235:
1239:
subsequently changed his stance when he was tasked with heading a special commission after World War II investigating wolf attacks throughout the Soviet Union, which had increased during the war years. A report presented in
November 1947 described numerous attacks, including ones perpetrated by apparently healthy animals, and gave recommendations on how to better defend against them. The Soviet authorities prevented the document from reaching both the public and those who would otherwise be assigned to deal with the problem. All mention of wolf attacks was subsequently censored.
1186:
672:
988:, which houses a large population of wolves. Wolves in Finland are protected throughout the country, and can be hunted only with specific permission. As of December 2021, the Swedish-Norwegian wolf seems to be extinct and any wolf individuals found in these countries appear to be solely Finland wolves. The decline in the moose populations has reduced the wolf's food supply. Since 2011, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark have also reported wolf sightings presumably by natural migration from adjacent countries.
1124:
1080:
1102:, in which members of the LCIE have an advisory role. States outside the EU which are signatories to the Bern Convention may submit a corresponding application for a change of protection status to the Standing Committee of the Berne Convention, in which the LCIE also has an advisory role. For example, Switzerland submitted such a request in 2006, which was rejected at the time. In 2018, Switzerland again requested the reduction of the protection status. Due to the passive behaviour of the
968:
95:
734:
1248:
1031:. Since then, the population has steadily increased and the area of distribution has grown and extended to large parts of the Federal Republic. In the monitoring year 2020/21, there were a total of 157 packs, 27 pairs and 19 individual territorial animals in 11 federal states. The number of pups was 556. Since the summer of 2021, around 1400 wolves, adult animals and young ones, are estimated to be living in Germany.
808:
70:
42:
642:, and weighed 86 kg (190 lb). Larger weights of 92–96 kg (203–212 lb) have been reported in Ukraine, though the circumstances under which these latter animals were weighed are not known. Although similar in size to central Russian wolves, Swedish and Norwegian wolves tend to be more heavily built with deeper shoulders. One wolf killed in
1035:
buildup of an autonomous population. Although wolves have special status in
Hungary, they may be hunted with a year-round permit if they cause problems. Romania has a large population of wolves, numbering 2500 animals. The wolf has been a protected animal in Romania since 1996, although the law is not enforced. The number of wolves in
1204:
reported in about 50 years, with an average of two per year over a country area of 45,227 km, and with some injured people who survived a wolf attack. The wolves that immigrated to
Central Europe come from this Baltic population. Due to the abundance of game and many grazing animals still living in species-appropriate
730:. Although the Finnish wolf population rose by 2005 to around 250 individuals, by 2013, their numbers had again declined to the mid-1990s figure of around 140. This was despite government measures to keep breeding numbers viable. At the beginning of 2016, the wolf population was roughly 300-350 individuals.
725:
wolves in northern Sweden in organized drives. By 1960, few wolves remained in Sweden, due to the use of snowmobiles in hunting them, with the last specimen being killed in 1966. The grey wolf was exterminated in
Denmark in 1772 and Norway's last wolf was killed in 1973. The species was almost wiped
604:
The
European wolf's head is narrower, and tapers gradually to form the nose, which is produced on the same plane with the forehead. Its ears are higher and somewhat nearer to each other; their length exceeds the distance between the auditory opening and the eye. Its loins are more slender, its legs
1159:
the proportion of wolf attacks during the day increased. In 2018 there was an estimated loss of 12,500 farm animals caused by wolf attacks in the French Alpine arc, with a population of about 500 wolves and several thousand livestock guardian dogs. Despite new measures to protect herds, there were
1223:, records of rabid wolf attacks go back two centuries. At least 72 people were bitten between 1992 and 2000. Similarly, in Lithuania, attacks by rabid wolves have continued to the present day, with 22 people having been bitten between 1989 and 2001. Around 82 people were bitten by rabid wolves in
1203:
in the years from 1804 to 1853, 108 of them were children, two men and one woman. Of the 108 children, 59 were boys aged 1 – 15 years (average age 7.3 years) and 47 girls aged 1 – 17 years (average age 7.2 years). For two children, sex and age were not specified." So in
Estonia, 111 deaths were
1034:
As of 1st of June 2021 the grey wolf is protected in
Slovakia and can't be killed, bought, sold. A few Slovak wolves disperse into the Czech Republic, where they are afforded full protection. Wolves in Slovakia, Ukraine, and Croatia may disperse into Hungary, where the lack of cover hinders the
975:
The recovery of
European wolf populations began after the 1950s, when traditional pastoral and rural economies declined and thus removed the need to heavily persecute wolves. By the 1980s, small and isolated wolf populations expanded in the wake of decreased human density in rural areas and the
1238:
cast doubt on the veracity of records involving wolf-caused deaths. Prominent among them was zoologist Petr
Aleksandrovich Manteifel, who initially regarded all cases as either fiction or the work of rabid animals. His writings were widely accepted among Russian zoological circles, though he
999:
and the nature conservation foundation EuroNatur, which is carried out by the Polish nature conservation organisation
Association for Nature Wolf (AfN Wolf). The Polish scientists estimated that at the end of the 2018/19 monitoring year, at least 95 resident wolf packs would be west of the
