682:
160:
385:) technique for tagging the type of a piece of data in memory, used mainly for type checking. By marking certain areas of memory as non-executable, it effectively prevents memory allocated to store data from containing executable code. Also, certain areas of memory can be marked as non-allocated, preventing buffer overflows.
300:
and other methods that return upon copying a null character, while the undesirable result is that the canary is known. Even with the protection, an attacker could potentially overwrite the canary with its known value and control information with mismatched values, thus passing the canary check code,
342:
In addition, random XOR canaries can protect against a certain type of attack involving overflowing a buffer in a structure into a pointer to change the pointer to point at a piece of control data. Because of the XOR encoding, the canary will be wrong if the control data or return value is changed.
323:
Normally, a random canary is generated at program initialization, and stored in a global variable. This variable is usually padded by unmapped pages so that attempting to read it using any kinds of tricks that exploit bugs to read off RAM cause a segmentation fault, terminating the program. It may
106:
outside of the intended data structure, which is usually a fixed-length buffer. Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than what is actually allocated for that buffer. This almost always results in corruption of adjacent data on the
45:
vulnerabilities. A stack buffer overflow occurs when a program writes to a memory address on the program's call stack outside of the intended data structure, which is usually a fixed-length buffer. Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the
55:
value that, when destroyed by a stack buffer overflow, shows that a buffer preceding it in memory has been overflowed. By verifying the canary value, execution of the affected program can be terminated, preventing it from misbehaving or from allowing an attacker to take control over it. Other
231:
are known values that are placed between a buffer and control data on the stack to monitor buffer overflows. When the buffer overflows, the first data to be corrupted will usually be the canary, and a failed verification of the canary data will therefore alert of an overflow, which can then be
338:
Random XOR canaries have the same vulnerabilities as random canaries, except that the "read from stack" method of getting the canary is a bit more complicated. The attacker must get the canary, the algorithm, and the control data in order to re-generate the original canary needed to spoof the
146:; structures are expected to be the same between modules, especially with shared libraries. Any data in a structure after a buffer is impossible to protect with canaries; thus, programmers must be very careful about how they organize their variables and use their structures.
540:
StackGuard and ProPolice cannot protect against overflows in automatically allocated structures that overflow into function pointers. ProPolice at least will rearrange the allocation order to get such structures allocated before function pointers. A separate mechanism for
137:
to include a "canary" value that, when destroyed, shows that a buffer preceding it in memory has been overflowed. This provides the benefit of preventing an entire class of attacks. According to some researchers, the performance impact of these techniques is negligible.
365:
Bounds checking is a compiler-based technique that adds run-time bounds information for each allocated block of memory, and checks all pointers against those at run-time. For C and C++, bounds checking can be performed at pointer calculation time or at dereference time.
320:, in order to prevent an attacker from knowing their value. Usually, it is not logically possible or plausible to read the canary for exploiting; the canary is a secure value known only by those who need to know it—the buffer overflow protection code in this case.
346:
Although these canaries protect the control data from being altered by clobbered pointers, they do not protect any other data or the pointers themselves. Function pointers especially are a problem here, as they can be overflowed into and can execute
437:
Linux distribution from 1998 to 2003, and was extended with implementations for terminator, random and random XOR canaries. StackGuard was suggested for inclusion in GCC 3.x at the GCC 2003 Summit
Proceedings, but this was never achieved.
449:. It improved on the idea of StackGuard by placing buffers after local pointers and function arguments in the stack frame. This helped avoid the corruption of pointers, preventing access to arbitrary memory locations.
111:(or buffer overrun). Overfilling a buffer on the stack is more likely to derail program execution than overfilling a buffer on the heap because the stack contains the return addresses for all active function calls.
107:
stack, and in cases where the overflow was triggered by mistake, will often cause the program to crash or operate incorrectly. Stack buffer overflow is a type of the more general programming malfunction known as
657:
to hijack execution paths) transparently, automatically protecting all applications without requiring binary or source modifications. The performance impact is negligible, less than one percent. The resulting
141:
Stack-smashing protection is unable to protect against certain forms of attack. For example, it cannot protect against buffer overflows in the heap. There is no sane way to alter the layout of data within a
46:
stack than what is actually allocated for that buffer. This almost always results in corruption of adjacent data on the stack, which could lead to program crashes, incorrect operation, or security issues.
