172:
Montreal in 1821, the
University of Toronto in 1827, Queens University in Kingston, Ontario in 1841 and the University of Ottawa in 1848. The latter part of the nineteenth century witnessed the founding of the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg in 1877, l´Université de Montréal and the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario in 1878 and McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario in 1887. The University of Alberta in Edmonton and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, were both established in 1908. All provided courses in philosophy.
510:
Dumond, Guy
Laforest, Louis Balthazar, Vincent Lemieux, Guy Laforest, François Blais, Diane Lamoureux, Michel Seymour, Gerard Bergeron, Maurice Lagueux, Jean Guy Meunier, Serge Cantin, Jean Roy, Guy Lafrance, Roger Lambert, Dominique Leydet, Gilles Labelle, Yvonne Thériault, Guy Lafrance, Josiane Ayoub, Pierre Robert, Bjarne Melkevik, and Philip Knee have made important contributions. They may be considered the secular descendants of their Thomist ancestors Of particular interest is the work of the economist and
263:
1866 Dalhousie hosted a chair in psychology and metaphysics. McGill offered courses beginning in 1850 when lectures in the topic were presented by
Professor W.T.Leach with a doctorate from Edinburgh. The first psychology text written in Canada was penned by William Lyall of Halifax in 1855. However, by the end of the century psychology was still considered an adjunct to philosophy, not a subject of importance per se, but rather a prerequisite for the advanced study of ethics and metaphysics.
2826:
412:, emeritus professor at McGill University in Montreal, has studied consciousness within the context of Hegelianism. Zenon Pylyshyn a psychologist and computer scientist at the University of Western Ontario from 1964 to 1994, has made significant contributions to cognitive science. Other Canadian-born and educated cognitive scientists have made their mark in the US, including
143:. After 1840, in Europe as well as New France the reaction of the Catholic Church to the ideas of the Enlightenment, took the form of stronger response that sought to reaffirm the Catholic view and establish a "Catholic" philosophy that removed secular uncertainty by reinforcing the place of God at the centre of the daily life. This new philosophy took the form of
539:
been a regular and growing part of the philosophical landscape of North
America since the 1950s, and Canadian universities have played an important role in the development and dissemination of these philosophical ideas. In the 1970s and 1980s, the University of Toronto in particular was internationally known for its experts in what is often called "
2813:
242:
The growth and specialization of certain elements of philosophy in Europe, in time lead to their establishment as new disciplines, separate from philosophy. Natural philosophy became the study of physics, moral philosophy evolved into sociology and anthropology and psychology became a branch of study
538:
European philosophers of the 20th century launched a number of philosophical movements that were revolutionary both within philosophy and in the larger culture. These movements—phenomenology, existentialism and deconstruction—were often not well received in North
American universities, but they have
436:
Metaphysics deals with the study of the nature of reality. Since the
Enlightenment, reality has been seen through the lenses of both religion and science, and frequently there has been a conflict between the views of the two. Following the horrors of the Second World War, the attacks on the views of
340:
at U of T, championed the recognition of psychology as a discipline in its own right, leading to the creation of separate departments of philosophy and psychology in many universities. By the end of the thirties the growth of the discipline was sufficient to warrant the establishment of the
Canadian
262:
in Canada was initially considered a part of the discipline of philosophy and university courses were given by members of philosophy departments. The first course in psychology in Canada was taught at
Dalhousie University in 1838 by Thomas McCulloch within the framework of studies in philosophy. By
251:
were established at
Dalhousie, Halifax, in 1879, Toronto, 1887 and McGill, in Montreal in 1890. Although these were mainly teaching positions there was some research activity. At Dalhousie, Professor J.G. MacGregor, the first to hold the position at that university, published about 50 papers during
179:
inspired the first philosophers in
English speaking Canada. These scholars all taught at newly created colonial universities, and their studies emphasized the philosophical foundation of religion, in this case Protestantism, the philosophical understanding of the natural world (natural philosophy),
509:
The minority position of the French language and culture in Canada and North America is reflected in the preoccupation of a large number of French Canadian philosophers with metaethics. Fernand Dumont, Claude Savary, Jacques Grand'Maison, Michel Morin, Claude Bertrand, Joseph Pestieau, Ferdinand
485:
Ethics is the study of questions concerning the nature of right and wrong and good and bad as they relate to human conduct. In many cases, the aim is to use philosophy to make our world and society a better place. Work in the field has grown in the postwar years. Research has been undertaken by a
