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479:, built 1856–60, is constructed entirely of a cast and wrought iron members, braced as portal frames, with extensive window and timber infill panels forming the external walls. Though not entirely of cast iron, it is the earliest large metal framed building still standing, and a pioneer in the development metal frames.
899:
For the same reasons, cast iron was also popular for structures within parks and gardens, both public and private, as well as on public promenades, used for fencing, seating, lamp posts, large fountains and drinking fountains, statues, decorative bridges, covered walkways, gazebos and bandstands. The
741:
Cast iron was quickly adapted to allow ever wider glass roofs on the then new idea of glass-roofed shopping arcades in Paris in the first decades of the 19th century. The idea spread across Europe and the United States in ever grander structures, and the largest examples had vast arched roofs in cast
443:
and built in the 1820s, is considered to be the first residence that used cast iron structure, for the verandahs, and floor and roof framing, and proved the concept of prefabrication and transportation long distances. Designers and foundries in the UK, France and
Germany went on to produce all kinds
224:
with its internal structure of cast-iron proved the concept, it became ubiquitous in the multi-level mills of northern
England, and then across Europe and the United States, helping to fuel the Industrial Revolution. Its usefulness for multi storey buildings ensured it remained popular for all kinds
69:
in the late 18th century made cast iron relatively cheap and suitable for a range of uses, and by the mid-19th century it was common as a structural material (and sometimes for entire buildings), and particularly for elaborately patterned architectural elements such as fences and balconies, until it
136:
blast furnace temperatures, which in turn allowed the use of more limestone to be added with the iron ore charge. The higher furnace temperatures made the slag produced with the additional lime to flow more freely. The calcium and magnesium in the lime helped tie up sulfur, which allowed the use of
135:
In Europe, it was in late 18th-century
Britain that new production methods first allowed cast iron to be produced cheaply enough and in large enough quantities to regularly be used in large building projects. New production methods included using steam engine powered blast air, which allowed higher
122:
of
Buddhism in China in the 840's led to the destruction of many of these structures. The later Song dynasty also built cast iron pagodas, exploiting its ability to be both structural and to be cast in any shape, such as in imitation of the timber and tiles of a standard pagoda. The 22m Iron Pagoda
331:
In Europe, cast iron had been occasionally used with architectural embellishment in the Middle Ages, such as fire backs with cast figures and scenes. The improvements in techniques in the late 18th century led to the possibilities of finer castings, allowing decorative objects such as statuary and
314:
was an even better structural material than wrought iron, and new steel making processes developed in the late 19th century greatly lowered the cost of production to far below the cost of wrought iron. The widespread use of cast-and-wrought iron frames in multi-level buildings was translated into
527:
The use of decorative cast iron as railings, fences and balconettes gradually gained popularity in
Regency Britain and post-Napoleonic France as a cheaper alternative to the wrought-iron railings that only the wealthy could afford. The idea was exported to the colonies of both countries with hot
754:
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alone) and many country towns began by reproducing imported designs in the 1850s and then developing their own, sometimes featuring
Australian fauna such as cockatoos and koalas, but most featured flowing classically derived or vine-like patterns. After a period in the 1950s–60s when cast iron
713:
Cast iron was particularly useful to provide the entire structure of market halls, with a solid roof and open sides or highlight windows, and by the end of the 19th century nearly every new market in Europe (and most in Latin
America) were cast-iron, some vast and elaborate, such as the 1850s
612:
to develop the idea of buildings using cast iron for complete decorative facades, which were far cheaper than traditional carved-stone, but could be painted to give the appearance of stone. His first was put up in 1848, quickly followed by many more, and he promoted the idea in a pamphlet
489:
was prefabricated in
England and built in 1867–69, using brick infill panels in a heavy and decorative cast-iron frame and is one of the largest completely cast iron framed building (as opposed to market or shed) in the world. Possibly the largest prefabricated cast iron structure is the
871:
in cast iron were used all over the world, from gas lamps in the second half of the 19th century to electric ones in the first decades of the 20th – a collection of examples used in
California in the 1920s and 30s now form a display outside the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, called
578:
In
Australia, similar porches of usually only one or two levels, known as verandas, decorated with 'cast-iron lace', became a standard feature, shading the fronts of nearly every house, terrace house, pub and shop from the 1850s into the 1900s. Foundries in most cities and (with 42 in
584:
verandahs were routinely demolished, since the late 1970s they made a revival, and numerous foundries still provide historic patterns to order. Decorative cast iron used in a similar way can be found in other former British colonies including South Africa, Malaysia and India.
