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1877:
redistributed the over-concentrated wealth; and while attaching the masses to himself through such measures, he secured the support of the business community by promoting trade with state coinage and commercial treaties, and by raising the social prestige of the bourgeoisie. Forced to depend upon popularity instead of hereditary power, the dictatorships for the most part kept out of war, supported religion, maintained order, promoted morality, favored the higher status of women, encouraged the arts, and lavished revenues upon the beautification of their cities. And they did all these things, in many cases, while preserving the forms of popular government, so that even under despotism the people learned the ways of liberty. When the dictatorship had served to destroy the aristocracy the people destroyed the dictatorship; and only a few changes were needed to make democracy of freemen a reality as well as a form.
1647:
provinces, and the general command of the Roman armies..." Emperors "humbly professed themselves the accountable ministers of the senate, whose supreme decrees they dictated and obeyed." The Roman Empire "may be defined as an absolute monarchy disguised by the forms of a commonwealth." Roman emperors were deified. Gibbons called emperors tyrants and their rule tyranny. His definitions in the chapter were related to the absolutism of power alone – not oppression, injustice or cruelty. He ignored the appearance of shared rule.
66:
856:
45:
1698:, defined it as such: "Tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right, which nobody can have a right to; and this is making use of the power any one has in his hands, not for the good of those who are under it, but for his own private, separate advantage." Locke's concept of tyranny influenced the writers of subsequent generations who developed the concept of tyranny as counterpoint to ideas of
1256:
1247:
her), burnt his concubines alive, exiled his son, warred with his father-in-law and attempted to castrate 300 sons of his perceived enemies. He retained his position. Periander's successor was less fortunate and was expelled. Afterward, Corinth was ruled by a lackluster oligarchy, and was eventually eclipsed by the rising fortunes of Athens and Sparta.
1523:'s head and hands cut off and nailed to the rostrum of the Senate to remind everyone of the perils of speaking out against tyranny." There has since been a tendency to discuss tyranny in the abstract while limiting examples of tyrants to ancient Greek rulers. Philosophers have been more expressive than historians.
1646:
In Gibbon's
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume I, Chapter III, Augustus was shown to assume the power of a tyrant while sharing power with the reformed senate. "After a decent resistance, the crafty tyrant submitted to the orders of the senate; and consented to receive the government of the
1557:
The Greek philosophers stressed the quality of rule rather than legitimacy or absolutism. "Both Plato and
Aristotle speak of the king as a good monarch and the tyrant as a bad one. Both say that monarchy, or rule by a single man, is royal when it is for the welfare of the ruled and tyrannical when it
1246:
Nevertheless, under
Cypselus and Periander, Corinth extended and tightened her control over her colonial enterprises, and exports of Corinthian pottery flourished. However, tyrants seldom succeeded in establishing an untroubled line of succession. Periander threw his pregnant wife downstairs (killing
2503:
Beard says that most accounts of the period were written from the senatorial perspective (described at length). Tacitus was mentioned by Beard in this context, perhaps because he was a senator (the others were aristocrats of a lower rank). The senate discussed a return to the liberty of the republic
1907:
The political methods of obtaining power were occasionally supplemented by theater or force. Peisistratus of Athens blamed self-inflicted wounds on enemies to justify a bodyguard which he used to seize power. He later appeared with a woman dressed as a goddess to suggest divine sanction of his rule.
1566:
Tyranny is considered an important subject, one of the "Great Ideas" of
Western thought. The classics contain many references to tyranny and its causes, effects, methods, practitioners, alternatives. They consider tyranny from historical, religious, ethical, political and fictional perspectives. "If
1571:
dissented, claiming no objective distinction, such as being vicious or virtuous, existed among monarchs. "They that are discontented under monarchy, call it tyranny; and they that are displeased with aristocracy, call it oligarchy: so also, they which find themselves grieved under a democracy, call
1753:
outlined 14 key traits of a tyrant, as the pamphlet was written to inspire the assassination of Oliver
Cromwell, and show in what circumstances an assassination might be considered honorable. The full document mulls over and references points on the matter from early pre-Christian history, up into
1200:, built a strong alliance amongst neighboring states by making common cause with these groups seeking to oppose unpopular tyrannical rule. By intervening against the tyrants of Sicyon, Corinth and Athens, Sparta thus came to assume Hellenic leadership prior to the Persian invasions. Simultaneously
2231:
The
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Thomas Zemanek. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009 (Translation of "Tyran", Encyclopédie Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Vol. 16. Paris,
1514:
Therefore the plots which had previously been formed separately, often by groups of two or three, were united in a general conspiracy, since even the populace no longer were pleased with present conditions, but both secretly and openly rebelled at his tyranny and cried out for defenders of their
1567:
any point in political theory is indisputable, it would seem to be that tyranny is the worst corruption of government – a vicious misuse of power and a violent abuse of human beings who are subject to it." While this may represent a consensus position among the classics, it is not unanimous –
1876:
Hence the road to power in Greece commercial cities was simple: to attack the aristocracy, defend the poor, and come to an understanding with the middle classes. Arrived at power, the dictator abolished debts, or confiscated large estates, taxed the rich to finance public works, or otherwise
1777:
Tit-for-tat symbiosis in domestic relations: e.g. finding religious ideas permissible insofar as they are useful and flattering of the tyrant; finding aristocrats or the nobility laudable & honorable insofar as they are compliant with the will of the tyrant or in service of the tyrant,
1903:
Tyrants either inherit the position from a previous ruler, rise up the ranks in the military/party or seize power as new men. Early texts called only the usurpers tyrants, distinguishing them from "bad kings". Such tyrants may act as renters, rather than owners, of the state.
