaldi: 1859–1959.”
682:; he died after only three months in office and did not live to see the
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Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri
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First Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from March to June in 1861
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After his death, Italy would gain Venice in 1866 in the course of the
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The allied powers of Britain and France asked Piedmont to enter the
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Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his native region of
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1008:, as he was still a somewhat suspicious character to the nation.
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solved through the complete unification of the country after the
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old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859];
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Cavour and the Economic Modernization of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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727:, managing to manoeuvre Piedmont diplomatically to become a new
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Coppa, Frank J., "Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810–1861)",
674:'s campaigns to unite Italy. After the declaration of a united
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
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1836:, p. 530; The letter was allegedly still sealed when found.
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rule, into a family which had acquired estates during the
579:; 10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as the
1984:
Italy: From Revolution to Republic, 1700 to the Present
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Deputies of Legislature VII of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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Deputies of Legislature III of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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to France, and also arranged a royal marriage between
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Deputies of Legislature VI of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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Deputies of Legislature IV of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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Deputies of Legislature II of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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Deputies of Legislature VIII of the Kingdom of Italy
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Deputies of Legislature V of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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Deputies of Legislature I of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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Ministers of the Interior of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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that Piedmont would attempt to provoke war with the
908:: "Argent on a chief gules three scallop shells or."
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71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2052:, a scholarly biography, quite critical of Cavour
1628:Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour (Italian statesman)
1368:and bring southern Italy into Piedmont's control.
1426:, so Cavour quickly invaded the Papal regions of
1247:Cavour as Prime Minister of Sardinia in the 1850s
2132:Works by or about Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1586:Liceo Ginnasio statale "Camillo Benso di Cavour"
1515:completed the unification of Italy (aside from
654:, and a leading figure in the movement towards
2093:The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean
1952:The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy.
1922:Trevor James, "Out and About with Garibaldi."
1834:The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean
1782:The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean
1769:The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean
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1703:The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
1690:The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
1165:Cavour was generally liberal and believed in
8:
225:as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia
1972:(Oct. 1959) 9#10 pp 687–692; historiography
1484:left-wing and right-wing extremist groups.
1479:was also a problem. Cavour recognized that
964:area) eventually landed him back in Turin.
960:, and Switzerland (the German part and the
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2015:. New York: Murray Printing Company, 1971.
1639:Denis Mack Smith, "Cavour and Parliament"
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4137:Italian people of the Italian unification
3546:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1898:The Risorgimento and Unification of Italy
1256:gave time for France to arrive in force.
1134:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2081:, Milano, 1901; Macmillan, London, 1904.
2073:Martinengo-Cesaresco, Evelyn, Countess.
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255:21 January 1860 – 23 March 1861
3964:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
3633:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
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299:4 November 1852 – 19 July 1859
1862:Aspects of European History, 1789–1980
991:The first apparently liberal moves of
403:11 October 1850 – 11 May 1852
1950:Beales, Derek & Eugenio Biagini.
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467:30 June 1848 – 17 March 1861
36:Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550)
7:
3928:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
3628:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2843:Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
1331:Cavour had retired to his estate at
1072:adding citations to reliable sources
345:19 April 1851 – 11 May 1852
202:23 March 1861 – 6 June 1861
69:adding citations to reliable sources
4147:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
3969:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
2235:Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
2184:Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
2159:Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
1150:Official portrait of Cavour in 1852
1040:Prime Minister of Piedmont–Sardinia
658:. He was one of the leaders of the
3943:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
3933:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
3608:Second Italian War of Independence
2113:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1
1312:Second Italian War of Independence
721:Second Italian War of Independence
678:, Cavour took office as the first
668:Second Italian War of Independence
495:Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso
32:Italian battleship Conte di Cavour
25:
3938:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
3643:Third Italian War of Independence
3613:United Provinces of Central Italy
3568:First Italian War of Independence
1505:Third Italian War of Independence
1391:on 11 May and won the battles of
392:Minister of Agriculture and Trade
3492:
3118:
3112:
2193:Piedmont-Sardinia absorbed into
1896:, p. 266; Beales & Biagini,
1676:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
1407:stir up a liberal revolution in
1286:" area, with four fortresses in
1234:Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte
1230:Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy
1083:"Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"
1048:
912:Cavour then lived for a time in
862:, after whom Camillo was named.