1283:
126:
to inject executable code into the running program and take control of the process. This is one of the oldest and more reliable methods for attackers to gain unauthorized access to a computer.
284:
use the observation that most buffer overflow attacks are based on certain string operations which end at string terminators. The reaction to this observation is that the canaries are built of
607:
These systems have different tradeoffs in terms of performance penalty, memory overhead, and classes of detected bugs. Stack protection is standard in certain operating systems, including
1051:
642:, StackGhost is a simple tweak to the register window spill/fill routines which makes buffer overflows much more difficult to exploit. It uses a unique hardware feature of the
73:
because the stack contains the return addresses for all active function calls. However, similar implementation-specific protections also exist against heap-based overflows.
335:
are random canaries that are XOR-scrambled using all or part of the control data. In this way, once the canary or the control data is clobbered, the canary value is wrong.
1287:
1654:
975:
782:
1437:
1199:
455:
engineers identified problems with ProPolice though, and in 2005 re-implemented stack-smashing protection for inclusion in GCC 4.1. This work introduced the
181:
243:, since they would be affected by toxic gases earlier than the miners, thus providing a biological warning system. Canaries are alternately known as
296:. As a result, the attacker must write a null character before writing the return address to avoid altering the canary. This prevents attacks using
1614:
1027:
907:
619:
Intel's C and C++ compiler supports stack-smashing protection with options similar to those provided by GCC and
Microsoft Visual Studio.
118:. If the affected program is running with special privileges, or if it accepts data from untrusted network hosts (for example, a public
1679:
1368:
1639:
1006:
700:
882:
630:
is an open-source memory-safe ANSI C compiler that performs bounds checking based on fat pointers and object-oriented memory access.
1400:"MSDN Blogs – Get the latest information, insights, announcements, and news from Microsoft experts and developers in the MSDN blogs"
207:
1620:
1649:
666:
two years later, allowing enabling of the feature. Following this event, the StackGhost code was integrated (and optimized) into
809:
736:
650:
474:
flag to strike a better balance between security and performance. This flag protects more kinds of vulnerable functions than
185:
69:
Overfilling a buffer allocated on the stack is more likely to influence program execution than overfilling a buffer on the
33:
is any of various techniques used during software development to enhance the security of executable programs by detecting
388:
Historically, tagging has been used for implementing high-level programming languages; with appropriate support from the
982:
1128:
705:
687:
654:
324:
still be possible to read the canary if the attacker knows where it is or can get the program to read from the stack.
369:
Implementations of this approach use either a central repository, which describes each allocated block of memory, or
170:
62:, which checks accesses to each allocated block of memory so they cannot go beyond the actually allocated space, and
789:
649:
architecture (that being: deferred on-stack in-frame register window spill/fill) to detect modifications of return
317:
123:
1385:
1301:
189:
174:
486:
426:
70:
343:
Because of the pointer, the control data or return value can be changed without overflowing over the canary.
430:
85:
77:
1674:
1087:"GCC 4.1 Release Series — Changes, New Features, and Fixes - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
695:
1644:
232:
handled, for example, by invalidating the corrupted data. A canary value should not be confused with a
49:
Typically, buffer overflow protection modifies the organization of stack-allocated data so it includes a
97:
592:) system with similarly low performance impact. Clang also has three buffer overflow detectors, namely
553:
The compiler suite from
Microsoft implements buffer overflow protection since version 2003 through the
1399:
1373:
The Gentoo hardened GCC switches on the stack protector by default unless explicitly requested not to.
1263:"FS#18864 : Consider enabling GCC's stack-smashing protection (ProPolice, SSP) for all packages"
715:
918:
41:-allocated variables, and preventing them from causing program misbehavior or from becoming serious
1479:
663:
639:
382:
313:
1458:
1584:
1150:"Han Shen(ææ) - [PATCH] Add a new option "-fstack-protector-strong" (patch / doc inside)"
542:
373:, which contain both the pointer and additional data, describing the region that they point to.