1294:, the Athenian lawgiver) who succeeded in 546 BC, after two failed attempts, to install himself as tyrant. Supported by the prosperity of the peasantry and landowning interests of the plain, which was prospering from the rise of olive oil exports, as well as his clients from
2244:
today by tyrant one understands, not only a usurper of sovereign power, but even a legitimate sovereign who abuses his power in order to violate the law, to oppress his people, and to make his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for
2074:
today by tyrant one understands, not only a usurper of sovereign power, but even a legitimate sovereign who abuses his power in order to violate the law, to oppress his people, and to make his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for
1099:(a usurper), an absolute ruler (despot), or an oppressive, unjust, or cruel ruler. The term is usually applied to vicious autocrats who rule their subjects by brutal methods. Oppression, injustice, and cruelty do not have standardized measurements or thresholds.
981:
defined the term as a usurper of sovereign power who makes "his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws". In the late fifth and fourth centuries BC, a new kind of tyrant, one who had the support of the
966:
Tyrants lack "the very faculty that is the instrument of judgment"—reason. The tyrannical man is enslaved because the best part of him (reason) is enslaved, and likewise, the tyrannical state is enslaved, because it too lacks reason and
1881:
Ancient Greek philosophers (who were aristocrats) were far more critical in reporting the methods of tyrants. The justification for ousting a tyrant was absent from the historian's description but was central to the philosophers.
1468:, the Achaeans liberated many cities, in several cases by convincing the tyrants to step down, and when Aratus died in 213 BC, Hellas had been free of tyrants for more than 15 years. The last tyrant on the Greek mainland,
1333:. Despite financial help from Persia, in 510 the Peisistratids were expelled by a combination of intrigue, exile and Spartan arms. The anti-tyrannical attitude became especially prevalent in Athens after 508 BC, when
2922:"Killing No Murder, Originally Applied to Oliver Cromwell – A Discourse Proving it Lawful to Kill a Tyrant According to the Opinion of the Most Celebrated Ancient Authors." by Col. Titus, Alias William Allen
1655:
1216:, growing wealth from colonial enterprises, and the wider horizons brought about by the export of wine and oil, together with the new experiences of the Eastern Mediterranean brought back by returning
1900:
stated: "The people have always some champion whom they set over them and nurse into greatness. This and no other is the root from which a tyrant springs; when he first appears he is a protector".
1130:
by unconventional means. Support for the tyrants could come from fellow oligarchs, from the growing middle class or from the peasants who had no land or were in debt to the wealthy landowners.
1762:
Prior military leadership service – tyrants are often former captains or generals, which allows them to assume a degree of honor, loyalty, and reputability regarding matters of state
3131:
1768:
Defamation and/or disbanding of formerly respectable persons, intellectuals, or institutions, and the discouragement of refined thinking or public involvement in state affairs
1558:
serves only the interest of the ruler. Both make lawlessness – either a violation of existing laws or government by personal fiat without settled laws – a mark of tyranny."
884:
962:
as a negative form of government, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, deemed tyranny the "fourth and worst disorder of a state."
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1386:
maintained lavish courts and became patrons of culture. The dangers threatening the lives of the
Sicilian tyrants are highlighted in the moral tale of the "
1235:. Clan members were killed, executed, driven out or exiled in 657 BC. Corinth prospered economically under his rule, and Cypselus managed to rule without a
2041:
1343:. Hippias (Peisistratus' other son) offered to rule the Greeks on behalf of the Persians and provided military advice to the Persians against the Greeks.
1362:
The best known
Sicilian tyrants appeared long after the Archaic period. The tyrannies of Sicily came about due to similar causes, but here the threat of
1502:
often spoke of "tyranny" in opposition to "liberty". Tyranny was associated with imperial rule and those rulers who usurped too much authority from the
3124:
1715:
101:
1603:
conflates all rule by a single person (whom he generally refers to as a "prince") with "tyranny", regardless of the legitimacy of that rule, in his
315:
2800:
The great leader and the fighter pilot: the true story of the tyrant who created North Korea and the young lieutenant who stole his way to freedom
877:
2504:
almost 70 years into the empire (based on
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XIX, Chapter II). Adler cites Tacitus and Plutarch on liberty.
1589:
describes tyrants ("who laid hold on blood and plunder") in the seventh level of Hell, where they are submerged in boiling blood. These include
1260:
3000:
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2190:
1472:, was assassinated in 192 BC and after his death the Peloponnese was united as a confederation of stable democracies in the Achaean League.
3117:
1619:. He also does not share in the traditional view of tyranny, and in his Discourses he sometimes explicitly acts as an advisor to tyrants.
