2053:
192:
2067:
378:; often, they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted, or when the judge believes the academic's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in case law. Thus common law systems are adopting one of the approaches long-held in civil law jurisdictions.
436:
Where there are several members of a court deciding a case, there may be one or more judgments given (or reported). Only the reason for the decision of the majority can constitute a binding precedent, but all may be cited as persuasive, or their reasoning may be adopted in an argument. Apart from the
256:
by some material difference between the facts of the cases; some jurisdictions allow for a judge to recommend that an appeal be carried out. If that judgment goes to appeal, the appellate court will have the opportunity to review both the precedent and the case under appeal, perhaps overruling the
251:
A lower court may not rule against a binding precedent, even if it feels that it is unjust; it may only express the hope that a higher court or the legislature will reform the rule in question. If the court believes that developments or trends in legal reasoning render the precedent unhelpful, and
354:
traditionally have played a much smaller role in developing case law in common law than professors in civil law. Because court decisions in civil law traditions are historically brief and not formally amenable to establishing precedent, much of the exposition of the law in civil law traditions is
291:
The different roles of case law in civil and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions. Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions, with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments, and often
432:
Any court may seek to distinguish the present case from that of a binding precedent, to reach a different conclusion. The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal of that judgment to a higher court. An appellate court may also decide on an entirely new and different
365:
in France. Historically, common law courts relied little on legal scholarship; thus, at the turn of the twentieth century, it was very rare to see an academic writer quoted in a legal decision (except perhaps for the academic writings of prominent judges such as
244:) at any time to overrule judgments of the lower courts. Normally, the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings (including those in clear violation of established case law) to the higher courts. If a judge acts against precedent, and the case is not
346:
common law tradition; however, their substantive law is firmly rooted in the civil law tradition. Because of their position between the two main systems of law, these types of legal systems are sometimes referred to as mixed systems of law.
215:, by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases. According to stare decisis, all lower courts should make decisions consistent with the previous decisions of higher courts. For example, in England, the
416:
In federal or multi-jurisdictional law systems there may exist conflicts between the various lower appellate courts. Sometimes these differences may not be resolved, and it may be necessary to distinguish how the law is applied in one
77:—a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions.
279:
662:
is contrasted with a number of other terms. First, in denoting the body of judge-made law based on that developed in
England… erhaps most commonly within Anglo-American jurisdictions,
319:
The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions adhere to a tradition that the reader should be able to deduce the logic from the decision and the statutes.
827:
469:), have the right to set precedent which is in practice (however not formally) binding on all future application of the law. Courts of appeal, both general courts (
581:
227:
can deviate from its earlier decisions, although in practice it rarely does. A notable example of when the court has overturned its precedent is the case of
262:
257:
previous case law by setting a new precedent of higher authority. This may happen several times as the case works its way through successive appeals.
2034:
233:, where the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled that it and the other courts of England and Wales had misapplied the law for nearly 30 years.
433:
analysis from that of junior courts, and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions, or in any case, may distinguish them on the facts.
252:
wishes to evade it and help the law evolve, it may either hold that the precedent is inconsistent with subsequent authority, or that it should be
449:
are sometimes included among the civil law systems, but as a separate branch, and sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition. In
453:, for instance, case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the Continental codified law systems. The two highest courts, the
462:
437:
rules of procedure for precedent, the weight given to any reported judgment may depend on the reputation of both the reporter and the judges.
651:
342:, do not precisely fit into the dual common-civil law system classifications. These types of systems may have been heavily influenced by the
477:), may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law, but these decisions may be overturned by higher courts. Thus
266:
224:
1460:
1018:
917:
802:
574:
1574:
1443:
481:
is used to determine the actual applicability and limits of a law and not, as in common law jurisdictions, the creation of law.