630:. Adults from Russia measure 105–160 cm (41–63 in) in length, 80–85 cm (31–33 in) in shoulder height, and weigh on average 32–50 kg (71–110 lb), with a maximum weight of 69–80 kg (152–176 lb). The largest on record was killed after World War II in the
1155:, the number of animals captured in unprotected flocks decreased between 2010 and 2015 as more and more flocks were protected, but the number of animals killed in protected flocks increased. During this period the behaviour of the wolves changed in such a way that with increasing
914:. Following the two world wars, Soviet wolf populations peaked twice; 30,000 wolves were harvested annually from a population of 200,000 during the 1940s, with 40,000–50,000 harvested during peak years. Soviet wolf populations reached a low around 1970, disappearing over much of
843:. Wolf populations in Romania remained largely substantial, with an average of 2,800 wolves being killed annually out of a population of 4,600 from 1955 to 1965. An all-time low was reached in 1967, when the population was reduced to 1,550 animals. The extermination of wolves in
1027:. A population in western Poland expanded into eastern Germany, and in 2000, the first pups were born on German territory. In 2012, an estimated 14 wolf packs were living in Germany (mostly in the east) and a pack with pups has been sighted within 24 km (15 mi) of
605:
longer, feet narrower, and its tail is more thinly clothed with fur. The shorter ears, broader forehead, and thicker muzzle of the American Wolf, with the bushiness of the hair behind the cheek, give it a physiognomy more like the social visage of an
1047:
and Croatia. Although protected, many wolves are illegally killed in Greece annually, and their future is uncertain. Wolf numbers have declined in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1986, while the species is fully protected in neighbouring Croatia and
487:
grey wolves, averaging 39 kg (86 lb) in Europe; however, exceptionally large individuals have weighed 69–79 kg (152–174 lb), though this varies according to region. Its fur is relatively short and coarse, and is generally of a
1092:
823:, wolves were never fully exterminated, due to the area's contiguity with Asia and its large forested areas. However, Eastern European wolf populations were reduced to very low numbers by the late 19th century. Wolves were extirpated in
1143:
between 2000 and 2019, the number of wolf attacks on grazing animals increased from none to 890 in one year, while the number of animals injured and killed increased to 2900, indicating a specialisation in grazing animals and frequent
1618:
Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin,
979:
In 1978, wolves began recolonising central Sweden after a 12-year absence, and have since expanded into southern Norway. As of 2005, the total number of Swedish and Norwegian wolves was estimated to be at least 100, including 11
717:
followed a similar course, with the last wolf believed to have been killed in 1786. A wolf bounty was introduced in Sweden in 1647, after the extermination of moose and reindeer forced wolves to feed on livestock. The
650:, excepting the tail, body lengths range from 110 to 148 cm, while shoulder height is 50–70 cm. Males weigh between 25 and 35 kg (55 and 77 lb) and rarely 45 kg (99 lb). The now extinct
1470:
991:
Wolf populations in Poland have increased to about 800–900 individuals since being classified as a game species in 1976, now for more than two decades under legal protection in Annex V and II of the
1211:
In France, historical records compiled by rural historian Jean-Marc Moriceau indicate that during the period 1362–1918, nearly 7,600 people were killed by wolves, of whom 4,600 were killed by non
512:, the howl of the Eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of North American grey wolf subspecies, whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable.
1227:
during the 18th to 19th centuries, with a further 136 people being killed in the same period by nonrabid wolves, though the animals likely involved in the latter cases were a combination of
984:. The grey wolf is fully protected in Sweden and partially controlled in Norway. The Scandinavian wolf populations owe their continued existence to neighbouring Finland's contiguity with the
726:
out in 20th-century Finland, despite regular dispersals from Russia. The grey wolf was present only in the eastern and northern parts of Finland by 1900, though its numbers increased after
1098:
For EU member states, an application for a change in the listing of the wolf in the annexes to the Habitats Directive requires the approval of the Division for Large Carnivores in the
2304:
618:
The size of Eurasian wolves is subject to geographic variation, with animals in Russia and Scandinavia being larger than those residing in Western Europe, having been compared by
761:
introduced the first legislation regulating the protection of wolves. The last free-living wolf to be killed on the soil of present-day Germany before 1945 was the so-called "
1015:
Poland plays a fundamental role in providing routes of expansion into neighbouring Central European countries. In the east, its range overlaps with populations in Lithuania,
2098:
1107:
1467:
847:
was relatively recent, as a previous population of about 1,000 animals in 1955 was reduced to about 100–200 in 1964. In Greece, the species disappeared from the southern
953:. Since then, wolves have returned to and, in some cases, firmly established themselves in all of those countries, except for the islands of Ireland and Great Britain.
705:. Wolves survived longer in Scotland, where they sheltered in vast tracts of forest, which were subsequently burned down. Wolves managed to survive in the forests of
2725:
1004:, more than at any time since data collection began in 2003. For the first time, the scientists were also able to detect at least three reproducing packs in the
3188:
2216:
2464:
827:
during the first decade of the 20th century and, by the mid-20th century, could be found only in a few forested areas in eastern Poland. Wolves in the eastern
3216:
1741:
Viviani, Alessia; Gazzola, Andrea; Scandura, Massimo (2006). "Il Lupo: Un predatore sociale ed adattabile". In Apollonio, Marco; Mattioli, Luca (eds.).