368:, built between 1771 and 1784, which also imitated wrought iron, and is considered the pinnacle of cast iron design in the city. Other well known architects were early adopters of the material; John Nash employed cast iron as part of the structure of his landmark 1820s
701:
exhibition hall built in London in 1851. The success of the concept spawned many imitators, as both exhibition halls and greenhouses, which were almost universally constructed of cast iron (sometimes in combination with wrought-iron) in the 19th century. The
168:) suffered financially as a result. The quality of the iron used in the bridge is not high, and nearly 80 brittle cracks are visible in the present structure. Nevertheless, its success led to the use of cast iron for further bridges and structures by the
514:
in Noisiel, completed in 1872, is often cited as the first building with an expressed metal frame. It was not however the first given earlier examples, but it is one of the most attractive (and some of the framing is hidden by the bricks). Designed by
958:
862:
the city is known for (though almost all are now contemporary reproductions in other materials). In the 1870s philanthropist Charles Wallace funded the installation of numerous ornate drinking fountains across Paris, and over 100
1200:
240:
and built between 1816 and 1823, where cast iron columns were used within the walls, as well as cast iron beams, to enable the construction of the decorative domes; the columns in the kitchens were disguised as palm trees.
332:
jewelry to be mass-produced. Following the development of the material as for structural purposes, it was soon adapted for uses that were both decorative and structural in all manner of buildings, structures and objects.
430:
Since it could be used for all the structural members that would be cast in a foundry and then transported to site for erection, it was soon realised it could just as easily be transported anywhere in the world. The
131:
in 1061, and is the most outstanding example to survive. Cast iron pagodas were then superseded by even more elaborate bronze ones, but cast iron continued to be used for decorative items such as bowls and statues.
290:
Cast iron was not useful for items in tension like beams, where the more expensive wrought iron was preferred. Improvements in production saw the costs decrease at the same time as cast iron gained popularity. The
219:
Cast-iron columns for buildings had the advantage of being extremely slender, compared with masonry columns capable of supporting similar weight. That saved space in factories, and so after the five-storey 1795
210:
in Dublin, cast by the Coalbrookdale foundry, and built in 1816. The superior performance and greater spans of wrought-iron, and later wire suspension bridges, soon superseded cast iron for bridge construction.
102:
and was successfully used for structural components that were largely in compression in well-designed bridges and buildings. In a few instances bridges and buildings built with cast iron failed when misused.
452:
for the walls and roof. They included houses, stores, at least three complete churches, and an entire theatre; the most elaborate surviving structure in Australia is the completely cast iron Corio Villa, in
273:
Cast iron was also used as the principle support structure for seaside piers, with multiple slender columns able to support long decks of wrought iron and wood, and later large halls and pavilions; engineer
1006:
563:
neighborhoods in Richmond, though there it is mostly used for stair, porch and balcony railings. Numerous foundries in all three cities produced unique ornamental and structural designs in cast iron.
448:
in Australia in the 1850s hundreds of various types of prefabricated structures were shipped out from foundries in England and Scotland, in timber, cast or wrought iron, or a combination, often with
519:, it was an expression of a French approach that included an exposed metal frame as part of an overall decorative scheme, often using polychrome brick and tiles, with other examples later in date.
402:, cast iron was used on the many bridges, sometimes as the supporting structure, but especially for the decorative railings and sculptural embellishments, including the chain-suspension 1826
303:
was a much better structural material, and was preferred for bridges, rails, ships and building beams, and was often used in combination with cast iron, which was better in compression.
228:
Cast iron was also taken up by some architects in the early 19th century where smaller supports or larger spans were required (and where wrought iron was too expensive), notably in the
203:
in Paris is an early and elegant use of cast iron for a major city river crossing (the metal work of the current bridge is a near identical copy built in 1984 due to structural decay).
766:
in Paris, originally the Corn Market and clad in copper (later replaced with glass). The central four storey circular hall and towering glass dome of the long-demolished 1849 London
1702:"Architectural elements, balustrade panels (7), cast iron lace, removed in 1970s from verandah of a house in Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, made in Australia, 1880–1890"
1188:
1086:
1018:
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876:. When underground trains were established in the 1890s–1900s, the stairs located in pavements were often housed in elaborate cast iron structures, notably the long demolished
468:(Iron Market) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, fabricated in Paris, was reputedly intended as a railway station for Cairo in 1891 but was purchased by the Haitian government instead.
1263:
1030:
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also features a number of examples remaining from a once extensive district. In Europe, cast-iron architecture was never popular, except in the growing industrial city of
380:
804:
in Baltimore is a similarly elaborate atrium with glass roof, where all the structural members are also decorative and made of cast iron. The lofty glass roof of Milan's
697:
experimented with frameworks of timber, cast-iron and glass in the 1820s and 30s, designing ever larger structures, often prefabricated, culminating in the monumental
919:
225:
of industrial and commercial structures, as well as supports for balconies in theatres and even in churches, up until it was finally replaced by steel in about 1900.