2029:
1376:
1277:
409:. Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect, such as the
1536:
1170:
312:
but are not technically binding. By contrast, decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally shorter, referring only to
92:, which are established by executive agencies based on statutes. In some jurisdictions, case law can be applied to ongoing
889:
397:
1696:
1175:
687:
1. The body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions; CASE LAW STATUTORY LAW.
567:
1691:
302:
binding on other courts; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called
1666:
1165:
1749:
1544:
1526:
1195:
1919:
1706:
1180:
639:
454:
1974:
1959:
406:
2078:
1671:
1349:
1160:
391:
1799:
1145:
426:
382:
375:
309:
1954:
1094:
1011:
782:
132:
1769:
1428:
1282:
1267:
1245:
989:
969:
922:
912:
808:
371:
643:
2107:
1754:
1676:
1514:
1257:
1252:
1205:
1130:
1124:
964:
882:
798:
647:
605:
595:
550:
520:
269:, provided a famous example of this evolutionary process in his development of the concept of
1759:
1726:
1225:
1089:
1084:
1049:
790:
700:
446:
211:
have been decided. Unlike most civil law systems, common law systems follow the doctrine of
203:
tradition, courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying
2008:
1981:
1969:
1949:
1883:
1878:
1861:
1841:
1836:
1816:
1681:
1661:
1656:
1559:
1519:
1230:
1155:
1079:
1064:
984:
422:
323:
294:
237:
220:
172:
429:
will resolve such differences and, for many reasons, such appeals are often not granted.
2085:
1893:
1811:
1400:
1366:
1317:
1302:
1074:
979:
959:
949:
632:
402:
361:
180:
168:
104:
89:
191:
2101:
1939:
1898:
1784:
1764:
1736:
1686:
1651:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1564:
1504:
1344:
1334:
1292:
1215:
1210:
1140:
1099:
1023:
812:
600:
343:
212:
108:
81:
2071:
1821:
1789:
1744:
1482:
1477:
1448:
1361:
1339:
1307:
1240:
1220:
1114:
1054:
1044:
996:
954:
932:
875:
410:
386:
304:
258:
124:
93:
50:
38:
857:
2052:
1993:
1934:
1924:
1721:
1716:
1554:
1455:
1371:
1330:
1297:
1262:
1185:
1109:
1059:
974:
367:
144:
120:
85:
2057:
1986:
1866:
1804:
1549:
1470:
1465:
1423:
1405:
1393:
1354:
1200:
1190:
1150:
1135:
1119:
1069:
1006:
1001:
236:
Generally speaking, higher courts do not have direct oversight over the lower
216:
208:
200:
100:
62:
58:
34:
374:). Today academic writers are often cited in legal argument and decisions as
1964:
1929:
1871:
1846:
1711:
1608:
1596:
1581:
1569:
1497:
1415:
1388:
1272:
610:
351:
339:
327:
299:
229:
204:
164:
148:
128:
116:
46:
42:
862:
794:
2013:
1998:
1701:
1586:
927:
418:
356:
331:
270:
183:, agency tribunals, and other bodies discharging adjudicatory functions.
140:
70:
733:
223:
are each bound by their own previous decisions, however, since 1966 the
17:
1903:
1851:
1831:
1779:
1591:
1509:
1325:
1287:
1235:
853:
interactive database of
European judgments of national courts in the EU
313:
54:
2003:
1856:
1601:
1492:
1487:
1433:
1104:
450:
335:
292:
interpret the wider legal principles. The necessary analysis (called
245:
160:
156:
112:
852:
1944:
1888:
1794:
1635:
1438:
937:
190:
176:
152:
136:
66:
385:
to decide a case. Widely cited non-binding sources include legal
1826:
1774:
1630:
1028:
944:
758:
871:
898:
789:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 80-81.
73:. These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent.