1917:
3136:
2181:
3162:
962:
995:. The number of wolf packs in western Poland has continued to increase. This is confirmed by the results of the wolf monitoring financed by the
2543:
749:, wolves were dramatically reduced in number during the early 19th century, due to organized hunts and reductions in ungulate populations. In
2659:
2530:
2135:
1833:
1820:
1681:
1394:
1103:
996:
2301:
3261:
444:
typically have several words for "wolf", thus attesting to the animal's abundance and cultural significance. It was held in high regard in
2337:
2119:
1067:, continent-wide extermination of wolves has ceased, and wolf populations have increased to about 25,000–30,000 animals throughout the
3251:
3246:
2718:
2572:
2552:
1957:
1901:
1725:
1591:
1571:
1531:
1429:
543:
are still the most important food sources in Russia and the more mountainous regions of Eastern Europe. Other prey species include
234:
2260:
1771:
3241:
2450:
1087:
The Eurasian wolf and the Italian wolf are legally protected in most European countries, either by listing in the annexes of the
2587:
224:
3221:
3180:
2683:
2636:
2616:
1452:
3167:
1185:
851:
in 1930. Despite periods of intense hunting during the 18th century, wolves never disappeared in the western Balkans, from
2711:
1997:
1282:, meaning "wolf people". The wolf was viewed as the lord of all animals and as the only effective power against evil. The
859:. Organized persecution of wolves began in Yugoslavia in 1923, with the setting up of the Wolf Extermination Committee in
329:
286:
3231:
3226:
2951:
597:
3175:
2287:
1268:
1043:
is largely unknown, despite the importance the two countries have in linking wolf populations from Greece to those of
2506:
1445:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture
1376:
3236:
3193:
2969:
2933:
1654:
50:
2140:
3266:
2738:
433:
1548:
Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British museum
1064:
921:
As of 2017, the IUCN Red List still recorded the grey wolf as regionally extinct in eight European countries:
2322:
2230:
1481:, eds. Carbyn, L. N., Fritts, S. H., and Seip, D. R., eds. pp. 3-12, Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute
94:
2495:(Ed.): Wolves in Russia - Anxiety Through the Ages. Detselig Enterprise Ltd Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2007).
1671:
1491:
1168:
1161:
804:
in 1789, but was re-established in 1814. In 1883, up to 1,386 wolves were killed, with many more by poison.
651:
441:
1925:
839:
occurred in only half the country around the start of the 20th century, and were largely restricted to the
3063:
1180:
1136:
1123:
1079:
1044:
671:
203:
3101:
2421:
1309:. Nevertheless, wolves were admired for their ferocity and Germanic warriors often had the wolf as their
3023:
2924:
1318:
1088:
1063:
are largely unknown, but are estimated in the hundreds of thousands based on annual harvests. Since the
2523:
Sur les pas du loup: Tour de France et atlas historiques et culturels du loup, du moyen âge à nos jours
1948:
1562:
1522:
600:
used European wolves as a basis for comparison, summarising the differences between the two forms as:
3123:
2987:
1857:
1314:
1216:
702:
1547:
757:
regions by 1899 and largely disappeared in Switzerland before the end of the 19th century. In 1934,
3042:
2273:
2024:
1372:
1099:
1068:
985:
832:
606:
59:
1839:
2996:
1650:
1235:
992:
971:
With the exception of the wolves in Italy, all populations shown here consist of Eurasian wolves.
879:
627:
619:
477:
250:
89:
967:
807:
3110:
3005:
2853:
2679:
2655:
2649:
2632:
2612:
2568:
2548:
2526:
2433:
Michel Meuret, Laurent Garde, Charles-Henri Moulin, Marie-Odile Nozières-Petit, Marc Vincent:
2369:
1983:, eds. L. D. Mech, and L. Boitani, pp. 317–340, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press
1953:
1949:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
1897:
1829:
1809:, eds. L. D. Mech, and L. Boitani, pp. 289–316, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press
1721:
1677:
1587:
1567:
1563:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
1527:
1523:
Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
1448:
1425:
1400:
1390:
1264:
1135:
in 2021, 853 wolf attacks occurred in a population of 153 wolves in the presence of about 200
1005:
907:
895:
891:
856:
801:
714:
2585:"Let's get real: beyond wolf advocacy, toward realistic policies for carnivore conservation"
2116:
2019:
1872:
1276:
887:
883:
840:
762:
733:
722:
457:
453:
449:
445:
3256:
2942:
2591:
2308:
2186:
2158:
2123:
1474:
1294:
1228:
1145:
1040:
915:
899:
690:
465:
461:
2435:
1384:
1252:
2439:
INRA Productions Animales,Paris: INRA, 2017, 30 (5), pp.465-478. hal-01739303, Seite 472
2243:
3014:
2844:
2835:
2492:
2207:
1782:
1283:
1191:
1009:
950:
820:
746:
635:
2080:
1635:
1247:
1095:
or both, depending on whether a country is a signatory of the Bern Convention or not.
3210:
2960:
2584:
2154:
2103:
2010:
2001:
1717:
1710:
1616:
1380:
1056:
981:
774:
682:
678:
639:
489:
220:
79:
74:
3115:
2978:
2915:
2817:
1606:, edited by L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani, pp. 104-130, Chicago: University Press
1333:
places high importance on the wolf as when howling, it is thought to be praying to
1060:
911:
875:
868:
758:
738:
727:
697:, and continued until the late 1800s. In England, wolf persecution was enforced by
647:
404:
338:
41:
2061:
2045:
1894:
The Mythical Zoo: an Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature
1468:"Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human relationships"
436:
native to Europe and Asia. It was once widespread throughout Eurasia prior to the
2654:. Historical dictionaries of Europe. Vol. 80. Scarecrow Press. p. 136.