440:
Canadian philosophers in the postwar era have attempted, in a number of ways, to resolve these conflicts and to legitimize religious belief. A variety of approaches have been used. Some have stressed the similarities between religion and science, as have F.W. Waters (1967) and Alastair McKinnon
394:
Studies in logic have been undertaken by a number of individuals. Bas Van Fraassen, William Rozeboom and Alasdair Urquhart have specialized in the semantics of logic, while Hans Herzberger and William Harper have studied the nature of preference. John Woods has investigated concepts relating to
150:
In the 1920s the study of philosophy was taken up by universities in Quebec, including the University de Montréal in 1921 and Laval University in Quebec in 1935. This development was both inspired by and coincident with the publication in 1931 of the papal pronouncement, Deus Scientarium, which
385:
Studies in this field have often focused on the philosophy of psychology. Important work in this area has been done in Canada, particularly at the Centre for Cognitive Science at the University of Western Ontario by, Patricia and Paul Churchland, Zenon Pylyshyn, and Ausonio Marras in the early
171:
In English-speaking Canada, philosophical study was the exclusive domain of the colleges and universities of English speaking British North America and later Canada. Colleges founded during the colonial regime included Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1818, McGill University in
586:(ACPA), was established in 1958 to encourage and promote philosophy in Canada. This was followed by the founding of regional associations in Ontario, Quebec, the west and Atlantic Canada, and the initiation of the Canadian Philosophical Association Annual Congress. The professional journal,
312:
undertook fundamental studies of stress which cut across the boundaries of medical research, biology and psychology. He began his work at McGill in 1936 and continued his investigations at the University of Montreal starting in 1945. He described the functioning of the
353:
in France in the nineteenth century. However it was not until 1922 that Carl A. Dawson was appointed Canada's first professor of sociology at McGill. Honours programmes in sociology were established at McGill in 1926 and at the University of Toronto in 1932.
151:
sought to mobilize science as the basis of faith. The new century was also marked by notable contributions to the study of medieval history and philosophy by Father Ephrem Longpres, the Franciscan medievalist and the Dominican philosophers, including
407:
have departments of philosophy with doctorate-level staff members conducting research related to the philosophy of mind. The work of Dr. Paul R. Thagard, at the University of Waterloo, with respect to cognitive functions and coherence, is of note.
230:, of the University of Toronto. Although usually considered an economist and social scientist, his work also reflects an important number of philosophical concepts related to economics and communications. He had a great influence on his colleague
441:(1970). Others, including Lionel Rubinoff, have emphasized the importance of placing our scientific view of the world in a larger human context. There have been attempts to resolve the conflict, through science, as seen in the writings of
38:. Generally, Canadian philosophers have not developed unique forms of philosophical thought; rather, Canadian philosophers have reflected particular views of established European and later American schools of philosophical thought, be it
465:. Still others have attempted to address issues in the philosophy of religion by questioning underlying issues in metaphysics. Those following this approach within the analytic tradition include Kai Nielsen, Donald Evans (1963),
295:
in 1910, followed by the creation of a psychology department separate from philosophy in 1922. Toronto soon founded an autonomous psychology department of its own. McMaster employed a professor in psychology by 1890. The
574:, and McGill University, with scholars such as Philip Buckley, George Di Giovanni, Hasana Sharp and Alia Al-Saji, are major North American centers for research and teaching in the continental traditions of philosophy.
307:
relating to the rehabilitation of soldiers with muscular disabilities. By 1927 the psychology department at U of T had achieved full independence from the bonds of the department of philosophy. During this period
266:
Psychology slowly began to make its mark as a separate discipline in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The first psychology laboratory in Canada was founded at the University of Toronto by Professor
395:
relevance and paradox. Others have made contributions to the field, including Charles Morgan (modal logics), Charles Morgan (probability semantics), and Anil Gupta (the semantics of truth and paradoxes).
358:
evolved from a long history of interest in Canada's native peoples on the part of Jesuit missionaries, explorers and university professors including Sir Daniel Wilson at the University of Toronto and Sir
667:
300:
had an important positive effect on the discipline which was recognized for its use in the fields of personnel selection, training and the post-war rehabilitation of wounded soldiers.
