75:) attached at each end. As the glass is stretched out, it retains whatever cross-sectional pattern was in the original lump, but narrows quite uniformly along its length (due to the skill of the glassblowers doing the pulling, aided by the fact that if the glass becomes narrower at some point along the length, it cools more there and thus becomes stiffer). Cane is usually pulled until it reaches roughly the diameter of a pencil, when, depending on the size of the original lump, it may be anywhere from one to fifty feet in length. After cooling, it is broken into sections usually from four to six inches long, which can then be used in making more complex canes or in other glassblowing techniques.
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bubble is exactly the correct size and temperature, the bubble is rolled over the cane pattern, which sticks to the hot glass. The bubble must be the right size and temperature for the pattern to cover it fully without any gaps or trapping air. Once the canes have been picked up, the bubble can be further heated, blown, and smoothed and shaped on the marver to give whatever final shape the glassblower wishes, with an embedded lacy pattern from the canes. Twisting the object as it is being shaped imparts a spiral shape to the overall pattern.
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cylinder in the same pattern, but twisted in the opposite direction, and retaining some of the ribbing on the cylinder's outside. When this cylinder is the right size, the glassblower plunges it into the warm cup, without touching any of the sides until it is inserted all the way. Air is trapped in the spaces between the ribs of the two pieces, forming the uniformly spaced air bubbles. The piece may then be blown out and shaped as desired. The term
155:
shape of the mold. Canes with complicated, multi-colored patterns are formed by placing layers of different or alternating colors over a solid-color core, using various optic molds on the layers as they are built. Because the outer layers are hotter than those inside when the molds are used, the mold shape is impressed into the outer color without deforming the inner shapes. Canes made in this way are used in making
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87:'post' which is another punty with a small platform of clear glass on the end. The post is pressed against the end of the hot cylinder of glass to connect them, and the glassblower (or 'gaffer') and assistant walk away from each other with the punties, until the cane is stretched to the desired length and diameter. The cane cools within minutes and is cut into small sections.
133:
195:) is covered with a 'collar' of clear molten glass, and touched to one corner of the aligned canes. The tip of the blowpipe is then rolled along the bottom of the canes, which stick to the collar, aligned cylindrically around the edge of the blowpipe. They are heated further until soft enough to shape. The cylinder of canes is sealed at the bottom with jacks and
20:
405:
This diameter is small enough that the finished cane can be broken into short lengths or into murrine without a cutting tool, and it is convenient for picking up on a blowpipe. Contemporary glass artists sometimes use cane of larger diameter to make large murrine, which must be cut from the cane with
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molten clear glass over the color by dipping the punty in a furnace containing the clear glass. After the desired amount of clear glass is surrounding the color, this cylinder of hot glass is then shaped, cooled and heated until uniform in shape and temperature. Simultaneously an assistant prepares a
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Cane can also be incorporated in larger blown glass work by picking it up on a bubble of molten clear glass. This technique involves the gaffer creating a bubble from molten clear glass while an assistant heats the pattern of cane. When the cane design is fused and at the correct temperature and the
154:
Another technique for forming cane is to use optic molds to make more complex cross sections. An optic mold is an open-ended cone-shaped mold with some sort of lobed or star shape around its inside circumference. When a gather or partially blown bubble is forced into the mold, its outside takes the
128:
canes are picked up while laid side-by-side rather than a bundle, with a clear glass gather over them. This gather is shaped into a cylinder with the canes directed along the axis, so that the canes form a sort of "fence" across the diameter of the cylinder. When this is simultaneously twisted and
103:
A simple single-thread cane can then be used to make more complex canes. A small bundle of single-thread canes can be heated until they fuse, or heated canes, laid parallel, can be picked up on the circumference of a hot cylinder of clear or colored glass. This bundle, treated just as the chunk of
227:
canes to blow a cylindrical cup shape, twisting as he forms it so the canes are in a spiral, and using care not to totally smooth the inside ribbing that remains from the canes. Setting this cup aside (usually keeping it warm in a furnace, below its softening point), he then makes another closed
190:
One way glassblowers incorporate cane into their work is to line up canes on a steel or ceramic plate and heat them slowly to avoid cracking. When the surfaces of the canes just begin to melt, the canes adhere to each other. The tip of a glassblowing pipe
35:
refers to the process of making cane, and also to the use of pieces of cane, lengthwise, in the blowing process to add intricate, often spiral, patterns and stripes to vessels or other blown glass objects. Cane is also used to make
82:(glass with threads) is clear glass with one or more threads of colored (often white) glass running its length. It is commonly made by heating and shaping a chunk of clear, white, or colored glass on the end of a punty, and then
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sometimes make cane by building up the cross-section using ordinary flameworking or bead making techniques. This permits very subtle gradations of color and shading, and is the way murrine portraits are usually made.
67:
There are several different methods of making cane. In each, the fundamental technique is the same: a lump of glass, often containing some pattern of colored and clear glass, is heated in a furnace (
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pattern is a small uniform mesh of white threads in clear glass, with a tiny air bubble in every mesh rectangle. To make an object in this pattern, the glassblower first uses white single-thread
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31:, cane refers to rods of glass with color; these rods can be simple, containing a single color, or they can be complex and contain strands of one or several colors in pattern.