1199:
According to documented data, man-eating (not rabid) wolves killed 111 people in
878:
encompassed nearly the entire territory of the country, being absent only on the
17:
3149:
3095:
2906:
2884:
2826:
2808:
1263:
The majority of pre-Christian wolf-related traditions in Eurasia were rooted in
1156:
1132:
946:
942:
848:
781:
766:
719:
698:
694:
655:
576:
437:
1215:
wolves. Numerous attacks occurred in Germany during the 17th century after the
2703:
2211:
1271:
cultures, sometimes as deity figures. The wolf was held in high esteem by the
938:
860:
710:
675:
509:
3086:
1551:, London, Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, pp. 313-314
2768:
2676:
On the Trail of Genghis Khan: An Epic Journey Through the Land of the Nomads
2395:
2085:
1877:
1404:
1322:
701:, and the last wolf was killed in the late 15th century during the reign of
631:
580:
572:
540:
516:
501:
484:
473:
180:
146:
106:
2302:
Berner Konvention: Schweiz beantragt RĂĽckstufung des Schutzstatus des Wolfs
1354:
2478:
2217:
Military training areas facilitate the recolonization of wolves in Germany
3080:
3032:
2756:
1330:
1306:
1049:
1024:
864:
844:
824:
812:
544:
536:
532:
524:
497:
493:
126:
3141:
2774:
1602:
Peterson, R. O. & Ciucci, P. (2003), "The Wolf as a Carnivore", in
1326:
1272:
1224:
1205:
1200:
1140:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1001:
934:
930:
926:
922:
852:
836:
828:
770:
750:
706:
643:
623:
568:
552:
505:
469:
156:
3154:
2762:
2750:
2349:
2347:
1334:
1298:
1287:
1220:
1152:
1028:
903:
556:
548:
136:
116:
3057:
2436:Élevage et loups en France: historique, bilan et pistes de solution.
1745:(in Italian). Montepulciano (SI): Editrice Le Balze. pp. 29–43.
1337:
thus making it the only creature other than man to worship a deity.
492:
colour, with white on the throat that barely extends to the cheeks.
2355:
1208:, the wolves in Europe are not yet interested in children as prey.
1164:
region and compensation was paid for 12,491 detected wolf attacks.
811:
The last wolf in central Finland was killed in 1911 in the town of
2781:
2629:
Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe
1495:
1310:
1246:
1212:
1184:
1122:
1078:
966:
806:
754:
732:
670:
560:
528:
520:
166:
1828:, Seinäjoki, Finland: Ruralia Institute, University of Helsinki,
1687:
1386:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
753:, the last wolf was killed in 1847, and had disappeared from the
3128:
2788:
2735:
2482:
Carnivore Damage Prevention News, No 9 December 2005, page 10-12
1302:
564:
515:
Many Eurasian wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on
3061:
2707:
867:. The committee was successful in reducing wolf numbers in the
835:
and large areas of plains, mountains, and farmlands. Wolves in
2862:
1858:"Institutional Misfits: Law and Habits in Finnish Wolf Policy"
1492:"Factsheet: Gray Wolf (Eurasia's Carnivores > Canis lupus)"
1422:
The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species
1127:
Wolf attacks on domestic animals (farm animals) in Germany
646:
was recorded to have weighed 72 kg (159 lb). In
476:
cultures, whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early
2261:
Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012-2016
1979:
Boitani, L. (2003), "Wolf Conservation and Recovery", in
1219:, though the majority probably involved rabid wolves. In
1313:, a trait later exported to other European cultures. In
2698:
2231:
Wolf territories in Germany - summary by federal states
2544:
The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans
1805:
Fritts, S. H., et al. (2003), "Wolves and humans", in
1479:
Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world
780:
Wolf hunting in France was first institutionalized by
737:
Monument to the shooting of one of the last wolves in
693:'s wolves first became an organized effort during the
2182:"Wolves close in on Berlin after more than a century"
777:), in 1904. Today, wolves have returned to the area.
2479:
What is Wrong with Romanian Livestock Guarding Dogs?
1286:
associated wolves with their plague-and-healing god
1189:
Map showing the number of wolf attacks in France by
3070:
2897:
2799:
2244:Soviet Union collapse 'affected region's wildlife'
2126:, (in Danish) Danish Nature Agency, (Dec. 7, 2012)
1709:
1108:Favourable conservation status of wolves in Europe
440:. Aside from an extensive paleontological record,
831:benefitted from the region's contiguity with the
1637:The Naturalists Library, Mammalia, Vol. IX: Dogs
1389:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
523:in areas with dense human activity, though wild
2507:Circumstances leading to wolf attacks on humans
1443:Gamkrelidze, T. V. & Ivanov, V. V. (1995),
2025:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3746A163508960.en
1991:
1989:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1952:, Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 177-179,
1758:A history of British fossil mammals, and birds
1526:, Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 184-187,
1516:
1514:
1512:
1251:Eurasian wolf pictured in the coat of arms of
2719:
2565:Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1673:Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages
1462:
1460:
1439:
1437:
784:between 800 and 813, when he established the
8:
2465:12 500 brebis dévorées par les loups en 2019
1541:
1539:
794:
786:
609:than the sneaking aspect of a European Wolf.
1604:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
654:are known to have reached similar sizes to
3058:
2726:
2712:
2704:
2607:Mallory, J. P. & Adams, D. Q. (1997),
1981:Wolves: Behavior, ecology and conservation
1946:Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N. P. (1998)
1807:Wolves: Behavior, ecology and conservation
1630:
1628:
1615:Richardson, John & Swainson, William.