1413:
1221:"#1128 (switching from "-fstack-protector" to "-fstack-protector-strong" in Fedora 20) – FESCo"
1045:
42:
1241:
955:
643:
593:
525:
base system since 8.0. Stack protection is standard in certain operating systems, including
405:
389:
1149:
1107:
710:
530:
360:
289:
240:
108:
102:
A stack buffer overflow occurs when a program writes to a memory address on the program's
58:
34:
1629:
1065:
886:
76:
There are several implementations of buffer overflow protection, including those for the
285:
233:
143:
115:
66:, which ensures that memory allocated for storing data cannot contain executable code.
247:, which is meant to evoke the image of a "broken cookie" when the value is corrupted.
1668:
1561:"User and Reference Guide for the Intel C++ Compiler 15.0: fstack-security-check, GS"
1326:
534:
301:
which is executed soon before the specific processor's return-from-call instruction.
134:
1108:"Richard Henderson - [rfc] reimplementation of ibm stack-smashing protector"
813:
51:
758:
1659:
681:
370:
159:
130:
1560:
863:
129:
Typically, buffer overflow protection modifies the organization of data in the
114:
Stack buffer overflow can be caused deliberately as part of an attack known as
1624:
1497:
754:
677:
506:
293:
103:
38:
1220:
783:"Buffer Overflows: Attacks and Defenses for the Vulnerability of the Decade*"
265:. Current versions of StackGuard support all three, while ProPolice supports
429:. StackGuard was introduced as a set of patches to the Intel x86 backend of
348:
119:
17:
1086:
557:
command-line switch, which is enabled by default since version 2005. Using
392:, tagging can also be used to detect buffer overflows. An example is the
1544:
clang comes with stack protection enabled by default, equivalent to the
1539:
1262:
960:
943:
1305:
1066:"GCC extension for protecting applications from stack-smashing attacks"
740:
667:
608:
526:
522:
452:
434:
1347:
837:
1655:
Four different tricks to bypass StackShield and StackGuard protection
1634:
763:
518:
498:
467:
393:
122:), then the bug is a potential security vulnerability that allows an
1518:
1171:
944:"Tags and type checking in LISP: hardware and software approaches"
646:
545:
was proposed in PointGuard and is available on
Microsoft Windows.
397:
239:
The terminology is a reference to the historic practice of using
1284:"svntogit/packages.git - Git clone of the 'packages' repository"
578:
569:
Stack-smashing protection can be turned on by the compiler flag
478:
does, but not every function, providing better performance than
463:
flag, which protects all functions whether they need it or not.
81:
513:
since 2011. All Arch Linux packages built since 4 May 2014 use
659:
445:
developed GCC patches for stack-smashing protection, known as
442:
401:
261:
153:
459:
flag, which protects only some vulnerable functions, and the
1129:"Optimize Options - Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)"
604:), and the unofficial SafeCode (last updated for LLVM 3.0).
381:
Tagging is a compiler-based or hardware-based (requiring a
1498:"Clang Compiler User's Manual — Clang 3.5 documentation"
1356:
stack protection extension, which is enabled by default.
517:. Stack protection is only used for some packages in
1033:. May 2003. Archived from the original on 2004-07-15
976:"ClearPath Enterprise Servers MCP Security Overview"
421:Stack-smashing protection was first implemented by
1386:"12th USENIX Security Symposium — Technical Paper"
735:Fithen, William L.; Seacord, Robert (2007-03-27).
1645:StackGhost: Hardware Facilitated Stack Protection
1640:Original StackGuard paper in USENIX Security 1998
1050:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
482:. It is available in GCC since its version 4.9.
1007:"Papers - 7th USENIX Security Symposium, 1998"
885:. Staff.aist.go.jp. 2013-05-07. Archived from
56:buffer overflow protection techniques include
832:
830:
8:
1650:FreeBSD 5.4 and 6.2 propolice implementation
804:
802:
588:options as GCC and a stronger "safe stack" (
1480:"SafeStack — Clang 17.0.0git documentation"
981:. Public.support.unisys.com. Archived from
877:
875:
873:
188:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1028:"Proceedings of the GCC Developers Summit"
942:Steenkiste, Peter; Hennessy, John (1987).