585:
553:
80:"Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"
45:
2110:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911).
1154:Cavour formed a coalition with
1059:needs additional citations for
56:needs additional citations for
4092:Ministers of the navy of Italy
3902:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
3710:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
3658:Italian entry into World War I
2281:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
2268:Luigi Federico, Count Menabrea
2120:volume 2 online covers 1859–62
2013:The Making of Italy: 1815–1870
1911:The Making of Italy: 1815–1870
1894:The Making of Italy: 1815–1870
1795:The Making of Italy: 1815–1870
1630:. biography.yourdictionary.com
1199:'s attempted assassination of
1:
3755:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
1721:. Routledge. pp. 57–62.
1577:is also named in his honour.
1467:and also the independence of
1195:In January 1858, the Italian
703:. After being elected to the
4072:Historical Right politicians
3826:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
3521:Revolutions during the 1820s
2258:Italian Minister of the Navy
2068:University of Michigan Press
1977:Journal of the Civil War Era
1641:Cambridge Historical Journal
1310:on 11 July 1859, ending the
434:Pietro De Rossi di Santarosa
4005:Revisionism of Risorgimento
3583:Sicilian revolution of 1848
3464:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
3459:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1383:volunteers. They landed at
1366:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
987:An early portrait of Cavour
952:. A quick tour through the
4163:
4087:Foreign ministers of Italy
3912:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
3618:Expedition of the Thousand
3484:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2178:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
2169:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
1465:temporal power of the Pope
1444:
1322:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
858:, and her husband, Prince
725:Expedition of the Thousand
662:and Prime Minister of the
329:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
288:as Prime Minister of Italy
274:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
29:
3897:Franz Joseph I of Austria
3774:Literature and philosophy
3623:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
3490:
3110:
2286:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2143:
1865:. Routledge. p. 82.
1745:(1994) pp. 62–63, 111–12.
561:
481:
460:
396:
338:
292:
248:
195:
183:
167:
4082:Prime ministers of Italy
2320:Prime Ministers of Italy
2024:Houghton Mifflin Company
1954:Second Edition. London:
1308:Armistice of Villafranca
1222:Piedmontese royal family
916:, with his relatives in
836:San Salvatore Monferrato
627:[ˈkontedikaˈvur]
576:[kaˈmilloˈbɛnso]
4067:Italian Roman Catholics
3876:Francesco Saverio Salfi
3866:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
2210:Prime Minister of Italy
2064:Italy: A Modern History
2020:Prisoner of the Vatican
2008:, a scholarly biography
1678:, Ohio University, 1998
1555:, which fought both in
1461:Prime Minister of Italy
1441:Prime Minister of Italy
680:Prime Minister of Italy
190:Prime Minister of Italy
4052:Politicians from Turin
3907:Klemens von Metternich
3474:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3429:Unification of Italy (
3054:Tommasi della Torretta
2578:
2338:
2091:Norwich, John Julius.
1946:
1715:Harry Hearder (1994).
1701:Beales & Biagini,
1536:
1424:Battle of the Volturno
1349:
1271:
1248:
1151:
988:
979:Early political career
909:
622:
3948:Tricolour Flag Museum
3720:Federico Confalonieri
3551:Republic of San Marco
2577:
2337:
1941:
1591:Liceo classico Cavour
1534:
1445:Further information:
1341:
1263:Cavour's desk in the
1262:
1246:
1149:
986:
900:
3603:Plombières Agreement
1688:Beales and Biagini,
1403:would not allow it.
1206:Plombières-les-Bains
1192:that ended the war.
1171:Royal Sardinian Navy
1068:improve this article
1013:Lombardy and Venetia
875:Royal Sardinian Army
334:Minister of Finances
65:improve this article
4057:Nobility from Turin
3995:Italian nationalism
3990:Italian irredentism
3985:Altare della Patria
3781:Giovanni Arrivabene
3588:Ten Days of Brescia
3541:Revolutions of 1848
3526:Revolutions of 1830
3511:Rimini Proclamation
3449:Kingdom of Sardinia
3352:Terzi di Sant'Agata
2084:Murtaugh, Frank M.
2062:Mack Smith, Denis.