1566:, Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 166,
1560:Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N. P. (1998)
1520:Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N. P. (1998)
1416:
1414:
233:
68:
40:
31:
2141:Neue Zahlen: Mehr Wolfsrudel in Westpolen
2023:
1876:
1424:, University of Minnesota Press, p. 354,
1160:3,838 sightings of wolves in 2019 in the
2631:, University Press of America, pp.75-6,
2081:"SS: Kuolleissa susissa vanhoja hauleja"
1584:The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World
902:. The species was exterminated twice in
1346:
1293:Less flattering portrayals occurred in
963:Conservation status of wolves in Europe
792:, a special corps of wolf hunters. The
263:
2699:Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe
2611:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 647-648,
2609:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2567:, Detselig Enterprises, pp. 175-176,
2323:38th meeting Strasbourg November 2018
1656:Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches
1325:instructing him to build the city of
1267:with wolves featuring prominently in
1234:Several Russian zoologists after the
1104:Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe
997:International Fund for Animal Welfare
622:to the large wolves of north-western
596:In describing North American wolves,
7:
2099:"The wolf returns: Call of the wild"
1676:. Detselig Enterprises. p. 35.
3217:IUCN Red List least concern species
2338:List of decisions and adopted texts
2285:Bundesrat der Schweizer Regierung:
2180:Paterson, Tony (20 November 2012).
2153:Friedrich, Regina (February 2010).
2062:"Susien määrä yllättäen vähentynyt"
2011:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1920:[Distribution in Germany].
1106:, processing is delayed. (See also
976:recovery of wild prey populations.
504:are rare, and mostly the result of
2651:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
2476:Annette Mertens, Helga Schneider:
2356:Schutz des Weideviehs vor dem Wolf
1447:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 413-417,
1275:, whose name was derived from the
25:
1819:Bisi, Jukka; Kurki, Sami (2008),
1770:Hickey, Kieran (May–June 2003).
93:
2451:Info Loup 31 special Bilan 2019
2274:Arten von EU-Rechtsvorschriften
2048:. EurekAlert!, 1 December 2021.
1772:"Wolf - Forgotten Irish Hunter"
1640:. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars, 1839.
1171:also became victims of wolves.
713:until 1684. The extirpation of
2952:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (
1743:Il Lupo in provincia di Arezzo
1:
2157:. Translated by Kevin White.
2046:The Norwegian wolf is extinct
1071:, an increase of about 150%.
874:The grey wolf's range in the
2970:Alexander Archipelago wolf (
2934:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (
2648:SuĹľiedÄ—lis, Saulius (2011).
2521:Moriceau, Jean-Marc (2013),
2422:Nationwide damage statistics
1918:"Verbreitung in Deutschland"
1231:and escaped captive wolves.
1055:Wolf populations throughout
3262:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2678:, A&C Black, pp. 46-7,
1996:Boitani, L.; Phillips, M.;
1924:(in German). Archived from
1083:Protection status in Europe
3283:
2541:Linnell, J. D. C. (2002),
2370:"ĂśBERGRIFFE AUF NUTZTIERE"
1822:The wolf debate in Finland
1716:. Voyageur Press. p.
1321:appears before Grand Duke
1178:
1119:Attacks on grazing animals
960:
3252:Mammals described in 1758
3247:Subspecies of Canis lupus
2745:
2598:. Summer 2009. pp. 26–30.
1896:. ABC-CLIO. p. 272.
1586:, Souvenir Press, p. 73,
1243:Relationships with humans
256:
249:
241:
232:
209:
202:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2925:British Columbian wolf (
1856:Hiedanpää, Juha (2013).
1383:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1065:fall of the Soviet Union
800:was abolished after the
3242:Mammals of Central Asia
3024:Alaskan Interior wolf (
1878:10.5751/ES-05302-180124
1781:: 10–13. Archived from
1420:Mech, L. David (1981),
1169:livestock guardian dogs
1137:livestock guardian dogs
765:", which was shot near
442:Indo-European languages
434:subspecies of grey wolf
51:KolmĂĄrden Wildlife Park
27:Subspecies of carnivore
2988:Mackenzie River wolf (
2448:RĂ©publique francaise:
1708:Gibson, Nancy (1996).
1545:Miller, G. S. (1912),
1255:
1196:
1181:Wolf attacks on humans
1128:
1084:
1045:Bosnia and Herzegovina
972:
816:
795:
787:
742:
686:
611:
506:wolf-dog hybridisation
3222:Carnivorans of Europe
3043:Alaskan tundra wolf (
2159:Goethe-Institut e. V.
1760:, J. Van Voorst, 1846
1670:Graves, Will (2007).
1250:
1206:free range management
1188:
1126:
1082:
1012:-Polish border area.
970:
810:
736:
689:The extermination of
674:
602:
483:It is the largest of
428:), also known as the
49:Eurasian wolf in the
2997:Baffin Island wolf (
2627:Grumeza, I. (2009),
2462:La France Agricole:
2335:Standing Committee:
2320:Standing Committee:
1466:Boitani, L. (1995),
1315:Lithuanian mythology
1162:Auvergne-RhĂ´ne-Alpes
587:Physical description
3232:Mammals of Pakistan
3227:Carnivorans of Asia
3039:(taxonomy disputed)
3006:Northwestern wolf (
2563:Graves, W. (2007),
2155:"Wolves in Germany"
1922:Wolfsregion Lausitz
1892:Sax, Boria (2001).