250:There are three types of canaries in use:
959:
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
312:are randomly generated, usually from an
838:"SAFECode: Secure Virtual Architecture"
759:"Smashing The Stack for Fun and Profit"
727:
433:2.7. StackGuard was maintained for the
1540:"OpenBSD's clang-local(1) manual page"
1302:"Debian Security Hardening Statistics"
1043:
858:
856:
854:
1621:Smashing the Stack for Fun and Profit
7:
1348:"OpenBSD's gcc-local(1) manual page"
186:adding citations to reliable sources
1414:"/GS (Buffer Security Check) (C++)"
1327:"FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE Release Notes"
1172:""Strong" stack protection for GCC"
948:ACM Sigops Operating Systems Review
737:"VT-MB. Violation of Memory Bounds"
425:in 1997, and published at the 1998
1369:"Hardened/Toolchain - Gentoo Wiki"
701:Address space layout randomization
497:since Fedora 20. Most packages in
25:
1242:"Security/Features - Ubuntu Wiki"
840:. Sva.cs.illinois.edu. 2009-08-12
1187:It has made its way into GCC 4.9
680:
158:
1615:The GCC 2003 Summit Proceedings
1461:. Clang.llvm.org. 28 April 2017
1170:Edge, Jake (February 5, 2014).
396:hardware feature, supported by
812:. Doc.ic.ac.uk. Archived from
1:
1304:. Outflux.net. Archived from
417:GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
27:Software security techniques
1635:Immunix StackGuard Homepage
1202:. FedoraProject. 2013-12-11
706:Executable space protection
688:Computer programming portal
634:StackGhost (hardware-based)
489:packages are compiled with
1696:
1680:Computer security exploits
1521:. Safecode.cs.illinois.edu
470:engineers implemented the
358:
95:
31:Buffer overflow protection
1329:. Freebsd.org. 2013-11-13
1152:. Gcc.gnu.org. 2012-06-14
908:"Tuesday, April 05, 2005"
561:disables the protection.
509:package is compiled with
493:since Fedora Core 5, and
427:USENIX Security Symposium
1660:Stack Smashing Protector
1548:option on other systems.
1546:-fstack-protector-strong
1440:. Publib.boulder.ibm.com
1009:. Usenix.org. 2002-04-12
662:issues were resolved by
584:Clang supports the same
515:-fstack-protector-strong
495:-fstack-protector-strong
472:-fstack-protector-strong
1630:ProPolice official home
883:"Fail-Safe C: Top Page"
810:"Bounds Checking for C"
549:Microsoft Visual Studio
88:, and other compilers.
86:Microsoft Visual Studio
78:GNU Compiler Collection
696:Control-flow integrity
241:canaries in coal mines
653:(a common way for an
590:-fsanitize=safe-stack
480:-fstack-protector-all
461:-fstack-protector-all
98:Stack buffer overflow
1459:"Clang mailing list"
1265:. Bugs.archlinux.org
716:Static code analysis
182:improve this section
1352:gcc comes with the
1200:"Security Features"
961:10.1145/36204.36183
864:"google/sanitizers"
521:, and only for the
441:From 2001 to 2005,
383:tagged architecture
333:Random XOR canaries
328:Random XOR canaries
282:Terminator canaries
277:Terminator canaries
1565:software.intel.com
1418:msdn.microsoft.com
1223:. Fedorahosted.org
1068:. Research.ibm.com
598:-fsanitize=address
543:pointer protection
505:since 6.10. Every
501:are compiled with
1290:on July 18, 2014.
1244:. Wiki.ubuntu.com
1176:Linux Weekly News
954:(4). ACM: 50–59.
602:-fsanitize=bounds
586:-fstack-protector
511:-fstack-protector
503:-fstack-protector
491:-fstack-protector
476:-fstack-protector
457:-fstack-protector
218:
217:
210:
16:(Redirected from
1687:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1592:Staff.aist.go.jp
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:. Clang.llvm.org
1494:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1402:. 6 August 2021.