555:, and others made the University of Toronto an international centre for the study of these approaches to philosophical inquiry. At the same time Graeme Nicholson's teacher
243:
free of the influence of philosophy. These developments were reflected in Canada during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The first full professorships in
473:(1961), Benoit Pruche (1977–1980), René l'Ecuyer (1980), Jacques Croteau (1981), Cyril Welch (1982), Gary Madison (1988), Hendrik Hart (1990), Jean Grondin (1995), and
50:. Since the mid-twentieth century the depth and scope of philosophical activity in Canada has increased dramatically. This article focuses on the evolution of
563:
notably debated in print on matters relating to the interpretation of Hegel, taught philosophy as well as classical literature in the Classics Department at
1610:
767:
1888:
449:(1961), and A.H. Johnson (1962). Others have attempted to argue the rational nature of religious belief. Some, inspired by St. Thomas Aquinas, include
404:
215:
and John Irving at the University of Toronto. Many of these figures were influenced by the British idealist tradition, represented by figures such as
502:. Wayne Sumner has been active in the field of applied philosophy. Real Fillion has brought together philosophy and politics in his original work in
457:(1968), Jean-Louis Allard (1979, 1982), and Lawrence Dewan, OP. More general approaches defending the reasonability of religion have been taken by
588:
124:
740:
677:
583:
139:. This reaction initially took the form of an objection to, and refutation of these "unsettling" ideas, adopted by other thinkers, such as
417:
314:
2151:
1094:
303:
In the years following World War I, the number of staff at the U of T increased to seven and important research was undertaken by Dr.
570:, Ryerson University in Toronto, with Kym Maclaren, John Caruana, David Ciavatta, and Paula Schwebel, the University of Guelph, with
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697:
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760:
216:
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at McGill and the inspiration provided by moral philosophy. Professional anthropology got its start in Canada in 1910 when
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657:
652:
47:
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2743:
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469:(1970), Alistair M. Macleod (1973), and Jay Newman (1986). Phenomenology has also played a role, as seen in the work of
409:
283:, undertook the first fundamental psychological research in Canada and presented seminars on the, "new psychology". Dr.
2547:
2261:
890:
708:
454:
635:
741:
George Sidney Brett's personal papers are held by the University of Toronto Archives and Record Management Services.
333:
2414:
2083:
1389:
1165:
753:
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his tenure from 1879 until 1899. Other prominent researchers in the field at this time included H.L. Callendar and
226:
Of particular note during middle years of the twentieth century was the work of one of Canada's greatest scholars,
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832:
822:
325:
192:
2723:
2286:
1536:
1376:
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99:, had a profound influence on philosophy in Canada. As early as 1665, philosophy, viewed as the handmaiden of
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2195:
2053:
2016:
1384:
1299:
1289:
1213:
1079:
1051:
204:
131:, and the sovereignty of the polity. A reaction to these ideas ensued, inspired by the French philosopher,
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2366:
1446:
1284:
862:
837:
827:
540:
530:. His writings are the subject of a 25 volume collection being edited by the University of Toronto Press.
176:
75:
1939:
1036:
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between 1912 and 1921. McGill established a psychological laboratory under the directorship of Professor
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in Halifax. Currently, the University of Toronto, with scholars such as Robert Gibbs and Rebecca Comay
200:
132:
92:
487:
272:
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163:, Father Arcade Monette, Father Julien Péghaire, Father Louis-Marie Regis, and Father Patrice Robert.
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188:, which was perhaps the first philosophical work written in English Canada, is an early example.
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College there and included studies in physics, metaphysics and ethics as well as the works of
324:
While still under the influence of the departments of philosophy, noted philosophers such as
119:, and the arrival of the British after 1759, introduced new ideas into New France, including
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1996:
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1436:
1142:
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1089:
994:
956:
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These years saw Canadian philosophy develop to the point where a professional organization,
552:
527:
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503:
466:
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231:
140:
1615:
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1959:
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1818:
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1328:
1001:
885:
607:
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as the body's mechanism for coping with stress and published a number of books including
2384:
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2144:
2118:
1954:
1825:
1803:
1742:
1655:
1600:
1573:
1498:
1394:
1137:
817:
615:
367:
established the Division of Anthropology as a part of the Geological Survey of Canada.