2036:Mack Smith, Denis.
1982:Di Scala, Spencer.
1979:3#1 (2013): 85–113.
1943:Scritti di economia
1926:#123 (2014): 42–43.
1582:Collegio dei Nobili
1509:Austro-Prussian War
1507:, connected to the
1033:Minister of Finance
1006:Chamber of Deputies
997:Revolutions of 1848
758:Cavour was born in
705:Chamber of Deputies
664:Kingdom of Sardinia
656:Italian unification
509:First French Empire
455:Chamber of Deputies
149:The Count of Cavour
3846:Alessandro Manzoni
3836:Francesco Lomonaco
3765:Victor Emmanuel II
3730:Giuseppe Garibaldi
3573:Five Days of Milan
3441:Pre-unitary states
2964:Starabba di Rudinì
2579:
2339:
2144:Political offices
1947:
1859:Lee, S.J. (1982).
1655:Denis Mack Smith,
1643:13#1 (1957): 37–57
1537:
1475:". Still Austrian
1453:Victor Emmanuel II
1350:
1343:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1272:
1265:Château de Thorens
1249:
1175:Victor Emmanuel II
1152:
1027:of Prime Minister
1021:Victor Emmanuel II
1002:eventually granted
989:
910:
734:English historian
723:, and Garibaldi's
672:Giuseppe Garibaldi
412:Victor Emmanuel II
353:Victor Emmanuel II
307:Victor Emmanuel II
263:Victor Emmanuel II
211:Victor Emmanuel II
4029:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4010:Southern question
3821:Vincenzo Gioberti
3801:Felice Cavallotti
3700:Massimo d'Azeglio
3653:Law of Guarantees
3395:
3394:
2809:
2808:
2274:
2273:
2265:Succeeded by
2242:Succeeded by
2217:Succeeded by
2191:Succeeded by
2166:Succeeded by
2152:Massimo d'Azeglio
2105:978-0-385-51023-3
2066:. Ann Arbor: The
1549:, the battleship
1447:Cavour IV Cabinet
1347:Italian Peninsula
1220:(the seat of the
1190:Congress of Paris
1144:
1143:
1136:
1118:
1029:Massimo d'Azeglio
883:Benjamin Constant
768:French occupation
634:, was an Italian
565:
564:
423:Massimo D'Azeglio
363:Massimo D'Azeglio
318:Massimo D'Azeglio
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4154:
3831:Giacomo Leopardi
3811:Giuseppe Ferrari
3745:Bettino Ricasoli
3740:Giuseppe Mazzini
3725:Francesco Crispi
3705:Agostino Bertani
3679:Cockade of Italy
3663:Impresa di Fiume
3593:Belfiore martyrs
3578:Sortie on Mestre
3496:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3377:Moavero Milanesi
3129:Italian Republic
3122:
3116:
3029:Paternò Castello
3009:Paternò Castello
2994:Visconti-Venosta
2904:Visconti-Venosta
2889:Visconti-Venosta
2879:Visconti-Venosta
2851:Kingdom of Italy
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2568:Italian Republic
2328:Kingdom of Italy
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2277:
2250:Preceded by
2244:Bettino Ricasoli
2227:Preceded by
2220:Bettino Ricasoli
2202:Preceded by
2195:Kingdom of Italy
2176:Preceded by
2149:Preceded by
2141:
2136:Internet Archive
2117:
2018:Kertzer, David.
2000:Hearder, Harry.
1927:
1920:
1914:
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1625:
1604:History of Italy
1570:aircraft carrier
1459:, making Cavour
1457:Kingdom of Italy
1401:Francesco Crispi
1326:Bettino Ricasoli
1238:Virginia Oldoïni
1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1076:
1052:
1044:
1017:Battle of Novara
892:upheaval of 1848
860:Camillo Borghese
736:Denis Mack Smith
676:Kingdom of Italy
660:Historical Right
629:
614:
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3871:Antonio Rosmini
3841:Goffredo Mameli
3791:Giosuè Carducci
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3760:Ruggero Settimo
3688:
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3648:Capture of Rome
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2042:Alfred A. Knopf
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1934:Further reading
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1823:, pp. 203, 206.