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1286:. Archived from
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
987:
980:
972:
966:
965:
963:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:on June 23, 2016
923:
917:. Archived from
912:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
879:
868:
867:
860:
849:
848:
846:
845:
834:
825:
824:
822:
821:
806:
797:
796:
794:
788:. Archived from
787:
779:
773:
772:
751:
745:
744:
732:
690:
685:
684:
644:Sun Microsystems
603:
599:
594:AddressSanitizer
591:
572:
560:
556:
390:operating system
299:
213:
206:
202:
199:
193:
162:
154:
35:buffer overflows
21:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1665:
1664:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1438:"qstackprotect"
1436:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
985:
978:
974:
973:
969:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
921:
910:
906:
905:
901:
892:
890:
881:
880:
871:
866:. 19 June 2021.
862:
861:
852:
843:
841:
836:
835:
828:
819:
817:
808:
807:
800:
792:
785:
781:
780:
776:
753:
752:
748:
734:
733:
729:
724:
711:Memory debugger
686:
679:
676:
636:
625:
617:
601:
597:
589:
587:
582:
570:
567:
558:
554:
551:
531:Hardened Gentoo
516:
512:
504:
496:
492:
481:
477:
473:
462:
458:
419:
414:
412:Implementations
379:
363:
361:Bounds checking
357:
355:Bounds checking
330:
310:Random canaries
307:
305:Random canaries
297:
279:
214:
203:
197:
194:
179:
163:
152:
109:buffer overflow
100:
94:
59:bounds checking
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1609:External links
1607:
1604:
1603:
1576:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1489:
1484:clang.llvm.org
1471:
1450:
1429:
1405:
1391:
1377:
1371:. 2016-07-31.
1360:
1339:
1318:
1293:
1275:
1254:
1233:
1212:
1191:
1162:
1141:
1120:
1099:
1078:
1057:
1019:
998:
967:
934:
899:
869:
850:
826:
798:
795:on 2013-03-09.
774:
757:(1996-11-08).
746:
726:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
692:
691:
675:
672:
635:
632:
624:
621:
616:
615:Intel Compiler
613:
585:
581:
575:
571:-qstackprotect
566:
563:
550:
547:
514:
510:
502:
494:
490:
479:
475:
471:
460:
456:
418:
415:
413:
410:
378:
375:
359:Main article:
356:
353:
329:
326:
306:
303:
278:
275:
234:sentinel value
216:
215:
166:
164:
157:
151:
148:
116:stack smashing
96:Main article:
93:
90:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1692:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Software bugs
1673:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1308:on 2014-04-28
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1131:. Gcc.gnu.org
1130:
1124:
1121:
1110:. Gcc.gnu.org
1109:
1103:
1100:
1089:. Gcc.gnu.org
1088:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1008:
1002:
999:
988:on 2013-01-24
984:
977:
971:
968:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
920:
916:
909:
903:
900:
889:on 2016-07-07
888:
884:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
859:
857:
855:
851:
839:
833:
831:
827:
816:on 2016-03-26
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
791:
784:
778:
775:
770:
766:
765:
760:
756:
750:
747:
742:
738:
731:
728:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
683:
678:
673:
671:
669:
665:
664:Mark Kettenis
661:
656:
652:
648:
645:
641:
640:Mike Frantzen
633:
631:
629:
622:
620:
614:
612:
610:
605:
595:
580:
576:
574:
564:
562:
548:
546:
544:
538:
536:
535:DragonFly BSD
532:
528:
524:
520:
508:
500:
488:
483:
469:
464:
454:
450:
448:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
376:
374:
372:
367:
362:
354:
352:
351:when called.