359:
and may be published in treatises or in journals such as
280:
Central London
Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd
355:
done by academics rather than by judges; this is called
49:
decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on
867:
80:
These judicial interpretations are distinguished from
863:
Queensland
Judgments reported and unreported case law
240:, in that they cannot reach out on their initiative (
2022:
1912:
1735:
1644:
1535:
1414:
1316:
1037:
905:
96:; for example, criminal proceedings or family law.
631:
508:To display all subcategories click on the "â–ş":
883:
575:
8:
890:
876:
868:
582:
568:
488:
425:. Usually, only an appeal accepted by the
538:To display all parents click on the "â–ş":
2035:History of the American legal profession
334:and types of civil law jurisdictions in
61:. Case law uses the detailed facts of a
622:
491:
27:Set of past rulings cited as precedent
381:Judges may refer to various types of
7:
728:
726:
724:
685:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334.
683:Black's Law Dictionary - Common law
638:(2nd, revised ed.). New York:
225:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
828:"The Status of Rules of Precedent"
701:"A Primer on the Civil-Law System"
634:A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage
547:
517:
25:
1019:Restitution and unjust enrichment
33:, also used interchangeably with
2066:
2065:
2051:
534:
504:
401:, or the published work of the
2030:History of the legal profession
207:which record how and why prior
1:
473:) and administrative courts (
84:, which are codes enacted by
467:Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen
463:Supreme Administrative Court
248:, the decision will stand.
65:that have been resolved by
2124:
1697:International legal theory
1176:International slavery laws
1171:International human rights
1166:International criminal law
398:Halsbury's Laws of England
2045:
1750:Administration of justice
630:Garner, Bryan A. (2001).
445:The legal systems of the
103:countries (including the
1527:Basic structure doctrine
1377:Natural and legal rights
1258:Public international law
421:, province, division or
1707:Principle of typicality
1181:International trade law
640:Oxford University Press
407:American Law Institute
298:), then constitutes a
196:
1702:Principle of legality
1461:Delegated legislation
1161:Intellectual property
832:Cambridge Law Journal
795:10.1017/9781009162517
392:Corpus Juris Secundum
263:High Court of Justice
194:
187:In common law systems
1920:Barristers' chambers
1862:Legal representation
1800:Justice of the peace
1146:Financial regulation
826:Evans, P.J. (2009).
783:Eisenberg, Melvin A.
427:court of last resort
423:appellate department
383:persuasive authority
376:persuasive authority
310:persuasive authority
287:How case law is made
1955:Election commission
1667:Expressive function
1196:Landlord–tenant law
1095:Consumer protection
858:Queensland Case Law
666:is contrasted with
308:, which constitute
1913:Legal institutions
1780:Lawsuit/Litigation
1770:Dispute resolution
1575:Catholic canon law
1283:State of emergency
1246:Will and testament
970:Law of obligations
923:Constitutional law
913:Administrative law
197:
169:judicial decisions
167:), it is used for
86:legislative bodies
2095:
2094:
1755:Constitutionalism
1677:Law and economics
1515:Act of parliament
1253:Product liability
1206:Legal archaeology
1131:Environmental law
1125:Entertainment law
965:International law
658:In modern usage,
653:978-0-19-507769-8
606:Lists of case law
596:Judicial activism
592:
591:
559:
558:
529:
528:
326:systems, such as
41:that is based on
16:(Redirected from
2115:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
1879:Question of fact
1760:Criminal justice
1090:Construction law
1085:Conflict of laws
1050:Agricultural law
892:
885:
878:
869:
840:
839:
823:
817:
816:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
738:The Corpus Juris
730:
719:
718:
716:
714:
705:
699:Apple, James G.