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1741:Harry Hearder,
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1600:
1566:Marina Militare
1552:Conte di Cavour
1529:
1513:Capture of Rome
1449:
1443:
1274:The battles of
1214:Duchy of Modena
1156:Urbano Rattazzi
1140:
1129:
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1120:
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1075:
1065:
1053:
1042:
981:
922:François Guizot
906:Count of Cavour
756:
751:
700:Il Risorgimento
688:Capture of Rome
623:Conte di Cavour
612:
588:
584:
581:Count of Cavour
571:
540:Political party
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3861:Carlo Pisacane
3858:
3856:Silvio Pellico
3853:
3851:Ippolito Nievo
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Vincenzo Cuoco
3803:
3798:
3796:Carlo Cattaneo
3793:
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3638:Roman Question
3635:
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3556:Roman Republic
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3479:Duchy of Parma
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3453:House of Savoy
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1563:, and the new
1546:Camille Cavour
1528:
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1473:Roman Question
1442:
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1226:County of Nice
1208:, and the two
1142:
1141:
1056:
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1041:
1038:
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926:Adolphe Thiers
879:Jeremy Bentham
871:Engineer Corps
867:Charles Albert
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2094:
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2083:
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2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:online review
2055:
2054:online review
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:0-618-22442-4
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:Holt, Edgar.
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:0-8133-4176-0
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:History Today
1967:
1965:
1964:0-582-36958-4
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1810:, pp. 180–83.
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1728:9781317901402
1724:
1720:
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1610:
1607:
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1597:
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1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1580:In 1865, the
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1542:
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1499:
1495:
1491:
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1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:declared the
1454:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1413:King of Italy
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:to Piedmont.
1355:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:quadrilateral
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:Ferenc Gyulay
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:Felice Orsini
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1158:known as the
1157:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1124:November 2017
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085: –
1084:
1080:
1079:Find sources:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:This section
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
985:
978:
976:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
888:
885:, developing
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:French Empire
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:, Co-Lord of
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
748:
746:
744:
743:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
606:
582:
577:
569:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
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534:
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527:
517:
513:
510:
493:
489:
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477:
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451:
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287:
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278:
275:
272:
266:
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244:
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212:
209:
205:
199:
194:
191:
186:
182:
177:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
143:
135:
132:
124:
121:February 2024
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3892:Pope Pius IX
3786:Cesare Balbo
3709:
3693:Main leaders
3563:Quadrilatero
3469:Papal States
3431:Risorgimento
3430:
3024:Guicciardini
3014:Guicciardini
2858:
2342:
2256:
2233:
2208:
2182:
2157:
2112:
2095:. New York:
2092:
2085:
2074:
2063:
2040:. New York:
2037:
2019:
2012:
2001:
1986:. (Boulder,
1983:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1942:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1861:
1854:
1846:
1845:Mack Smith,
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1819:Mack Smith,
1815:
1807:
1806:Mack Smith,
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1758:, pp. 61–67.
1755:
1754:Mack Smith,
1750:
1742:
1737:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1656:
1640:
1635:
1623:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1561:World War II
1551:
1544:
1541:clipper ship
1538:
1502:
1486:
1450:
1436:
1420:Papal States
1417:
1405:
1376:
1370:
1351:
1330:
1320:
1273:
1250:
1201:Napoleon III
1194:
1183:
1179:great powers
1164:
1159:
1153:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1078:
1066:Please help
1061:verification
1058:
1025:
1010:
993:Pope Pius IX
990:
969:steam engine
966:
911:
902:Coat of arms
864:
757:
742:trasformismo
740:
733:
713:centre-right
698:
692:
631:
630:) or simply
580:
567:
566:
520:(1861-06-06)
472:Constituency
462:
441:Succeeded by
398:
381:Succeeded by
340:
325:Succeeded by
294:
285:
281:Succeeded by
250:
231:Succeeded by
222:
197:
174:Portrait by
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
4047:1861 deaths
4042:1810 births
3816:Ugo Foscolo
3598:Crimean War
3531:Young Italy
3282:De Michelis
1557:World War I
1523:) in 1870.