2403:
2058:
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2782:
2725:
1298:, he managed to achieve authoritarian power. Through an ambitious program of public works, which included fostering the state cult of
870:
1350:
whom the
Spartans imposed on a defeated Attica in 404 BC would not be classified as tyrants in the usual sense and were in effect an
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or eastern in origin, then carried no ethical censure; it simply referred to anyone, good or bad, who obtained executive power in a
1930:). These are, in general, force and fraud. They include hiring bodyguards, stirring up wars to keep the people busy and dependent,
2117:
1774:
Amplification of military activity for the purposes of public distraction, raising new levies, or opening future business pathways
909:
1554:(~150 BC) indicated that eventually, any one-man rule (monarchy/executive) governing form would become corrupted into a tyranny.
1366:
attack prolonged tyranny, facilitating the rise of military leaders with the people united behind them. Such Sicilian tyrants as
1318:
1272:
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defined a tyrant as a person who rules without law, using extreme and cruel methods against both his own people and others. The
3561:
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755:
1204:
first started making inroads into Greece, and many tyrants sought Persian help against popular forces seeking to remove them.
3531:
1089:"The word 'tyranny' is used with many meanings, not only by the Greeks but throughout the tradition of the great books." The
562:
517:
1133:
The Greek tyrants stayed in power by using mercenary soldiers from outside of their respective city-state. To mock tyranny,
2692:"Welcome Ex-Dictators, Torturers and Tyrants: Comparative Approaches to Handling Ex-Dictators and Past Human Rights Abuses"
3536:
2327:
1982:
1823:
1665:
1476:
1107:
388:
3495:
2047:: "TYRANT (Gr. τύραννος, master, ruler), a term applied in modern times to a ruler of a cruel and oppressive character."
3510:
3490:
3199:
2631:
2515:
1938:, and unwarranted searches and seizures. Aristotle suggested an alternative means of retaining power – ruling justly.
1827:
1694:
1111:
582:
97:
1765:
Fraud over force – most tyrants are likely to manipulate their way into supreme power rather than force it militarily
1310:(ultimately leading to the development of Athenian drama), Peisistratus managed to maintain his personal popularity.
3100:
3485:
3320:
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1322:
1264:
403:
1243:, the tyranny proved less secure, and Periander required a retinue of mercenary soldiers personally loyal to him.
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3454:
3184:
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a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to
153:
28:
2606:
1872:
The path of a tyrant can appear easy and pleasant (for all but the aristocracy). In 1939, Will Durant wrote:
1317:, the title "tyrant" took on its familiar negative connotations. The murder of Peisistratus' son, the tyrant
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3297:
3221:
3194:
2009:
1811:
1430:
1405:
in the 4th and 3rd century BC a new generation of tyrants rose in Greece, especially under the rule of king
1012:
1005:
811:
378:
69:
Killing No Murder, cover page, 18th century reprint of 17th century English pamphlet written to inspire and
35:
3403:
3238:
1921:
1600:
1506:. Those who were advocates of "liberty" tended to be pro-Republic and pro-Senate. For instance, regarding
1418:
1383:
902:
826:
393:
2553:
Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire: Book 6. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin; London.
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1857:
1853:
1689:
1434:
1379:
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821:
684:
281:
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1748:
1659:
3109:
1993:
1673:
1639:
1634:
1414:
1406:
943:
939:
1771:
Absence or minimalization of collective input, bargaining, or debate (assemblies, conferences, etc.)
1114:
were influential opportunists that came to power by securing the support of different factions of a
3505:
3415:
3233:
3148:
2428:
2270:
1987:
1590:
1426:
1375:
745:
654:
611:
398:
163:
1676:, Western thinkers applied the word tyranny to the system of governance that had developed around
1754:
the 17th century when the pamphlet was writ. Of the most prevailing traits of tyranny outlined, "
1605:
1276:
383:
168:
143:
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The last days of Henry VIII: conspiracies, treason, and heresy at the court of the dying tyrant
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2492:
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2352:
2214:
2123:
1801:
1794:
1755:
1585:
1387:
1303:
816:
537:
368:
320:
148:
81:
44:
2825:
Beneath the tyrant's yoke: Norwegian resistance to the German occupation of Norway, 1940–1945
1787:
Grow or maintain public impoverishment as a way of removing the efficacy of the people's will
3250:
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3057:
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2235:
1892:
1707:
1465:
1363:
1295:
951:
923:
649:
572:
542:
416:
158:
138:
1810:
A modern tyrant might be defined by proven violation of international criminal law such as
3275:
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3179:
3144:
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1998:
1942:
1931:
1861:
1580:
1576:
1539:
1469:
1410:
1330:
1213:
1070:
860:
833:
689:
679:
476:
373:
3026:
2432:
2176:
977:
65:
3408:
3088:
2645:
1935:
1721:
Enlightenment philosophers seemed to define tyranny by its associated characteristics.
1626:
1622:
1526:
Josephus identified tyrants in Biblical history (in Antiquities of the Jews) including
1445:
1438:
1347:
1201:
1161:
1154:
1031:
947:
838:
769:
674:
507:
421:
59:
2669:"Justice for Tyrants: International Criminal Court Warrants for Gaddafi Regime Crimes"
2035:
1613:
regimes. Sometimes he calls leaders of republics "princes". He never uses the word in
855:
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3393:
3285:
2772:
2742:
2239:
2204:
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1849:
There are also numerous book titles which identify tyrants by name or circumstances.
1568:
1550:
The Greeks defined both usurpers and those inheriting rule from usurpers as tyrants.