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2023:
1813:
1747:
1704:
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984:
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346:
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1546:
17:
2470:
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2419:
2399:
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2134:
2093:
1979:
1929:
1590:
1568:
1493:
1461:
1333:
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1104:
900:
694:
The Faces of Reason: An Essay on Philosophy and Culture in English Canada 1850-1950
355:
227:
181:
51:
2465:
2404:
2276:
2256:
2161:
2098:
2058:
2038:
1964:
1934:
1595:
1531:
1223:
1208:
1084:
1074:
1023:
989:
928:
571:
556:
446:
413:
63:
2311:
2139:
2088:
2078:
1949:
1853:
1798:
1605:
1585:
1451:
1218:
1132:
961:
908:
872:
776:
309:
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259:
96:
71:
35:
2326:
2321:
2181:
2108:
2043:
1914:
1848:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1620:
1416:
976:
938:
342:
1551:
287:, a noted philosopher at the University of Toronto, wrote the three volume
2156:
2063:
2028:
1986:
1974:
1762:
1556:
1456:
1399:
1203:
1157:
1041:
256:, Macdonald professors of physics at McGill and J.C. McLennan at U of T.
1783:
1757:
1752:
1694:
1689:
1521:
1409:
1404:
1363:
1185:
1031:
913:
568:
511:
280:
244:
144:
135:(1782–1854) and was reflected in the works of the colonial philosopher
39:
2048:
1969:
1699:
1358:
1348:
1046:
948:
598:
in 1971. Philosophers of note who have been published there include,
437:
religion became particularly vigorous with science on the offensive.
147:, which in many ways is considered the "French Canadian" philosophy.
108:
104:
67:
1864:
1526:
812:
55:
203:
of London, Ontario, John Macdonald at the University of Alberta,
2507:
1249:
787:
749:
223:
dominant in Britain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
1709:
745:
668:
Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics
199:
at the University of Toronto. Other philosophers included
716:
L´historiographie de la philosophie au Québec (1853–1971)
735:
723:
La philosophie et son enseignement au Québec (1665–1920)
341:
Psychological Association in 1939. The discipline of
2757:
2657:
2619:
2566:
2533:
2524:
2453:
2365:
2203:
2194:
2127:
1901:
1879:
1834:
1776:
1728:
1682:
1673:
1636:
1507:
1372:
1319:
1310:
1260:
1184:
1156:
1113:
1065:
1022:
975:
947:
899:
871:
798:
191:Other notable contributors to these ideas included
180:and the philosophical basis of political systems.
705:A History of Higher Education in Canada 1663-1960
494:, Gerald Cohen, Donald Brown, Daniel Weinstock,
761:
8:
2530:
2521:
2504:
2200:
1907:
1679:
1316:
1257:
1246:
795:
784:
768:
754:
746:
27:Study and teaching of philosophy in Canada
481:Ethics – social and political philosophy
87:The Roman Catholic Church and philosophy
627:
520:Insight: A Study of Human Understanding
345:evolved from the ideas of philosophers
736:The Canadian Philosophical Association
678:Toronto School of communication theory
584:The Canadian Philosophical Association
486:large number of individuals including
195:at Queen's University in Kingston and
95:, one of the founding institutions of
7:
207:at Dalhousie University in Halifax,
578:Associations and related activities
315:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
271:in 1890. It was here in 1909, that
211:at the University of Manitoba, and
453:(1952), Louis-Marie Régis (1959),
25:
592:was established in 1962, and the
490:, Kai Nielsen, David Braybrooke,
2825:
2824:
2811:
725:, Hurtubise HMH, Montreal, 1980.
698:Wilfrid Laurier University Press
604:Jonathan Bennett (philosopher)
595:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
365:Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier
1:
658:Scientific research in Canada
653:List of Canadian philosophers
48:Scottish Common Sense Realism
2297:Ordinary language philosophy
718:, Hurtubise, Montreal, 1970.