1865:Ecology and Society
1845:on 15 February 2010
1359:eunis.eea europa.eu
1100:European Commission
1069:former Soviet Union
986:Republic of Karelia
833:former Soviet Union
60:Conservation status
3008:C. l. occidentalis
2590:2016-04-18 at the
2525:, Paris, Montbel,
2307:2020-10-08 at the
2161:, Online-Redaktion
2122:2012-12-10 at the
1651:Theodore Roosevelt
1634:Jardine, William.
1622:, Jay Murray, 1829
1582:Zimen, E. (1981),
1473:2015-07-17 at the
1256:
1236:October Revolution
1197:
1129:
1085:
993:Habitats Directive
973:
910:, and again after
880:Solovetsky Islands
817:
743:
687:
620:Theodore Roosevelt
358:(Trouessart, 1910)
3237:Mammals of Russia
3204:
3203:
3102:Canis lupus lupus
3072:Canis lupus lupus
3064:Taxon identifiers
3055:
3054:
3026:C. l. pambasileus
2963:C. l. labradorius
2943:Hudson Bay wolf (
2927:C. l. columbianus
2661:978-0-8108-4914-3
2583:Geist, Valerius.
2531:978-2-35653-067-7
2353:BRF-Nachrichten:
2288:Berner Konvention
2250:(19 January 2015)
2107:, (Dec. 22, 2012)
2089:, March 19, 2013.
1835:978-952-10-4136-5
1788:on 25 March 2014.
1683:978-1-55059-332-7
1396:978-0-8018-8221-0
1377:"Order Carnivora"
1373:Wozencraft, W. C.
1265:Hittite mythology
1217:Thirty Years' War
1195:from 1400 to 1918
1175:Attacks on humans
1167:In some regions,
1006:Sudeten Mountains
908:Russian Civil War
906:, once after the
857:former Yugoslavia
802:French Revolution
715:wolves in Ireland
636:Poltavskij Region
425:Canis lupus lupus
416:
415:
409:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
342:(Altobello, 1921)
333:
322:
314:
306:
298:
297:(Dwigubski, 1804)
290:
278:
270:
213:Canis lupus lupus
83:
18:Canis lupus lupus
16:(Redirected from
3274:
3267:Fauna of Albania
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3059:
3015:Greenland wolf (
2945:C. l. hudsonicus
2865:C. l. familiaris
2845:Himalayan wolf (
2836:Mongolian wolf (
2829:C. l. campestris
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2686:
2674:Cope, T. (2013)
2672:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2605:
2599:
2581:
2575:
2561:
2555:
2539:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2504:Valerius Geist:
2502:
2496:
2491:Will N. Graves,
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2150:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2117:"Det var en ulv"
2114:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2060:Juha Kauppinen,
2059:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1960:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:on 11 April 2013
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1838:, archived from
1827:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1715:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1686:. Archived from
1667:
1661:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1580:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1518:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1494:. Archived from
1488:
1482:
1464:
1455:
1441:
1432:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1229:wolf-dog hybrids
1089:EU-FHH Directive
1075:Legal protection
888:Severnaya Zemlya
884:Franz-Josef Land
841:Carpathian Basin
798:
790:
763:Tiger of Sabrodt
681:of a grey wolf,
632:Kobelyakski Area
402:
398:(Dybowski, 1922)
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
336:
330:SĂ©lys Longchamps
325:
317:
313:(Bogdanov, 1882)
309:
301:
293:
287:SĂ©lys Longchamps
281:
277:(Dybowski, 1922)
273:
265:
237:
215:
195:C. l. lupus
98:
97:
77:
72:
71:
44:
32:
21:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3045:C. l. tundrarum
2990:C. l. mackenzii
2961:Labrador wolf (
2954:C. l. irremotus
2936:C. l. crassodon
2899:
2893:
2876:Eurasian wolf (
2801:
2795:
2741:
2732:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2592:Wayback Machine
2582:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2540:
2536:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2309:Wayback Machine
2299:Elli Radinger:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2223:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2187:The Independent
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2124:Wayback Machine
2115:
2111:
2097:
2093:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1963:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1793:
1785:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:Wayback Machine
1465:
1458:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1412:
1397:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1297:where the wolf
1295:Norse mythology
1261:
1245:
1183:
1177:
1146:surplus killing
1121:
1116:
1093:Bern Convention
1077:
1041:North Macedonia
965:
959:
916:European Russia
900:Shantar Islands
691:Northern Europe
669:
664:
616:
598:John Richardson
594:
589:
508:. According to
412:
408:(Cabrera, 1907)
382:(Hermann, 1804)
374:(Ogerien, 1863)
366:(Ogérien, 1863)
305:(Cabrera, 1907)
262:
261:
228:
217:
211:
198:
184:
92:
84:
73:
69:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3092:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2999:C. l. manningi
2994:
2985:
2979:Eastern wolf (
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2916:Mexican wolf (
2913:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:C. l. pallipes
2882:
2873:
2863:Domestic dog (
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2818:Arabian wolf (
2815:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2693:External links
2691:
2688:
2687:
2667:
2660:
2640:
2620:
2600:
2576:
2556:
2534:
2511:
2497:
2493:Valerius Geist
2484:
2469:
2455:
2441:
2426:
2412:
2386:
2360:
2343:
2341:Seite 5, 7, 19
2328:
2313:
2292:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2235:
2221:
2208:Ilka Reinhardt
2200:
2172:
2145:
2128:
2109:
2091:
2070:
2050:
2038:
1985:
1961:
1939:
1909:
1902:
1884:
1848:
1834:
1811:
1791:
1762:
1749:
1733:
1726:
1700:
1682:
1662:
1642:
1624:
1608:
1595:
1575:
1553:
1535:
1508:
1483:
1456:
1433:
1410:
1395:
1364:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1284:ancient Greeks
1260:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1076:
1073:
982:breeding pairs
958:
955:
951:United Kingdom
821:Eastern Europe
747:Central Europe
668:
665:
663:
660:
652:British wolves
648:Italian wolves
615:
612:
593:
590:
588:
585:
414:
413:
411:
410:
400:
392:
390:(Wagner, 1841)
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
350:(Bolkay, 1925)
344:
334:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
279:
271:
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
247:
246:
239:
238:
230:
229:
218:
207:
206:
204:Trinomial name
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Eurasian wolf
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3279:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:C. l. baileyi
2914:
2912:
2910:
2907:Arctic wolf (
2905:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2885:Indian wolf (
2883:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2869:C. familiaris
2866:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2827:Steppe wolf (
2825:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2809:Tundra wolf (
2807:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:1-55059-332-3
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:82-426-1292-7
2550:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:The Economist
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2068:, April 2008.