1507:
1046:
942:
means. The original Greek term meant an absolute sovereign who came to power without
725:
620:
522:
512:
353:
2668:
1444:
Against these rulers, in 280 BC the democratic cities started to join forces in the
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3189:
1976:
1742:
1699:
1503:
1287:
1268:
1181:
1173:
774:
701:
695:
669:
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567:
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276:
200:
54:
3084:
2257:
1945:, using or threatening to use violence, and seeking popular support by appeals to
1941:
The methods of tyrants to retain power include placating world opinion by staging
1629:, became generally quite wary of many people seeking to implement a popular coup.
2934:
2457:
2421:
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3205:
2993:
The birth of politics: eight Greek and Roman political ideas and why they matter
2003:
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1217:
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779:
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240:
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70:
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1946:
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1711:
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1177:
1035:
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557:
348:
230:
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89:
49:
1852:
Among English rulers, several have been identified as tyrants by book title:
1409:, who installed his puppets in many cities of the Peloponnese. Examples were
1149:
One of the earliest known uses of the word tyrant (in Greek) was by the poet
58:
polearm, representing oppression, and sitting on two ladies, symbolizing his
3398:
3374:
3330:
3325:
3280:
3265:
3167:
3094:
2063:
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project
1964:
1703:
1535:
1487:
1449:
1422:
1351:
1314:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1123:
1066:
998:
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466:
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310:
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2646:"Ending Impunity: How International Criminal Law Can Put Tyrants on Trial"
993:
One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government:
3340:
3255:
2531:
On politics: a history of political thought from Herodotus to the present
1970:
1916:
Lengthy recommendations of methods were made to tyrants by Aristotle (in
1726:
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1610:
1551:
1499:
1495:
1402:
1329:" (i.e., of killers of tyrants). Contempt for tyranny characterised this
1307:
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1220:
1141:
meaning that tyrants do not have the public support to survive for long.
983:
659:
220:
190:
133:
2045:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 548.
1313:
He was followed by his sons, and with the subsequent growth of Athenian
1026:
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3420:
1958:
1797:
1491:
1457:
1453:
1399:
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in Athens in 514 BC marked the beginning of the so-called "cult of the
1223:
employed overseas created a new environment. Conditions were right for
1096:
935:
461:
298:
288:
17:
2087:
1725:"The sovereign is called a tyrant who knows no laws but his caprice."
3442:
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3345:
2316:. Vol. 3: The Great Ideas: II. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
1807:
were influential works of theology written in opposition to tyranny.
1594:
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1520:
1299:
1283:
1197:
1189:
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Citizens of the empire were circumspect in identifying tyrants. "...
1077:
arises in Old French by association with the present participles in
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Forrest, George "Greece, the history of the Archaic period" in
1908:
The third time he used mercenaries to seize and retain power.
1184:. During this time, revolts overthrew many governments in the
931:
2995:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 77–78.
2034:
2012: – Inherent oppressive potential of simple majority rule
1049:
34:
This article is about a political ruler. For other uses, see
2744:
Modern tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age
1306:
in which prizes were jars of olive oil; and supporting the
2850:
King John: England, Magna Carta and the Making of a Tyrant
2391:
The Greek achievement: the foundation of the Western world
1836:
100 throughout history, including 40 from the 20th century
1045:, meaning "illegitimate ruler", and this in turn from the
1967: – Government by a single entity with absolute power
1664:
The French people demanding destitution of the Tyrant on
1633:
portrays the struggle of one such anti-tyrannical Roman,
1282:
Athens hosted its tyrants late in the Archaic period. In
2747:. New York & Toronto: Free Press Maxwell Macmillan.
2718:
Tyrants: history's 100 most evil despots & dictators
1302:; encouraging the creation of festivals; supporting the
1212:
Corinth hosted one of the earliest of Greek tyrants. In
2673:
Boston College International and Comparative Law Review
1990: – US foreign policy terminology used in the 2000s
2955:
2953:
2951:
1973: – Political leader who possesses absolute power
1157:. The king's assumption of power was unconventional.
2766:
2764:
1286:, the inhabitants first gave the title of tyrant to
946:, yet the word had a neutral connotation during the
3463:
3313:
3155:
1337:reformed the political system so that it resembled
1239:. When he then bequeathed his position to his son,
2933:
2456:
2420:
41:Absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution
1448:which was able to expand its influence even into
2312:Adler, Mortimer J., ed. (1952). "95: Tyranny".
1512:
1164:tyrants came in the early 6th century BC, when
964:
3053:Tyrants: the world's 20 worst living dictators
2963:Tyrants: the world's 20 worst living dictators
2774:Tyrants: the world's 20 worst living dictators
2491:. New York: Liveright. pp. 393, 421–428.
1004:to government by a minority (in an oligarchy,
27:"Tyranny" redirects here. For other uses, see
3125:
2119:Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy
1011:to government by a majority (in a democracy,
878:
8:
2349:The Oxford dictionary of the classical world
1597:, and share the level with highway robbers.
1231:power of the dominant but unpopular clan of
1095:offers alternative definitions: a ruler, an
3095:Loretana de Libero, Die archaische Tyrannis
2940:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
2006: – Killing of a tyrant or unjust ruler
1784:Pretenses toward a love of God and religion
3132:
3118:
3110:
2463:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
1949:and claims that conditions have improved.