528:Generalized Empirical Method
526:(1972), which described his
279:at his famous laboratory in
186:Elements of Natural Theology
2347:Contemporary utilitarianism
2262:Internalism and externalism
709:University of Toronto Press
2868:
1611:Svatantrika and Prasangika
30:The study and teaching of
2805:
2520:
2503:
1910:
1256:
1245:
833:Philosophy of mathematics
823:Philosophy of information
794:
783:
432:Metaphysics and religion
275:, who had studied under
2302:Postanalytic philosophy
2243:Experimental philosophy
2435:Social constructionism
1447:Hellenistic philosophy
863:Theoretical philosophy
838:Philosophy of religion
828:Philosophy of language
541:continental philosophy
534:Continental philosophy
205:Herbert Leslie Stewart
177:Protestant Reformation
76:continental philosophy
34:date from the time of
2818:Philosophy portal
2337:Scientific skepticism
2317:Reformed epistemology
843:Philosophy of science
289:History of Psychology
201:Richard Maurice Bucke
161:Father Louis Lachance
133:Felicite de Lamennais
93:Roman Catholic Church
2238:Critical rationalism
1945:Edo neo-Confucianism
1789:Acintya bheda abheda
1768:Renaissance humanism
1479:School of the Sextii
853:Practical philosophy
848:Political philosophy
692:; Trott, Elizabeth,
565:Dalhousie University
418:John Robert Anderson
209:Rupert Clendon Lodge
32:philosophy in Canada
18:Canadian philosopher
2852:Canadian philosophy
1809:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1720:Korean Confucianism
1467:Academic Skepticism
663:Anarchism in Canada
361:John William Dawson
293:William Dunlop Tait
285:George Sidney Brett
213:George Sidney Brett
197:George John Blewett
2430:Post-structuralism
2332:Scientific realism
2287:Quinean naturalism
2267:Logical positivism
2223:Analytical Marxism
1442:Peripatetic school
1354:Chinese naturalism
881:Aesthetic response
808:Applied philosophy
703:Harris, Robin S.,
612:William C. Wimsatt
559:, a Hegelian whom
549:Kenneth L. Schmitz
524:Method in Theology
518:, as reflected in
443:Charles De Koninck
399:Philosophy of mind
319:The Stress of Life
269:James Mark Baldwin
249:natural philosophy
157:Charles De Koninck
137:Abbé Jérôme Demers
113:St. Thomas Aquinas
60:philosophy of mind
44:Objective Idealism
2839:
2838:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2218:Analytic feminism
2190:
2189:
2152:Kierkegaardianism
2114:Transcendentalism
2074:Neo-scholasticism
1920:Classical Realism
1897:
1896:
1669:
1668:
1484:Neopythagoreanism
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
858:Social philosophy
700:, Waterloo, 1981.
673:Canadian Idealism
488:Francis Sparshott
475:Thomas De Koninck
405:Group of Thirteen
273:August Kirschmann
247:as distinct from
221:Thomas Hill Green
217:Bernard Bosanquet
115:(1224–1274). The
16:(Redirected from
2859:
2828:
2827:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2531:
2522:
2505:
2395:Frankfurt School
2342:Transactionalism
2292:Normative ethics
2272:Legal positivism
2248:Falsificationism
2233:Consequentialism
2228:Communitarianism
2201:
2069:New Confucianism
1908:
1715:Neo-Confucianism
1680:
1489:Second Sophistic
1474:Middle Platonism
1317:
1258:
1247:
1090:Epiphenomenalism
957:Consequentialism
891:Institutionalism
796:
785:
770:
763:
756:
747:
711:, Toronto, 1976.