2067:
2066:Suomen Luonto
2063:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:1-886106-81-9
1955:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1903:1-5760-7612-1
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1727:0-89658-299-X
1723:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1690:on 2009-08-02
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:0-285-62411-3
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:1-886106-81-9
1569:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:1-886106-81-9
1529:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1498:on 2015-08-04
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:0-8166-1026-6
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:Wilson, D. E.
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Indo-European
1266:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
977:
969:
964:
956:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
809:
805:
803:
799:
797:
791:
789:
783:
778:
776:
775:Lower Silesia
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
735:
731:
729:
724:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
683:Font-de-Gaume
680:
679:cave painting
677:
673:
666:
661:
659:
657:
656:Arctic wolves
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Ukrainian SSR
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
610:
608:
607:Esquimaux dog
601:
599:
591:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:ancient Greek
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
420:Eurasian wolf
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:(Noack, 1911)
268:
264:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
226:
222:
216:
214:
208:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
181:C. lupus
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
76:
75:Least Concern
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3071:
3044:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2981:C. l. lycaon
2980:
2972:C. l. ligoni
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2909:C. l. arctos
2908:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2847:C. l. chanco
2846:
2838:C. l. chanco
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2789:
2780:
2675:
2670:
2650:
2643:
2628:
2623:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2579:
2564:
2559:
2542:
2537:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2500:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2463:
2458:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2399:
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2354:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2242:Kinver, M.,
2238:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2131:
2112:
2102:
2094:
2084:
2078:(in Finnish)
2073:
2065:
2058:(in Finnish)
2053:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2015:
2009:
2003:
2002:"Gray Wolf:
1980:
1947:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1871:(1): 24–33.
1868:
1864:
1851:
1840:the original
1821:
1814:
1806:
1783:the original
1779:Wild Ireland
1778:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1711:
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1672:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1583:
1578:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1521:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:the original
1486:
1478:
1444:
1421:
1385:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1292:
1279:
1262:
1233:
1210:
1198:
1190:
1166:
1150:
1130:
1097:
1086:
1061:Central Asia
1054:
1033:
1014:
990:
978:
974:
920:
912:World War II
876:Soviet Union
873:
869:Dinaric Alps
818:
793:
785:
779:
759:Nazi Germany
744:
739:Lower Saxony
728:World War II
688:
617:
603:
595:
514:
482:
429:
424:
423:
419:
417:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
337:
326:
321:(Kerr, 1792)
318:
310:
302:
294:
282:
274:
266:
242:
212:
210:
194:
193:
189:Subspecies:
179:
167:
29:
3150:iNaturalist
3096:Wikispecies
3035:C. l. rufus
3017:C. l. orion
2878:C. l. lupus
2856:C. l. dingo
2820:C. l. arabs
2811:C. l. albus
2519:(in French)
2402:(in German)
2400:www.kora.ch
2376:(in German)
2374:www.kora.ch
2193:24 November
2004:Canis lupus
1192:département
1157:habituation
1133:Switzerland
947:Switzerland
943:Netherlands
849:Peloponnese
782:Charlemagne
767:Hoyerswerda
699:legislation
695:Middle Ages
577:fallow deer
438:Middle Ages
430:common wolf
243:C. l. lupus
3211:Categories
3033:Red wolf (
2900:subspecies
2802:subspecies
2739:subspecies
2684:1408839881
2637:076184466X
2617:1884964982
2596:Fair Chase
2406:2023-04-25
2380:2023-04-25
2212:Gesa Kluth
1932:12 October
1756:Owen, R.,
1694:2010-05-05
1502:2015-03-07
1453:3110815036
1341:References
1091:or by the
961:See also:
949:, and the
939:Luxembourg
890:, and the
796:louveterie
788:louveterie
723:extirpated
711:Sutherland
676:Polychrome
628:Washington
573:wild goats
510:Erik Zimen
502:erythrists
480:cultures.
396:orientalis
388:orientalis
311:desertorum
275:argunensis
2898:New World
2800:Old World
2787:Species:
2769:Carnivora
2749:Kingdom:
2736:gray wolf
2396:"BESTAND"
2086:Iltalehti
2000:(2020) .