1735:"Where Law ends Tyranny begins." Locke in
885:
871:
805:
607:
341:
113:
76:
2877:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Pub.
2335:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1716:United States Declaration of Independence
1542:. He also identified some later tyrants.
1137:wrote that the strangest thing to see is
102:List of countries by system of government
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
1868:Methods of obtaining and retaining power
1038:, from the 1290s. The word derives from
3007:Based on Herodotus, The History 1.59–60
2377:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 48.
2189:– via Internet Classics Archive,
2111:
2109:
2022:
1688:, as part of his argument against the "
997:to government by one individual (in an
922: 'absolute ruler'), in the modern
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412:
344:
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116:
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71:make righteous the act of assassinating
2363:Based on Herodotus, The History 1.7–14
2347:Roberts, J.W., ed. (2005). "tyranny".
1464:. From 251 BC under the leadership of
2477:Langer, William L. (1948), pp. 57, 66
2191:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1781:Pretenses toward inspiration from God
7:
2533:. New York: Liveright. p. 116.
2445:Langer, William L. (1948), pp. 50–52
1845:20 tyrants of the early 21st century
1745:1657 pamphlet, "Killing, No Murder"
1684:. Specifically, English philosopher
1510:and his assassins, Suetonius wrote:
954:periods. However, Greek philosopher
2605:Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998-02-25).
2351:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2122:. Simon and Schuster. p. 250.
1842:30 tyrants of the late 20th century
3103:A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC
3027:"Politics by Aristotle, Book Five"
2827:. Edina, MN: Beaver's Pond Press.
1832:Various lists of tyrants include:
1609:. He also identifies liberty with
1275:and were the preeminent symbol of
25:
2650:Cornell International Law Journal
2489:SPQR – A History of Ancient Rome
2375:An Encyclopedia of World History
2373:Langer, William L., ed. (1948).
2314:Great Books of the Western World
2275:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
854:
2611:. University of Chicago Press.
2584:. University of Chicago Press.
3016:Herodotus, The History 1.61–64
2667:Liolos, John J. (2012-05-01).
1856:(who signed the Magna Carta),
1710:described the actions of King
563:Intergovernmental organisation
518:Separation of church and state
1:
2394:. New York: Viking. pp.
2258:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1983:List of ancient Greek tyrants
1824:List of ancient Greek tyrants
1477:List of ancient Greek tyrants
3496:Social dominance orientation
3050:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2960:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2902:. New York: William Morrow.
2875:Henry VIII: The Tudor Tyrant
2771:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2644:Robertson, Geoffrey (2005).
1961: – Propaganda technique
1192:, the ambitious and capable
360:(socio-political ideologies)
3511:List of totalitarian states
3491:Right-wing authoritarianism
3056:. New York: Regan. p.
2966:. New York: Regan. p.
2898:Hutchinson, Robert (2005).
2632:Two Treatises of Government
2578:Strauss, Leo (2014-07-04).
2516:The Lives of Twelve Caesars
2277:, Brill, 2009, pp. 1519–20.
1828:List of tyrants of Syracuse
1746:
1737:Two Treatises of Government
1695:Two Treatises of Government
971:The philosophers Plato and
428:(socio-economic ideologies)
98:List of forms of government
3578:
3486:Left-wing authoritarianism
3321:Authoritarian conservatism
3097:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
2519:, Life of Julius Caesar 80
1979: – Form of government
1821:
1474:
1415:Aristodemus of Megalopolis
1323:Aristogeiton and Harmodios
1267:, who became known as the
1265:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
1050:
986:, arose – specifically in
908:
33:
26:
3185:Counterintelligence state
2991:Lane, Melissa S. (2014).
2852:. London: Pan Macmillan.
2823:Fuegner, Richard (2003).
2716:Cawthorne, Nigel (2004).
2388:Freeman, Charles (1999).
2292:Oxford English Dictionary
2240:2027/spo.did2222.0001.238
1092:Oxford English Dictionary
926:usage of the word, is an
549:(geo-cultural ideologies)
3547:Ancient Greek government
3542:Ancient Roman government
3481:Inverted totalitarianism
3353:Authoritarian capitalism
2848:Church, Stephen (2015).
2205:"The Republic, by Plato"
1731:Philosophical Dictionary
1435:Aristomachus II of Argos
29:Tyranny (disambiguation)
3365:Authoritarian socialism
2798:Harden, Blaine (2015).
2741:Chirot, Daniel (1994).
2581:Thoughts on Machiavelli
2177:"Politics by Aristotle"
2093:Encyclopædia Britannica
2042:Encyclopædia Britannica
2010:Tyranny of the majority
1839:13 20th century tyrants
1812:crimes against humanity
1714:as "tyrannical" in the
1546:Greek political thought
1431:Lydiadas of Megalopolis
1419:Aristomachus I of Argos
1013:tyranny of the majority
1006:tyranny of the minority
930:who is unrestrained by
812:Administrative division
756:International relations
36:Tyrant (disambiguation)
3562:Positions of authority
2116:Kagan, Donald (1998).
1879:
1669:
1517:
1486:Roman historians like
1384:Agathocles of Syracuse
1279:
1122:, possibly pre-Greek,
969:
74:
62:
3532:Ancient Greek tyrants
3229:Dominant-party system
2932:Durant, Will (1939).