1358:Plebiscites
1186:Crimean War
973:sugar beets
962:Lake Geneva
954:Netherlands
914:Switzerland
729:great power
717:Crimean War
709:centre-left
644:businessman
532:Nationality
518:6 June 1861
429:Preceded by
369:Preceded by
313:Preceded by
269:Preceded by
218:Preceded by
4036:Categories
4015:Third Rome
3327:Berlusconi
3152:De Gasperi
3137:De Gasperi
3104:De Gasperi
2884:La Marmora
2767:Berlusconi
2757:Berlusconi
2732:Berlusconi
2582:De Gasperi
2558:De Gasperi
2458:Zanardelli
2368:La Marmora
2188:1860–1861
2163:1852–1859
2050:0416421806
2022:. Boston:
1878:18 October
1615:References
1469:the Church
1393:Calatafimi
1224:) and the
1167:free trade
1094:newspapers
950:Manchester
946:Nottingham
938:Birmingham
820:Cellarengo
816:Castagnole
812:Ponticelli
784:Isolabella
764:Napoleonic
754:Early life
636:politician
501:1810-08-10
91:newspapers
4000:Redshirts
3885:Opponents
3516:Carbonari
3367:Gentiloni
3362:Mogherini
3297:Andreatta
3277:Andreotti
3089:Guariglia
3084:Mussolini
3074:Mussolini
3064:Mussolini
2787:Gentiloni
2717:Andreotti
2687:Spadolini
2672:Andreotti
2657:Andreotti
2538:Mussolini
2393:Minghetti
2363:Minghetti
2097:Doubleday
1924:Historian
1913:, p. 265.
1900:, p. 154.
1849:, p. 222.
1832:Norwich,
1797:, p. 221.
1784:, p. 524.
1780:Norwich,
1771:, p. 523.
1767:Norwich,
1705:, p. 108.
1692:, p. 106.
1451:In 1861,
1296:Peschiera
1280:Solferino
934:Liverpool
844:Valfenera
828:Cereaglio
796:Corveglia
749:Biography
690:in 1870.
648:economist
640:statesman
550:Signature
463:In office
399:In office
341:In office
295:In office
251:In office
198:In office
3503:Timeline
3347:Frattini
3332:Frattini
3322:Ruggiero
3262:Malfatti
3197:Piccioni
3162:Piccioni
3094:Badoglio
3059:Schanzer
3044:Scialoja
2999:Prinetti
2989:Canevaro
2954:Depretis
2949:Robilant
2944:Depretis
2929:Depretis
2914:Depretis
2909:Melegari
2899:Menabrea
2894:Campello
2874:Pasolini
2869:Rattazzi
2864:Ricasoli
2622:Tambroni
2543:Badoglio
2523:Giolitti
2503:Salandra
2498:Giolitti
2493:Luzzatti
2483:Giolitti
2463:Giolitti
2443:Starabba
2433:Giolitti
2428:Starabba
2418:Depretis
2408:Depretis
2398:Depretis
2383:Menabrea
2378:Rattazzi
2373:Ricasoli
2353:Rattazzi
2348:Ricasoli
2099:, 2006.
2044:, 1985.
2026:, 2004.
1990:, 2004.
1958:, 2002.
1598:See also
1517:Trentino
1381:redshirt
1304:Prussian
1160:Connubio
995:and the
808:Ottiglio
804:Mondonio
772:Marquess
695:Piedmont
572:Italian:
3921:Museums
3672:Symbols
3382:Di Maio
3342:D'Alema
3312:Agnelli
3307:Martino
3292:Colombo
3272:Colombo
3267:Ruffini
3257:Forlani
3222:Fanfani
3212:Fanfani
3202:Saragat
3192:Fanfani
3177:Fanfani
3167:Martino
3039:Tittoni
3034:Sonnino
3019:Tittoni
3004:Tittoni
2984:Capelli
2979:Caetani
2939:Mancini
2934:Cairoli
2924:Cairoli
2747:D'Alema
2712:De Mita
2702:Fanfani
2692:Fanfani
2682:Forlani
2677:Cossiga
2652:Colombo
2627:Fanfani
2612:Fanfani
2592:Fanfani
2513:Orlando
2508:Boselli
2488:Sonnino
2478:Sonnino
2468:Tittoni
2453:Saracco
2448:Pelloux
2413:Cairoli
2403:Cairoli
2134:at the
2088:(1991).
2070:, 1959.