640:
639:
636:"Quebec History"
632:
553:Graeme Nicholson
516:Bernard Lonergan
504:multiculturalism
492:Jonathan Bennett
467:Terence Penelhum
451:Bernard Lonergan
334:William Caldwell
232:Marshall McLuhan
141:Pierre du Calvet
103:, was taught in
21:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:
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2856:
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2835:
2812:
2810:
2789:
2753:
2653:
2615:
2562:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2476:Russian cosmism
2449:
2445:Western Marxism
2410:New Historicism
2375:Critical theory
2361:
2357:Wittgensteinian
2253:Foundationalism
2186:
2123:
2104:Social contract
1960:Foundationalism
1893:
1875:
1859:Illuminationism
1844:Aristotelianism
1830:
1819:Vishishtadvaita
1772:
1724:
1665:
1632:
1503:
1432:Megarian school
1427:Eretrian school
1368:
1329:Agriculturalism
1306:
1252:
1233:
1180:
1152:
1109:
1061:
1018:
1002:Incompatibilism
971:
943:
895:
867:
790:
779:
774:
732:
721:Lamonde, Yvan,
714:Lamonde, Yvan,
686:
649:
644:
643:
634:
633:
629:
624:
608:Terence Parsons
580:
561:Emil Fackenheim
545:Emil Fackenheim
471:Emil Fackenheim
378:
373:
330:John MacEachran
298:First World War
277:Professor Wundt
240:
238:New disciplines
169:
121:Cartesian doubt
89:
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2865:
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2663:
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2655:
2654:
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2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:Middle Eastern
2617:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
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2385:Existentialism
2382:
2380:Deconstruction
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
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2213:Applied ethics
2209:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:Nietzscheanism
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
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2119:Utilitarianism
2116:
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2106:
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2096:
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2066:
2061:
2056:
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2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2017:Transcendental
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Existentialism
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1932:
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1743:Augustinianism
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1656:Zoroastrianism
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1499:Church Fathers
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1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1014:Libertarianism
1011:
1010:
1009:
999:
998:
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987:
981:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
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869:
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866:
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860:
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850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
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820:
818:Metaphilosophy
815:
810:
804:
802:
792:
791:
788:
781:
780:
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772:
765:
758:
750:
744:
743:
738:
731:
730:External links
728:
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690:Armour, Leslie
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153:Hermas Bastien
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2758:Miscellaneous
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2454:Miscellaneous
2452:
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2441:
2440:Structuralism
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Postmodernism
2423:
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2415:Phenomenology
2413:
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2282:Moral realism
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2084:Phenomenology
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2024:Individualism
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
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1889:Judeo-Islamic
1887:
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1866:
1865:ʿIlm al-Kalām
1862:
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1814:Shuddhadvaita
1812:
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1748:Scholasticism
1746:
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1199:Conceptualism
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1128:Particularism
1126:
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1096:
1095:Functionalism
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1080:Eliminativism
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924:Particularism
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600:Joel Feinberg
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496:William Sweet
493:
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468:
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463:William Sweet
460:
459:Leslie Armour
456:
452:
448:
447:Thomas Goudge
444:
438:
431:
430:
429:
427:
426:Steven Pinker
423:
422:Keith Holyoak
419:
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389:
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347:Auguste Comte
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254:E. Rutherford
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129:Enlightenment
126:
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117:Enlightenment
114:
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57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2823:
2809:
2688:
2480:
2471:Postcritique
2461:Kyoto School
2420:Posthumanism
2400:Hermeneutics
2255: /
2196:Contemporary
2172:Newtonianism
2135:Cartesianism
2094:Reductionism
1930:Conservatism
1925:Collectivism
1863:
1591:Sarvāstivadā
1569:Anekantavada
1494:Neoplatonism
1462:Epicureanism
1395:Pythagoreans
1334:Confucianism
1300:Contemporary
1290:Early modern
1194:Anti-realism
1148:Universalism
1105:Subjectivism
901:Epistemology
722:
715:
704:
693:
630:
593:
587:
581:
537:
523:
522:(1957), and
519:
514:philosopher
508:
484:
455:Joseph Owens
439:
435:
402:
393:
384:
381:Epistemology
371:1965–present
356:Anthropology
332:at Alberta,
323:
318:
302:
288:
265:
258:
241:
228:Harold Innis
225:
190:
185:
182:James Beaven
174:
170:
149:
90:
52:epistemology
31:
29:
2466:Objectivism
2405:Neo-Marxism
2367:Continental
2277:Meta-ethics
2257:Coherentism
2162:Hegelianism
2099:Rationalism
2059:Natural law
2039:Materialism
1965:Historicism
1935:Determinism
1826:Navya-Nyāya
1601:Sautrāntika
1596:Pudgalavada
1532:Vaisheshika
1385:Presocratic
1285:Renaissance
1224:Physicalism
1209:Materialism
1115:Normativity
1100:Objectivism
1085:Emergentism
1075:Behaviorism
1024:Metaphysics
990:Determinism
929:Rationalism
614:(1994) and
572:John Russon
557:James Doull
414:David Kirsh
328:at Queens,
326:John Watson
193:John Watson
82:1700s-1900s
78:in Canada.