2873:Rex, Richard (2009).
2455:Durant, Will (1939).
2419:Durant, Will (1939).
1874:
1858:Henry VIII of England
1854:John, King of England
1706:. American statesman
1690:Divine Right of Kings
1658:
1380:Dionysius the Younger
1258:
1153:in reference to king
1069:origin, perhaps from
1057:"monarch, ruler of a
822:Democratic transition
685:Self-governing colony
282:Military dictatorship
68:
47:
3537:Ancient Greek titles
2802:. New York: Viking.
2720:. London: Arcturus.
2608:Machiavelli's Virtue
2487:Beard, Mary (2015).
2429:Simon & Schuster
1994:Political repression
1674:Age of Enlightenment
1635:Marcus Junius Brutus
1407:Antigonus II Gonatas
944:constitutional right
3416:Ecoauthoritarianism
3234:Illiberal democracy
2777:. New York: Regan.
2529:Ryan, Alan (2012).
2234:. 6 November 2009.
1988:Outposts of tyranny
1922:Niccolò Machiavelli
1795:Samuel Rutherford's
1692:" in his 1689 book
1601:Niccolò Machiavelli
1591:Alexander the Great
1427:Aristippus of Argos
1423:Abantidas of Sicyon
1376:Dionysius the Elder
1103:Greco-Roman culture
861:Politics portal
746:Supranational union
655:Dependent territory
568:National government
2936:The Life of Greece
2699:Gonzaga Law Review
2459:The Life of Greece
2423:The Life of Greece
1802:Alexander Shields'
1756:Killing, No Murder
1670:
1606:Discourses on Livy
1280:
1277:Athenian democracy
1271:after they killed
1261:sculptural pairing
1160:The heyday of the
1097:illegitimate ruler
1065:in its turn has a
75:
63:
3519:
3518:
3471:Democracy indices
3163:Absolute monarchy
3002:978-0-691-16647-6
2540:978-0-87140-465-7
2498:978-0-87140-423-7
2358:978-0-19-280146-3
2215:Project Gutenberg
1920:for example) and
1627:Roman Republicans
1625:, as well as the
1586:The Divine Comedy
1439:Xenon of Hermione
1388:Sword of Damocles
1304:Panathenaic Games
1227:to overthrow the
1024:The English noun
934:, or one who has
895:
894:
846:
845:
817:Democracy indices
792:
791:
595:
594:
404:Semi-presidential
329:
328:
16:(Redirected from
3569:
3552:Authoritarianism
3370:Marxism–Leninism
3251:Managerial state
3134:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3072:
3071:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3031:classics.mit.edu
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2988:
2982:
2981:
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2201:
2195:
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2188:
2187:
2181:classics.mit.edu
2173:
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2154:
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2141:
2140:
2138:
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2104:
2103:
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2100:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2027:
1943:rigged elections
1818:Lists of tyrants
1805:A Hind Let Loose
1752:
1708:Thomas Jefferson
1466:Aratus of Sicyon
1358:Sicilian tyrants
1139:"an aged tyrant"
1112:Sicilian tyrants
1053:
1052:
919:
912:
887:
880:
873:
859:
858:
806:
650:Associated state
608:
583:Internationalism
573:World government
550:
429:
361:
342:
316:Free association
303:
264:
183:
126:
114:
77:
21:
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3568:
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3522:
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3520:
3515:
3459:
3309:
3276:Socialist state
3261:One-party state
3180:Communist state
3151:
3138:
3101:Victor Parker,
3081:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3049:
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2472:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2405:978-0670-885152
2387:
2386:
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2372:
2371:
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2359:
2346:
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2341:
2325:
2321:
2311:
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2299:
2285:
2281:
2271:R. S. P. Beekes
2269:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2185:
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2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2134:
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2107:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2019:
1999:State terrorism
1955:
1914:
1888:
1870:
1862:Oliver Cromwell
1830:
1820:
1660:François Gérard
1653:
1581:Dante Alighieri
1572:it anarchy..."
1564:
1562:In the classics
1548:
1540:Herod the Great
1484:
1479:
1470:Nabis of Sparta
1411:Cleon of Sicyon
1396:
1360:
1290:(a relative of
1253:
1210:
1147:
1145:Archaic tyrants
1105:
1087:
1022:
891:
853:
848:
847:
834:Democratisation
827:Autocratization
803:
795:
794:
793:
750:
711:
690:Tributary state
680:Satellite state
635:
605:
604:Power structure
597:
596:
548:
547:
529:
500:
486:
477:Totalitarianism
427:
426:
408:
359:
358:
339:
331:
330:
325:
301:
293:
258:
250:
181:
173:
120:
111:
110:Source of power
88:Basic forms of
82:Politics series
73:Oliver Cromwell
42:
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12:
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3575:
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3214:
3209:
3202:
3200:Constitutional
3197:
3187:
3182:
3177:
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3175:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3091:at livius.org.
3089:Jona Lendering
3080:
3079:External links
3077:
3074:
3073:
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3042:
3018:
3009:
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2977:978-0060590048
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2784:978-0060590048
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2727:978-0572030254
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2049:
2036:"Tyrant"
2033:, ed. (1911).