1998:Jhala, Y.
1323:Gediminas
1319:iron wolf
1114:Conflicts
896:Commander
703:Henry VII
581:musk deer
541:wild boar
525:ungulates
517:livestock
494:Melanists
485:Old World
175:Species:
147:Carnivora
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
53:, Sweden
3181:14000739
3081:Wikidata
2773:Family:
2763:Mammalia
2757:Chordata
2755:Phylum:
2751:Animalia
2588:Archived
2547:, NINA,
2305:Archived
2214:et al.:
2120:Archived
1471:Archived
1405:62265494
1375:(2005).
1331:Tengrism
1307:Ragnarok
1148:events.
1057:Northern
1050:Slovenia
1025:Slovakia
957:Recovery
865:Slovenia
845:Bulgaria
825:Slovakia
813:Karstula
685:, France
545:reindeer
537:roe deer
533:red deer
527:such as
478:Germanic
474:Thracian
405:signatus
339:italicus
327:fulvus (
303:deitanus
295:communis
267:altaicus
251:Synonyms
221:Linnaeus
153:Family:
137:Mammalia
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
3142:7193871
3129:1226119
3087:Q898061
2854:Dingo (
2779:Genus:
2775:Canidae
2767:Order:
2761:Class:
2734:Extant
2326:Seite 9
2031:10 July
1327:Vilnius
1305:during
1277:Gaulish
1273:Dacians
1225:Estonia
1201:Estonia
1141:Germany
1037:Albania
1021:Ukraine
1017:Belarus
1008:in the
1002:Vistula
935:Ireland
931:Denmark
927:Belgium
923:Austria
892:Karagin
861:KoÄŤevje
855:to the
853:Albania
837:Hungary
829:Balkans
771:Lusatia
751:Bavaria
707:Braemar
667:Decline
644:Romania
638:in the
634:of the
624:Montana
569:chamois
553:mouflon
521:garbage
498:albinos
432:, is a
332:, 1839)
289:, 1839)
163:Genus:
157:Canidae
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
3257:Wolves
3194:443256
3168:180598
3155:311231
2682:
2658:
2635:
2615:
2571:
2551:
2529:
2419:DBBW:
2394:Kora.
2368:Kora.
2228:DBBW:
1956:
1900:
1832:
1724:
1712:Wolves
1680:
1590:
1570:
1530:
1451:
1428:
1403:
1393:
1355:"Wolf"
1335:Tengri
1301:kills
1299:Fenrir
1288:Apollo
1221:Latvia
1153:France
1029:Berlin
1023:, and
904:Crimea
898:, and
773:(then
579:, and
557:wisent
549:argali
500:, and
472:, and
470:Dacian
458:Turkic
454:Slavic
450:Celtic
446:Baltic
356:lycaon
348:kurjak
319:flavus
245:range
3116:5G6ZW
2790:lupus
2782:Canis
2165:2 May
1861:(PDF)
1843:(PDF)
1826:(PDF)
1786:(PDF)
1775:(PDF)
1477:, in
1379:. In
1317:, an
1311:totem
1259:Myths
1253:Järva
1213:rabid
1139:. In
1010:Czech
755:Rhine
662:Range
592:Build
561:saiga
529:moose
490:tawny
466:Roman
380:niger
372:minor
364:major
283:canus
168:Canis
3189:NCBI
3163:ITIS
3137:GBIF
2680:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2195:2012
2167:2013
2136:IFAW
2033:2020
2016:2018
1954:ISBN
1934:2013
1898:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1619:R.N.
1588:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1401:OCLC
1391:ISBN
1303:Odin
1280:Daoi
1059:and
1039:and
741:1872
720:Sami
709:and
626:and
614:Size
565:ibex
539:and
519:and
418:The
260:List
225:1758
3176:MSW
3124:EoL
3111:CoL
2867:or
2248:BBC
2020:doi
1873:doi
1151:In
1131:In
1110:).
819:In
745:In
3213::
3191::
3178::
3165::
3152::
3139::
3126::
3113::
3098::
3083::
2594:.
2398:.
2372:.
2346:^
2246:,
2210:,
2184:.
2138::
2101:,
2083:,
2064:,
2018:.
2014:.
2008:.
1988:^
1964:^
1869:18
1867:.
1863:.
1794:^
1777:.
1720:.
1718:72
1653:.
1627:^
1538:^
1511:^
1459:^
1436:^
1413:^
1399:.
1357:.
1329:.
1290:.
1052:.
1019:,
945:,
941:,
937:,
933:,
929:,
925:,
918:.
894:,
886:,
882:,
871:.
863:,
769:,
658:.
583:.
575:,
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
547:,
535:,
531:,
496:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
223:,
3047:)
3037:)
3028:)
3019:)
3010:)
3001:)
2992:)
2983:)
2974:)
2965:)
2956:)
2947:)
2938:)
2929:)
2920:)
2911:)
2889:)
2880:)
2871:)
2858:)
2849:)
2840:)
2831:)
2822:)
2813:)
2727:e
2720:t
2713:v
2664:.
2409:.
2383:.
2197:.
2169:.
2035:.
2022::
2006:"
1936:.
1906:.
1881:.
1875::
1747:.
1730:.
1697:.
1659:.
1505:.
1407:.
1361:.
815:.
422:(
285:(
227:)
219:(
82:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