1098:
815:
Cast iron lent itself to creating thinner supports in churches. An early example dates from 1837, when architect Louis Auguste Boileau supported the interior of the
1239:
552:
1137:
1224:
881:
444:
of prefabricated cast iron structures and items for shipping to the colonies, from decorative elements to structural components to entire buildings. During the
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in London features particularly ornate examples, with entwined dolphins supporting elaborate lampposts, and benches with sphinxes or camels as end panels.
1278:
1176:
1066:
725:
in the Czech Republic, built in 1889, which features an elaborate roof structure and extensive Neo-Baroque decorations in the facade, all in cast iron.
850:. Not only park and building fences, often with elaborate gates, but also fountains, street lamps, bollards, tree grates and guards, as well as the UK
1251:
164:, opened in 1781, a precedent-setting structure made almost entirely of cast iron. However, it was grossly over-designed, and the makers (principally
1380:
1161:
994:
457:. There are at least 100 surviving or part surviving prefabricated buildings, which in 2021 were to be nominated for World Heritage significance.
1042:
348:
As soon as improvements in techniques led to finer castings, designers exploited the decorative possibilities. As early as 1775, noted architect
1212:
547:
has the most famous and elaborate examples and the greatest concentration, with light, lacy often multi-level porches (known in New Orleans as
1746:
1940:
1725:
1125:
822:
Two famous examples of cast iron as both support and decoration of a roof on slender columns are the two great mid 19th century libraries of
721:
An interesting application is for a winter garden, with a solid roof but extensive glass walls, such as the Spa Colonnade in the spa town of
931:
1503:
1113:
827:
654:
119:
1364:
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261:(also 1837–8, and the widest span of a metal roof at the time). Similarly large span beams were also to support the wide roofs of the
946:
1926:
1908:
773:
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in London (a pattern that was still produced into the 1830s). Another very early large scale example is the delicate fence of the
816:
808:, built 1865–77, is both a dome and glass roofed shopping arcade, the grandest ever built. Later glass roofs such as that of the
646:
128:
65:
in buildings and objects, ranging from bridges and markets to warehouses, balconies and fences. Refinements developed during the
502:
2009:
904:
in Mexico City is a particularly elaborate example of the latter (though this may be wrought rather than cast iron). The 1870s
556:
1054:
835:
819:
in Paris on slim cast iron columns and ribbed vaulting imitating the Gothic style, but thinner than stone would have allowed.
1964:
1631:
650:
199:
in North Wales, built in 1805, where both the arches and the trough are constructed of cast iron. On the continent, the 1804
1959:
1606:
1104:
805:
743:
436:
551:) on over 400 buildings, transforming the area from the 1850s to 1880s. A few similar porches can be found in Savannah's
1971:
1149:
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style facades. Warehouse districts in smaller US cities soon also saw many examples, but most have been demolished. The
491:
629:
in 1857. Particularly popular for warehouse / industrial buildings, but also for department stores, the streets of the
1167:
461:
377:
1653:
1556:
722:
51:
1305:
794:
782:
763:
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Markets were a type of structure that lent themselves to prefabrication and shipping, such as the structure of the
449:
254:
1901:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
707:
152:
The Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, 1781. The first large scale use of cast iron for structural purposes.
91:
1285:
626:
124:
622:
432:
373:
1607:"City Signature: Now a Mainstay, Iron-Lace Galleries Were a Long Time Coming to the Streets of New Orleans"
846:
Cast iron, a durable material that could take on any shape, was also popular from the mid 19th century for
1388:
801:
767:
638:
221:
670:
1989:
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300:
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793:. The dome consists of nearly 9 million pounds of cast iron. Another important example is the dome of
733:
46:
1839:
1581:
877:
786:
597:
99:
148:
1754:
1269:
1073:
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Cast iron was used for the construction of large domes, as early as 1811 with the huge dome of the
625:
turned out "some of the most dramatic iron buildings this country has ever seen", most notably the
445:
419:
1815:
1557:"The Vegemite factory, which still pumps out the spread, may be protected for its heritage values"
2014:
885:
855:
698:
476:
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iron works to produce balcony railings in imitation of wrought iron, such as the railing for the
258:
207:
1511:
1936:
1922:
1904:
1360:
482:
175:
165:
83:
1339:
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in 1855, followed by at least 14 piers in Britain in the 1860s–80s, and many more in Europe.
1919:
Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879
1359:(2nd ed.). London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials. pp. 122–125.