350:
344:
340:
336:
334:
327:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
304:
302:
295:
291:
288:terminators,
287:
283:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
263:
257:
253:
248:
246:
245:stack cookies
242:
237:
235:
230:
229:stack cookies
226:
222:
212:
209:
201:
198:November 2023
191:
187:
183:
177:
176:
172:
167:This section
165:
161:
156:
155:
149:
147:
145:
139:
136:
135:function call
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
105:
99:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:
54:
53:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1585:"thesis.dvi"
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1372:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1331:. Retrieved
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1296:
1288:the original
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1194:
1186:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1102:
1091:. Retrieved
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1060:
1035:. Retrieved
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1001:
990:. Retrieved
983:the original
970:
951:
947:
937:
926:. Retrieved
919:the original
914:
902:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
842:. Retrieved
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
790:the original
777:
768:
762:
749:
730:
638:Invented by
637:
627:
626:
618:
606:
583:
568:
565:IBM Compiler
552:
539:
484:
465:
451:
446:
440:
422:
420:
408:processors.
387:
380:
371:fat pointers
368:
364:
345:
341:
339:protection.
337:
332:
331:
322:
309:
308:
281:
280:
270:
266:
259:
255:
251:
249:
244:
238:
228:
225:canary words
224:
220:
219:
204:
195:
180:Please help
168:
140:
128:
113:
101:
75:
68:
63:
57:
50:
48:
30:
29:
18:Canary value
1181:28 November
755:Levy, Elias
628:Fail-Safe C
623:Fail-Safe C
316:-gathering
131:stack frame
1669:Categories
1597:2016-09-17
1570:2015-02-13
1525:2014-04-27
1519:"SAFECode"
1504:2014-04-27
1465:2022-11-16
1444:2014-04-27
1423:2014-04-27
1333:2014-04-27
1312:2014-04-27
1269:2014-04-27
1248:2014-04-27
1227:2014-04-27
1206:2014-04-27
1156:2014-04-27
1135:2014-04-27
1114:2014-04-27
1093:2014-04-27
1072:2014-04-27
1037:2016-09-17
1013:2014-04-27
992:2014-04-27
928:2016-09-17
915:Feustel.us
893:2014-04-27
844:2014-04-27
820:2014-04-27
722:References
600:), UBSan (
507:Arch Linux
423:StackGuard
292:, LF, and
273:canaries.
267:terminator
252:terminator
104:call stack
1625:Aleph One
1354:ProPolice
771:(49): 14.
466:In 2012,
447:ProPolice
349:shellcode
169:does not
144:structure
120:webserver
1046:cite web
674:See also
670:/SPARC.
651:pointers
298:strcpy()
221:Canaries
150:Canaries
124:attacker
92:Overview
43:security
741:US CERT
668:OpenBSD
655:exploit
609:OpenBSD
527:OpenBSD
523:FreeBSD
453:Red Hat
435:Immunix
377:Tagging
314:entropy
260:random
190:removed
175:sources
64:tagging
764:Phrack
577:Clang/
519:Debian
499:Ubuntu
487:Fedora
468:Google
394:NX bit
318:daemon
271:random
258:, and
256:random
52:canary
1617:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
793:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
647:SPARC
398:Intel
133:of a
39:stack
1183:2014
1052:link
579:LLVM
559:/GS-
533:and
485:All
404:and
286:null
269:and
173:any
171:cite
82:LLVM
71:heap
1623:by
956:doi
660:gdb
555:/GS
443:IBM
431:GCC
406:ARM
402:AMD
262:XOR
227:or
223:or
184:by
37:on
1671::
1590:.
1563:.
1542:.
1482:.
1416:.
1350:.
1185:.
1174:.
1048:}}
1044:{{
952:21
950:.
946:.
913:.
872:^
853:^
829:^
801:^
767:.
761:.
739:.
611:.
573:.
537:.
529:,
400:,
294:FF
290:CR
254:,
236:.
84:,
80:,
1600:.
1573:.
1528:.
1507:.
1486:.
1468:.
1447:.
1426:.
1388:.
1336:.
1315:.
1272:.
1251:.
1230:.
1209:.
1159:.
1138:.
1117:.
1096:.
1075:.
1054:)
1040:.
1016:.
995:.
964:.
958::
931:.
896:.
847:.
823:.
769:7
743:.
596:(
211:)
205:(
200:)
196:(
192:.
178:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