696:
690:
689:
679:
673:
672:
637:
627:
584:
577:
570:
549:
535:
519:
505:
489:
459:Högsta domstolen
447:Nordic countries
273:starting in the
238:courts of record
221:Court of Appeals
173:appellate courts
21:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2064:
2050:
2041:
2018:
2009:Political party
1982:Legal education
1970:Law enforcement
1950:Court of equity
1908:
1884:Question of law
1837:Practice of law
1817:Judicial review
1731:
1682:Legal formalism
1662:Comparative law
1657:Contract theory
1640:
1560:Legal pluralism
1531:
1520:Act of Congress
1444:Executive order
1410:
1312:
1231:Nationality law
1156:Immigration law
1080:Competition law
1033:
901:
896:
849:
844:
843:
825:
824:
820:
805:
787:Legal Reasoning
781:
780:
776:
767:
765:
757:
756:
752:
743:
741:
734:"The Judiciary"
732:
731:
722:
712:
710:
703:
698:
697:
693:
681:
680:
676:
654:
629:
628:
624:
619:
588:
555:
554:
553:
546:
525:
524:
523:
516:
487:
443:
295:ratio decidendi
289:
267:Court of Appeal
265:, later of the
261:, first of the
189:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2061:
2058:Law portal
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Trial advocacy
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1424:Ballot measure
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:Legal treatise
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1367:Letters patent
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:Sources of law
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1303:Unenforced law
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:Commercial law
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
987:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
941:
940:
930:
925:
920:
915:
909:
907:
903:
902:
897:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
866:
865:
860:
855:
848:
847:External links
845:
842:
841:
818:
803:
774:
750:
720:
691:
674:
652:
621:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
590:
589:
587:
586:
579:
572:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
527:
526:
515:
514:
513:
510:
509:
503:
502:
497:
496:
486:
483:
442:
441:Nordic nations
439:
403:Law Commission
362:Recueil Dalloz
344:Anglo-American
288:
285:
195:Criminal cases
188:
185:
181:first instance
105:United Kingdom
90:regulatory law
45:, that is the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2120:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Civil society
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Trier of fact
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Legal opinion
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Court-martial
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:Jurisprudence
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Statutory law
1624:
1622:
1621:Socialist law
1619:
1615:
1614:Byzantine law
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:Religious law
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:Legal systems
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:Statutory law
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Statutory law
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Transport law
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Legal fiction
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Financial law
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Corporate law
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Statutory law
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:Core subjects
904:
900:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
873:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
837:
833:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
804:9781009162524
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
764:
760:
759:"US Case Law"
754:
751:
739:
735:
729:
727:
725:
721:
709:
702:
695:
692:
688:
684:
678:
675:
671:
669:
668:statutory law
665:
661:
655:
649:
645:
641:
636:
635:
626:
623:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Legal opinion
599:
597:
594:
593:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:
563:
562:
552:
548:
542:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:
522:
518:
512:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
499:
498:
494:
490:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:Supreme Court
452:
448:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
387:encyclopedias
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
286:
284:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
254:distinguished
249:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:stare decisis
210:
206:
202:
193:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:United States
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:statutory law
78:
76:
75:Stare decisis
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:constitutions
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2084:
2077:
2063:
2049:
1822:Jurisdiction
1790:Legal remedy
1745:Adjudication
1645:Legal theory
1483:Ratification
1478:Promulgation
1449:Proclamation
1429:Codification
1383:
1362:Human rights
1350:Divine right
1340:Constitution
1308:Women in law
1226:Military law
1221:Marriage law
1216:Maritime law
1115:Election law
1055:Aviation law
1045:Abortion law
997:Property law
933:Criminal law
835:
831:
821:
786:
777:
766:. Retrieved
762:
753:
742:. Retrieved
740:. 2024-08-19
737:
711:. Retrieved
707:
694:
686:
682:
677:
667:
663:
659:
657:
633:
625:
492:
478:
475:kammarrätter
474:
470:
466:
458:
444:
435:
431:
415:
411:Highway Code
396:
390:
380:
360:
349:
321:
318:
305:obiter dicta
303:
293:
290:
278:
274:
259:Lord Denning
253:
250:
241:
235:
228:
198:
171:of selected
125:South Africa
98:
94:adjudication
79:
74:
30:
29:
1994:Legislature
1925:Bureaucracy
1722:Rule of man
1717:Rule of law
1692:Libertarian
1555:Chinese law
1456:Legislation
1406:Regulations
1394:Law reports
1372:Natural law
1268:Reparations
1263:Refugee law
1186:Jurimetrics
1127:(Media law)
1065:Banking law
1060:Amnesty law
1038:Disciplines
975:Private law
145:Bangladeshi
121:New Zealand
69:or similar
59:regulations
1987:Law school
1867:Prosecutor
1805:Magistrate
1592:Jewish law
1550:Common law
1471:Rulemaking
1466:Regulation
1416:Law making
1355:Divine law
1331:Legal code
1278:Sports law
1201:Law of war
1151:Health law
1136:Family law
1120:Energy law
1070:Bankruptcy
1007:Punishment
1002:Public law
768:2019-06-07
763:Justia Law
744:2024-08-18
664:common law
660:common law
642:. p.