2006:excerpt
2004:(1994)
1956:Longman
1659:(1985).
1521:Trieste
1496:, near
1494:Santena
1490:malaria
1477:Venetia
1397:Milazzo
1385:Marsala
1377:I Mille
1373:Palermo
1363:Bourbon
1316:Tuscany
1292:Legnago
1276:Magenta
1108:scholar
958:Germany
942:Chester
904:of the
887:liberal
873:in the
856:Pauline
850:of the
840:Santena
762:during
619:Italian
535:Italian
524:Turin,
507:Turin,
408:Monarch
350:Monarch
304:Monarch
286:Himself
260:Monarch
223:Himself
207:Monarch
105:scholar
3387:Tajani
3372:Alfano
3357:Bonino
3287:Scotti
3242:Medici
3227:Medici
3147:Sforza
3099:Bonomi
3069:Grandi
3049:Sforza
2959:Crispi
2859:Cavour
2802:Meloni
2797:Draghi
2727:Ciampi
2597:Scelba
2548:Bonomi
2528:Bonomi
2473:Fortis
2438:Crispi
2423:Crispi
2358:Farini
2343:Cavour
2103:
2075:Cavour
2048:
2038:Cavour
2030:
2002:Cavour
1994:
1962:
1945:, 1962
1909:Holt,
1892:Holt,
1869:
1847:Cavour
1821:Cavour
1808:Cavour
1793:Holt,
1756:Cavour
1743:Cavour
1725:
1718:Cavour
1657:Cavour
1574:Cavour
1527:Legacy
1511:. The
1481:Venice
1432:Marche
1428:Umbria
1409:Naples
1389:Sicily
1354:Emilia
1300:Mantua
1298:, and
1288:Verona
1210:agreed
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
948:, and
930:Oxford
918:Geneva
846:, 1st
832:Chieri
824:Menabi
800:Dusino
776:Cavour
719:, the
650:, and
632:Cavour
448:(1861)
178:, 1861
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3978:Other
3252:Rumor
3232:Nenni
3187:Segni
3182:Pella
3172:Pella
3157:Pella
3142:Nenni
3079:Ciano
2974:Blanc
2919:Corti
2792:Conte
2782:Renzi
2777:Letta
2772:Monti
2762:Prodi
2752:Amato
2742:Prodi
2722:Amato
2707:Goria
2697:Craxi
2662:Rumor
2647:Rumor
2642:Leone
2632:Leone
2617:Segni
2602:Segni
2587:Pella
2553:Parri
2533:Facta
2518:Nitti
2388:Lanza
2262:1861
2239:1861
2214:1861
1498:Turin
1269:Savoy
1218:Savoy
1115:JSTOR
1101:books
848:Baron
780:Count
760:Turin
652:noble
476:Turin
153:SOMHA
112:JSTOR
98:books
3337:Fini
3317:Dini
3302:Elia
3247:Moro
3237:Moro
3217:Moro
3207:Moro
2969:Brin
2737:Dini
2667:Moro
2637:Moro
2607:Zoli
2252:None
2229:None
2204:None
2101:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1880:2014
1867:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1559:and
1519:and
1430:and
1395:and
1333:Leri
1278:and
1232:and
1087:news
924:and
881:and
842:and
822:and
810:and
792:Lord
788:Leri
786:and
778:and
711:and
670:and
613:VOOR
515:Died
491:Born
188:1st
157:OSML
84:news
34:and
1594:).
1387:in
1070:by
794:of
782:of
774:of
611:kə-
602:ʊər
161:COS
67:by
4038::
2077:,
2056:;
1664:^
1648:^
1543:,
1500:.
1379:)
1294:,
1290:,
1267:,
1181:.
1023:.
956:,
944:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
894:.
838:,
834:,
830:,
826:,
818:,
806:,
802:,
798:,
790:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
621::
617:;
159:,
155:,
3455:)
3451:(
3433:)
3421:e
3414:t
3407:v
2835:e
2828:t
2821:v
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2116:.
1882:.
1731:.
1588:(
1137:)
1131:(
1126:)
1122:(
1112:·
1105:·
1098:·
1091:·
1064:.
605:/
599:v
596:ˈ
593:ə
590:k
587:/
583:(
570:(
503:)
499:(
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128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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