2031:Chisholm, Hugh
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1743:Edward Sexby's
1740:
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1666:10 August 1792
1652:
1649:
1637:, in his play
1623:Ancient Greeks
1595:Attila the Hun
1563:
1560:
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1483:
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1446:Achaean League
1395:
1392:
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1348:Thirty Tyrants
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1162:Archaic period
1155:Gyges of Lydia
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2925:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2909:9780060837334
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2884:9781848680982
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2859:9780230772458
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2834:9781931646864
2830:
2826:
2819:
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2809:9780670016570
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2801:
2794:
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2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:9780029054772
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2705:(1): 167–199.
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:Thorp, Jodi.
2686:
2683:
2679:(2): 589–602.
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2656:(3): 649–671.
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2618:9780226503721
2614:
2610:
2609:
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2598:
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2591:9780226230979
2587:
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2568:
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2522:
2518:
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2507:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2396:72–73, 99–100
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:, 2nd edition
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2131:
2129:9780684863955
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1844:
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1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:In Scotland,
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
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1734:
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1728:
1724:
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1709:
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1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1651:Enlightenment
1650:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1640:Julius Caesar
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:Thomas Hobbes
1561:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:Julius Caesar
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:Roman tyrants
1481:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1394:Later tyrants
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:cult movement
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Ancient Greek
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
985:
980:
979:
974:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
911:
907:
904:
903:Ancient Greek
900:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
866:
865:
862:
857:
852:
851:
840:
837:
835:
832:
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
799:
798:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
757:
753:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:Confederation
724:
723:
722:
721:
718:
714:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
645:
642:
638:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:Unitary state
619:
618:
617:
616:
613:
609:
601:
600:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
524:
523:State atheism
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:Secular state
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
503:
496:
493:
492:
489:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
423:
420:
418:
417:Authoritarian
415:
414:
411:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Parliamentary
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
364:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
335:
334:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
300:
296:
290:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
257:
253:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
182:(rule by few)
180:
176:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
67:
61:
57:
56:
51:
46:
37:
30:
19:
3557:Dictatorship
3384:
3298:Majoritarian
3292:
3271:Police state
3239:Totalitarian
3204:
3190:Dictatorship
3145:totalitarian
3102:
3052:
3045:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:
3021:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2962:
2935:
2927:
2918:
2899:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2824:
2818:
2799:
2793:
2773:
2743:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2627:
2607:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2549:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2488:
2482:
2473:
2458:
2450:
2441:
2427:. New York:
2422:
2414:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2252:
2243:
2230:
2223:
2213:– via
2208:. Retrieved
2199:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:
2171:
2164:The Republic
2163:
2158:
2151:The Republic
2150:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2118:
2097:. Retrieved
2091:
2082:
2073:
2067:. Retrieved
2065:. 2009-11-06
2062:
2052:
2040:
2025:
1977:Dictatorship
1940:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1851:
1848:
1831:
1809:
1804:
1792:
1790:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1720:
1700:human rights
1693:
1671:
1663:
1645:
1638:
1621:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1584:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1504:Roman Senate
1485:
1443:
1397:
1364:Carthaginian
1361:
1345:
1338:
1327:tyrannicides
1312:
1288:Peisistratos
1281:
1269:tyrannicides
1245:
1229:aristocratic
1211:
1174:Peloponnesus
1159:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1073:. The final
1062:
1054:
1042:
1025:
1023:
992:
978:Encyclopédie
976:
970:
965:
959:
916:
913:
906:
898:
896:
775:Middle power
702:Vassal state
696:Buffer state
694:
670:Puppet state
665:Protectorate
641:Client state
631:Principality
457:Distributism
399:Presidential
277:Dictatorship
201:Gerontocracy
123:rule by many
96:
80:Part of the
53:
3438:Imperialism
3404:Enlightened
3358:Pinochetism
3246:Mafia state
3217:Proletarian
3206:Dictablanda
3106:(chapter 7)
2513:Suetonius,
2431:. pp.
2004:Tyrannicide
1678:aristocracy
1672:During the
1631:Shakespeare
1335:Cleisthenes
1166:Cleisthenes
1151:Archilochus
1118:. The word
1030:appears in
780:Great power
765:Small power
707:Viceroyalty
578:Nationalism
442:Colonialism
422:Libertarian
384:Directorial
261:rule by one
241:Technocracy
236:Stratocracy
216:Meritocracy
206:Kleptocracy
196:Aristocracy
3526:Categories
3476:Deep state
3336:Khomeinism
3314:Ideologies
3256:Ochlocracy
3222:Right-wing
3195:Benevolent
3149:government
3036:2019-06-13
2567:Chapter 19
2333:. (1986),
2229:"Tyrant".