617:References
495:categories
461:) and the
372:Blackstone
352:professors
283:K.B. 130.
275:High Trees
242:sua sponte
217:High Court
205:precedents
201:common law
101:common law
63:legal case
43:precedents
35:common law
1965:Judiciary
1960:Executive
1935:The bench
1872:Solicitor
1847:Barrister
1727:Sociology
1712:Pseudolaw
1652:Anarchist
1609:Roman law
1597:Parsi law
1582:Hindu law
1570:Canon law
1545:Civil law
1498:Concordat
1389:Precedent
1298:Trust law
1273:Space law
1110:Drugs law
980:Procedure
918:Civil law
813:262079114
611:Precedent
471:hovrätter
340:Louisiana
328:Scots law
324:pluralist
300:precedent
230:R v Jogee
165:Hong Kong
149:Sri Lanka
129:Singapore
117:Australia
71:tribunals
2108:Case law
2102:Category
2072:Category
2014:Tribunal
1999:Military
1842:Attorney
1812:Judgment
1672:Feminist
1587:Jain law
1384:Case law
1105:Cyberlaw
1012:Corporal
990:Criminal
960:Evidence
950:Doctrine
928:Contract
785:(2022).
551:Case law
521:Case law
493:Case law
485:See also
479:case law
419:district
389:such as
357:doctrine
332:Scotland
314:statutes
271:estoppel
246:appealed
219:and the
141:Pakistan
55:statutes
47:judicial
31:Case law
18:Case Law
2086:Outline
2023:History
1930:The bar
1904:Verdict
1852:Counsel
1832:Justice
1687:History
1510:Statute
1326:Charter
1288:Tax law
1236:Probate
708:fjc.gov
405:or the
199:In the
133:Ireland
37:, is a
2004:Police
1975:Agency
1857:Lawyer
1602:Sharia
1493:Treaty
1488:Repeal
1434:Decree
1345:Custom
1241:Estate
1191:Labour
955:Equity
811:
801:
650:
451:Sweden
336:Quebec
277:case:
177:courts
161:Israel
157:Bhutan
113:Canada
88:, and
67:courts
2079:Index
1945:Court
1889:Trial
1795:Judge
1636:Yassa
1439:Edict
985:Civil
938:Crime
809:S2CID
713:4 May
704:(PDF)
322:Some
209:cases
153:Nepal
137:India
57:, or
1827:Jury
1775:Fiqh
1631:Xeer
1029:Tort
945:Deed
799:ISBN
715:2018
648:ISBN
395:and
370:and
368:Coke
350:Law
338:and
163:and
899:Law
791:doi
670:...
644:177
330:in
179:of
99:In
39:law
2104::
1333:/
836:41
834:.
830:.
807:.
797:.
761:.
736:.
723:^
706:.
656:.
646:.
413:.
316:.
175:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
53:,
891:e
884:t
877:v
838:.
815:.
793::
771:.
747:.
717:.
583:e
576:t
569:v
465:(
457:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.