64:metaphysics
2765:Amerindian
2672:Australian
2611:Vietnamese
2591:Indonesian
2140:Kantianism
2089:Positivism
2079:Pragmatism
2054:Naturalism
2034:Liberalism
2012:Subjective
1950:Empiricism
1854:Avicennism
1799:Bhedabheda
1683:East Asian
1606:Madhyamaka
1586:Abhidharma
1452:Pyrrhonism
1219:Nominalism
1214:Naturalism
1143:Skepticism
1133:Relativism
1123:Absolutism
1052:Naturalism
962:Deontology
934:Skepticism
919:Naturalism
909:Empiricism
873:Aesthetics
777:Philosophy
684:References
386:eighties.
310:Hans Selye
305:E. A. Bott
260:Psychology
97:New France
72:metaethics
36:New France
2644:Pakistani
2606:Taiwanese
2553:Ethiopian
2526:By region
2512:By region
2327:Scientism
2322:Systemics
2182:Spinozism
2109:Socialism
2044:Modernism
2007:Objective
1915:Anarchism
1849:Averroism
1738:Christian
1690:Neotaoism
1661:Zurvanism
1651:Mithraism
1646:Mazdakism
1417:Cyrenaics
1344:Logicians
977:Free will
939:Solipsism
886:Formalism
343:sociology
338:G.S Brett
321:in 1953.
2846:Category
2830:Category
2785:Yugoslav
2775:Romanian
2682:Scottish
2667:American
2596:Japanese
2576:Buddhist
2558:Africana
2548:Egyptian
2390:Feminist
2312:Rawlsian
2307:Quietism
2205:Analytic
2157:Krausism
2064:Nihilism
2029:Kokugaku
1992:Absolute
1987:Idealism
1975:Humanism
1763:Occamism
1730:European
1675:Medieval
1621:Yogacara
1581:Buddhist
1574:Syādvāda
1457:Stoicism
1422:Cynicism
1410:Sophists
1405:Atomists
1400:Eleatics
1339:Legalism
1280:Medieval
1204:Idealism
1158:Ontology
1138:Nihilism
1042:Idealism
800:Branches
789:Branches
647:See also
618:(1994).
610:(1980),
606:(1974),
602:(1974),
589:Dialogue
477:(1995).
445:(1960),
101:theology
2780:Russian
2749:Spanish
2744:Slovene
2734:Maltese
2729:Italian
2709:Finland
2677:British
2659:Western
2649:Turkish
2634:Islamic
2629:Iranian
2581:Chinese
2568:Eastern
2535:African
2482:more...
2167:Marxism
1997:British
1940:Dualism
1836:Islamic
1794:Advaita
1784:Vedanta
1758:Scotism
1753:Thomism
1695:Tiantai
1638:Persian
1626:Tibetan
1616:Śūnyatā
1557:Cārvāka
1547:Ājīvika
1542:Mīmāṃsā
1522:Samkhya
1437:Academy
1390:Ionians
1364:Yangism
1321:Chinese
1312:Ancient
1275:Western
1270:Ancient
1229:Realism
1186:Reality
1176:Process
1057:Realism
1037:Dualism
1032:Atomism
914:Fideism
512:Thomist
281:Leipzig
245:physics
145:Thomism
127:of the
125:atheism
107:at the
40:Thomism
2739:Polish
2719:German
2714:French
2699:Danish
2689:Canada
2639:Jewish
2601:Korean
2586:Indian
2128:People
2049:Monism
2002:German
1970:Holism
1903:Modern
1881:Jewish
1804:Dvaita
1777:Indian
1700:Huayan
1552:Ajñana
1509:Indian
1374:Greco-
1359:Taoism
1349:Mohism
1295:Modern
1262:By era
1251:By era
1166:Action
1047:Monism
967:Virtue
949:Ethics
424:, and
376:Fields
123:, the
109:Jesuit
105:Quebec
74:, and
68:ethics
58:, the
2770:Aztec
2724:Greek
2704:Dutch
2694:Czech
2543:Bantu
1980:Anti-
1527:Nyaya
1517:Hindu
1377:Roman
1171:Event
813:Logic
622:Notes
390:Logic
56:logic
46:, or
1871:Sufi
1705:Chan
1564:Jain
1537:Yoga
1067:Mind
1007:Hard
995:Hard
461:and
403:All
349:and
219:and
175:The
91:The
70:and
2145:Neo
1710:Zen
543:".
184:'s
2848::
707:,
696:,
551:,
547:,
506:.
498:,
428:.
420:,
416:,
234:.
159:,
155:,
66:,
62:,
54:,
42:,
769:e
762:t
755:v
638:.
20:)
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