2210:2019-05-21
2186:2019-05-21
2135:8 December
2099:2019-10-13
2069:2015-04-01
2017:References
1947:patriotism
1927:The Prince
1822:See also:
1712:George III
1686:John Locke
1616:The Prince
1611:republican
1577:first part
1475:See also:
1400:Macedonian
1398:Under the
1340:demokratia
1319:Hipparchus
1273:Hipparchus
1233:Bacchiadae
1178:Polycrates
1085:Definition
1036:Old French
950:and early
940:repressive
901:(from
785:Superpower
741:Superstate
736:Federation
731:Devolution
717:Federalism
558:City-state
231:Plutocracy
226:Particracy
90:government
52:holding a
50:Jie of Xia
3506:Strongman
3399:Despotism
3375:Stalinism
3331:Francoism
3326:Chiangism
3281:Theocracy
3266:Oligarchy
3168:Autocracy
3147:forms of
2564:Leviathan
2227:Compare:
2166:Book VIII
2153:Book VIII
2056:Compare:
1965:Despotism
1912:Retaining
1886:Obtaining
1704:democracy
1536:Maccabees
1488:Suetonius
1450:Corinthia
1352:oligarchy
1315:democracy
1241:Periander
1237:bodyguard
1218:mercenary
1124:Pelasgian
1067:Pre-Greek
1034:use, via
1020:Etymology
999:autocracy
973:Aristotle
952:Classical
612:Unitarism
588:Globalism
494:Religious
482:Tribalism
472:Socialism
467:Feudalism
452:Despotism
447:Communism
437:Anarchism
374:Communist
321:Stateless
311:Anarchism
272:Despotism
256:Autocracy
246:Theocracy
211:Kritarchy
179:Oligarchy
164:Socialist
118:Democracy
3464:See also
3341:Putinism
3212:Military
2562:Hobbes,
2088:"tyrant"
2059:"Tyrant"
1971:Dictator
1953:See also
1918:Politics
1893:Republic
1749:PDF file
1727:Voltaire
1682:monarchy
1552:Polybius
1515:liberty.
1500:Josephus
1496:Plutarch
1403:hegemony
1308:Dionysia
1296:Marathon
1225:Cypselus
1221:hoplites
1120:tyrannos
1063:tyrannos
1055:tyrannos
1051:τύραννος
1043:tyrannus
984:military
960:tyrannos
917:túrannos
910:τύραννος
660:Dominion
389:Legalist
369:Absolute
354:Republic
349:Monarchy
221:Noocracy
191:Anocracy
144:Economic
134:Demarchy
3501:Statism
3421:Fascism
3293:Tyranny
3173:Tsarist
2942:122–123
2162:Plato,
2149:Plato,
1959:Big lie
1890:In the
1798:Lex Rex
1492:Tacitus
1462:Arcadia
1458:Argolis
1454:Megaris
1372:Hiero I
1214:Corinth
1208:Corinth
1188:world.
1172:in the
948:Archaic
936:usurped
924:English
802:Related
497:Secular
462:Fascism
299:Anarchy
289:Tyranny
149:Liberal
18:Tyrants
3443:Nazism
3380:Maoism
3346:Ziaism
3085:Tyrant
3064:
2999:
2974:
2906:
2881:
2856:
2831:
2806:
2781:
2751:
2724:
2615:
2588:
2537:
2495:
2402:
2355:
2287:tyrant
2126:
1932:purges
1534:, the
1528:Nimrod
1521:Cicero
1498:, and
1437:, and
1382:, and
1300:Athena
1284:Athens
1251:Athens
1202:Persia
1198:Sparta
1190:Chilon
1186:Aegean
1180:ruled
1170:Sicyon
1168:ruled
1135:Thales
1071:Lydian
1027:tyrant
988:Sicily
967:order.
899:tyrant
626:Empire
538:Global
169:Others
159:Social
139:Direct
3386:Juche
3156:Forms
2695:(PDF)
2634:(199)
2433:90–91
2337:(OUP)
2331:et al
2245:laws.
2232:1765)
2075:laws.
1898:Plato
1729:in a
1532:Moses
1292:Solon
1194:ephor
1182:Samos
1128:polis
1059:polis
1047:Greek
1040:Latin
956:Plato
905:
543:Local
48:King
3409:Soft
3303:Soft
3143:and
3062:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2137:2020
2124:ISBN
1924:(in
1860:and
1826:and
1800:and
1778:etc.
1702:and
1680:and
1593:and
1575:The
1538:and
1460:and
1368:Gelo
1346:The
1176:and
1116:deme
1110:and
1079:-ant
958:saw
3448:Neo
3431:Neo
3426:Eco
3087:by
2465:235
2236:hdl
1583:'s
1579:of
1390:".
1321:by
1263:of
1196:of
1061:";
932:law
3528::
3060:.
3029:.
2970:.
2950:^
2763:^
2703:37
2701:.
2697:.
2677:35
2675:.
2671:.
2654:38
2652:.
2648:.
2398:.
2300:^
2289:,
2273:,
2242:.
2179:.
2108:^
2090:.
2072:.
2061:.
2039:.
1934:,
1896:,
1864:.
1814:.
1718:.
1662:,
1643:.
1530:,
1494:,
1490:,
1456:,
1452:,
1441:.
1433:,
1429:,
1425:,
1421:,
1417:,
1413:,
1378:,
1374:,
1370:,
1354:.
1259:A
1081:.
1075:-t
990:.
897:A
55:Ji
3133:e
3126:t
3119:v
3070:.
3058:2
3039:.
3005:.
2980:.
2968:7
2944:.
2912:.
2887:.
2862:.
2837:.
2812:.
2787:.
2757:.
2730:.
2621:.
2594:.
2543:.
2501:.
2467:.
2435:.
2408:.
2361:.
2260:.
2238::
2217:.
2193:.
2139:.
2102:.
1751:)
1747:(
1015:)
1008:)
1001:)
920:)
914:(
886:e
879:t
872:v
263:)
259:(
125:)
121:(
38:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
