20:
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85:(2003), noting technical details such as an all-capitals text and the use of late spoken Latin (e.g., CIVE instead of the formally correct CIVIS) to date the inscription to the fifth or sixth century, and neither before nor after that. He translated the inscription as "Cantiori lies here; he was a citizen of Gwynedd, a cousin of Maglus the magistrate", adding his broader thesis that "As well as the language, the political discourse of the Empire survived".
101:). The site has been destroyed over time, with little but the Roman road now visible. Antiquarian accounts include references to "likely long-cist graves marked by upright stones, suggesting a cemetery, as well as cairns, stones and other remains, which are thought to have included burial monuments of prehistoric date."
132:) in the sixth or seventh century and cites references, but does not comment upon it further. His discussion of "Wales Under Roman Rule" does not support any notion of a Roman heritage of administration or society, stating that Welsh society kept its native structure and connections to its pre-Roman past.
156:(1990) mentions several of the inscription stones at Penmachno, noting the reference to a "citizen of Gwynedd", and relates them to a desire to cling to the Roman world, particularly regarding trade goods, but does not otherwise relate them to a survival of a Roman-originated administration.
109:
The importance of the reference to early medieval
Gwynedd is uncontested, but the implications of the inscription's use of the terms 'civis' and 'magistrate' is varied. Rhys expressed doubt as to the inscription's meaning of 'civis', while Charles-Edwards suggested that it was evidence of a
205:(2001) notes that the inscription recalls terms of the Roman past and suggests possible context (e.g., the Roman custom of burials along roads), also noting that the inscription stone from Castell Dwyran in
146:(citizens) as members of the community, and this single inscription is the only occurrence where it is mentioned in a context that specifies the size and nature of the community—a citizen of Gwynedd.
532:
557:
142:(1982) mentions the Cantiorix inscription parenthetically as part of a comment on people and communities. She says generally that there is very occasional mention of
198:. Snyder also questions the meaning of a "citizen of Venidos", saying that Gwynedd at this time was a region that would later become a kingdom, and was not a city.
174:
and the
Mediterranean" and discusses several ancient usages of the term. He also notes authorities who had reached conclusions to the contrary, such as
286:. Reference to the inscription stone is made on page 40. He states on page 89 that Welsh society kept its native structure and connections to its past.
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194:' belief that the inscription was evidence of an ordered system of government in north Wales in the post-Roman era, centered upon
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77:(1877), noting that "the person commemorated was a man of importance, and a Venedotian citizen, whatever that may exactly mean".
170:
is "otherwise unknown to
British Christian epigraphy, though civic antecedents can be found on contemporary inscriptions from
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in some form in the early
Kingdom of Gwynedd, while others either question or discount its significance in that regard.
59:
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The
Cantiorix stone was found near Ffestiniog at the site traditionally known as the 'Graves of the Men of Ardudwy' (
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382:
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235:, Lecture IV. The inscription is mentioned again in the Appendix on page 387 with the text as-written:
73:
had read the Latin text as "Cantiori Hic Jacit
Venedotis Cive Fuit Consobrino Magli Magistrati" in his
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427:(2001), "Early-Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales: Context and Function",
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It is considered by some to be evidence that a Roman-style administration existed beyond the
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124:(1911) mentions the inscription stone at Penmachno as an early reference to Gwynedd (
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472:, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1912)
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A History of Wales from the
Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
47:. It is notable both as the first known historical reference to the
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Cantiori Hic Jacit
Venedotis Cive Fuit onsobrino Mali Magistrati
171:
496:
An Age of
Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600
346:
Early-Medieval
Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales
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Early-Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales
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Early-Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales
389:(First ed.), London: Penguin Group (published 1993),
498:, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,
533:Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom
162:, speaking of the Cantiorix inscription in his
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410:, Leicester: Leicester University Press,
558:Latin inscriptions in the United Kingdom
128:being a genitive form of something like
364:(2003), Charles-Edwards, Thomas (ed.),
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55:terms for 'citizen' and 'magistrate'.
368:, New York: Oxford University Press,
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110:Roman-style "political discourse" in
31:is a stone grave marker of the early
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23:Replica of the Cantiorix inscription
213:, a title recalling a Roman past.
190:had sent his rescript in 410, and
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182:referred to one of the surviving
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553:Medieval inscriptions in Latin
408:Wales in the Early Middle Ages
300:Wales in the Early Middle Ages
140:Wales in the Early Middle Ages
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112:early medieval northern Wales
166:(1998), notes that the term
60:Roman departure from Britain
486:, London: Trübner & Co.
483:Lectures on Welsh Philology
233:Lectures on Welsh Philology
75:Lectures on Welsh Philology
16:Stone grave marker in Wales
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51:, and for its use of the
43:and now at the church at
528:6th-century inscriptions
523:5th-century inscriptions
442:10.1179/med.2001.45.1.15
538:Medieval sites in Wales
366:After Rome: c.400-c.800
362:Charles-Edwards, Thomas
253:After Rome: c.400-c.800
105:Treatment by historians
492:Snyder, Christopher A.
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79:Thomas Charles-Edwards
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543:5th-century artifacts
29:Cantiorix Inscription
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430:Medieval Archaeology
249:Charles-Edwards 2003
81:was more precise in
99:Beddau Gwŷr Ardudwy
464:Lloyd, John Edward
387:A History of Wales
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66:Inscription
35:found near
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478:Rhys, John
354:References
280:Lloyd 1911
89:Background
83:After Rome
37:Ffestiniog
450:162335191
329::118–119
229:Rhys 1877
217:Citations
196:Segontium
184:civitates
126:Venedotis
71:John Rhys
45:Penmachno
39:in north
494:(1998),
480:(1877),
466:(1911),
406:(1982),
385:(1990),
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188:Honorius
563:Gwynedd
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120:in his
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434:(PDF)
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438:doi
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