44:, sometimes called mosaic glass), thin discs cut from the cane in cross-section that are also added to blown or hot-worked objects. A particular form of murrine glasswork is
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cane with multiple threads and perhaps a clear or solid color core. If the cane is twisted as it is pulled, the threads take a spiral shape called
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48:("thousand flowers"), in which many murrine with a flower-like or star-shaped cross-section are included in a blown glass piece.
426:
Tatton-Brown, Veronica; Andrews, Carol (1991). "Chapter One: Before the
Invention of Glassblowing". In Tait, Hugh (ed.).
956:
150: in (38 mm) - disc of millefiori-patterned glass. Each of the stars and flowers is a cross-section of a cane
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in the second half of the third century BC, and elaborately developed centuries later on the
Italian island of
451:
Tait, Hugh. "Chapter Five: Europe from the Middle Ages to the
Industrial Revolution". In Tait, Hugh (ed.).
95:
199:, to form the beginning of a bubble. The bubble is then blown using traditional glassblowing techniques.
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262:
858:
778:
982:
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Gudenrath, William. "Appendix: Techniques of
Glassmaking and Decoration". In Tait, Hugh (ed.).
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159:. Discs from eight different canes have been used to make the pendant in the photo.
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Glass: A Pocket
Dictionary of Terms Commonly Used to Describe Glass and Glassmaking
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163:
72:
68:
28:
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color in the description above, is cased in clear glass and pulled out, forming a
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175:
The generic term for blown glass made using canes in the lengthwise direction is
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Glassblowing technique for making glass rods with several colored patterns
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pulled, the resulting cane has a helix of threads across its thickness.
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when the canes are sliced and used in cross-section. (An older term is
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Caneworking is an ancient technique, first invented in southern
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is often loosely applied to any criss-cross pattern, whether
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Close-up of ballotini cane forming a part of a blown vessel
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Functional glassware with ballotini and zanfirico cane
240:, white or colored, and with or without air bubbles.
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314:Close-up of combined ballotini and zanfirico cane
71:) and then pulled, by means of a long metal rod (
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477:. Corning, New York: Corning Museum of Glass.
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212:Close-up of reticello vessel blown by artist
8:
23:Hand-pulled and twisted complex glass canes
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611:
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592:Tait, Hugh (ed.). "Appendix: Glossary".
251:for information about these techniques.
418:
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179:(filigree glass), as contrasted with
124:is a cane technique in which several
7:
526:"Sequence of murrine-making images"
666:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)
187:, which has fallen into disuse).
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661:Blowing and pressing (containers)
500:"Sequence of cane-making images"
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342:Ballotini, zanfirico and murrine
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473:Whitehouse, David, ed. (1993).
1:
430:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
844:Machine drawn cylinder sheet
957:Glossary of glass art terms
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255:Additional canework images
78:The simplest cane, called
573:. Corning Museum of Glass
326:Zanfirico cane next to a
91:Variations in cane making
874:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass
686:Overflow downdraw method
681:Precision glass moulding
676:Drawing (optical fibers)
927:Shock metamorphic glass
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280:Contemporary canework
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789:Cylinder blown sheet
530:David Patchen Studio
504:David Patchen Studio
268:Traditional canework
912:Radiative processes
727:historic techniques
651:Float glass process
112:(twisted glass) or
706:Chemical polishing
594:Glass: 5,000 Years
557:Glass: 5,000 Years
453:Glass: 5,000 Years
428:Glass: 5,000 Years
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634:Glass production
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571:"Murrine Making"
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889:Studio glass
864:Porous glass
829:Glass mosaic
814:Forest glass
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725:Artistic and
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575:. Retrieved
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533:. Retrieved
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507:. Retrieved
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387:Studio glass
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299:canework by
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29:glassblowing
26:
839:Lampworking
779:Crown glass
774:Cased glass
769:Caneworking
764:Broad sheet
759:Blown plate
63:Making cane
33:Caneworking
977:Categories
849:Millefiori
749:Beadmaking
671:Glass wool
644:techniques
642:Commercial
636:techniques
414:References
249:Millefiori
157:millefiori
136:A small -
69:glory hole
46:millefiori
40:(singular
983:Glass art
931:Impactite
922:Sea glass
834:Glassware
794:Engraving
784:Cut glass
744:Glass art
739:Art glass
734:Äina-kÄri
382:Glass art
297:zanfirico
293:Ballotini
230:reticello
221:reticello
185:latticino
177:filigrano
162:Finally,
122:Ballotini
115:zanfirico
84:gathering
879:Slumping
691:Pressing
376:See also
356:merletto
197:tweezers
193:blowpipe
171:Cane use
950:Related
799:Etching
754:Blowing
716:Rolling
696:Casting
358:pattern
330:pattern
328:murrine
245:Murrine
181:murrine
145:⁄
42:murrina
38:murrine
993:Crafts
854:Mirror
824:Fusing
577:29 May
535:31 May
509:31 May
481:
434:
57:Murano
393:Notes
73:punty
53:Italy
579:2017
537:2017
511:2017
479:ISBN
432:ISBN
295:and
247:and
243:See
118:.
236:or
27:In
979::
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354:A
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191:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