1335:
1230:
864:
847:
658:
618:
471:
An early type of completely prefabricated building was the large storage shed at dockyards.
465:
464:
in Santiago, Chile, which was shipped out from Glasgow firm Laidlaw & Sons in 1869. The
415:
407:
399:
384:
383:
in 1821, and the delightful nautical seahorses and mermaids in the balustrade of the 1820s
1863:
831:
411:
357:
250:
188:
157:
406:, with its distinctive cast iron griffin sculptures and elaborate balustrades, the 1840
1078:
893:
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785:, built 1855–66 and made entirely of cast iron. The dome was designed by the architect
605:
544:
516:
511:
369:
353:
275:
229:
184:
87:
653:
Kentucky has the most surviving examples, with about 10 in a three block stretch. The
376:
was an enthusiastic early adopter, using cast iron for memorials such as the 20m tall
295:, patented in 1784, was a relatively low cost method for producing a structural grade
118:
describe in detail the cast-iron pagodas and statues widespread in China at the time.
30:
17:
2003:
901:
770:
was an early and spectacular use of the material as both structure and architecture.
694:
609:
361:
200:
192:
39:
1532:
70:
fell out of fashion after 1900 as a decorative material, and was replaced by modern
868:
809:
790:
689:
Cast iron also became the standard support structure in the construction of larger
642:
560:
390:
296:
279:
111:
95:
531:
528:
climates as porches or verandahs, where it formed both decoration and structure.
187:
improved both the design and quality of the material in bridges, for example, at
1994:
873:
440:
403:
365:
349:
316:
137:
140:
for fuel. The higher furnace temperatures also increased the furnace capacity.
1701:
851:
715:
703:
690:
320:
161:
1984:
1448:
1424:
834:, who also designed an even more elegant multiple-domed reading room for the
681:
580:
62:
1012:
Kitchen with palm tree cast iron columns, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, c. 1820
566:
592:
976:
Cast iron balcony and railing, Arden House, Leamington Spa, England, 1832
666:
233:
1977:
859:
662:
634:
571:
454:
1965:
Glass, iron and prefabrication: AD 1837–1851 – History of Architecture
319:
buildings, and was an essential step in the development of the modern
1301:
486:
107:
1960:
Cast-iron architecture – The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
823:
772:
680:
591:
565:
530:
501:
311:
115:
71:
27:
Buildings that make extensive use of cast iron in their structures
1330:
1328:
257:
in St Petersburg (1837–38), and the new roof following a fire of
1036:
Cast iron balcony, town hall, 9th arrondissement, Paris, c. 1830
630:
35:
1903:. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
604:
In the 1840s the cheapness and malleability of cast iron led
127:(Jade Springs Temple), Dangyang, Hubei, was built during the
1480:
737:
The structure of the glass roof of Milan's Galleria, 1865–77
1143:
Salle Labrouste, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1861–68
1407:
1405:
82:
Cast iron is not a good structural material for handling
1933:
Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847
494:
in Istanbul, shipped out from Vienna in the late 1890s.
617:(1858). The idea was taken up by other notable pioneer
1182:
Clevedon Pier, England, 1869, cast iron base structure
615:
Cast Iron Buildings: Their Construction and Advantages
1995:
The Maintenance and Repair of Architectural Cast Iron
710:, completed in 1840, is an early surviving example.
195:, and also for aqueducts, such as the world-famous
114:China. Texts written by the Japanese Buddhist monk
1985:Victorian cast-iron buildings in Glasgow, Scotland
1582:"Shed Number 78 the Boat Store Building Number 78"
988:Bourse de Commerce dome, Paris, 1811 (photo 1880s)
106:Cast iron was used as early as the 9th century in
1194:Sphinx bench, Victoria Embankment, London, 1877
789:, and fabricated by the New York iron foundry,
637:areas of New York and what is now known as the
1678:"Origins of Lacework & Balustrade Designs"
90:because of its brittleness and relatively low
1840:"Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (Milan, 1877)"
1816:"J. B. Bunning's London Coal Exchange (1849)"
1257:St Stephen's Bulgarian Church, Istanbul, 1898
1092:Bibliothèque Sainte-Genevieve, Paris, 1843–50
854:, and in Paris it was used for the elaborate
797:in St Petesburg, Russia, built in the 1830s.
498:French use, integrated with decorative scheme
8:
1990:Skidmore/Old Town National Historic Landmark
1048:St Isaac's Cathedral dome structure, c. 1838
596:Close-up view of cast-iron detailing at the
344:Summer Garden fence, Saint Petersburg, 1780s
1245:Old cast-iron bench, Bad Kissingen, Germany
1206:Brighton Beach Bandstand, Brighton UK, 1884
830:reading room, built 1843–51, by architect
54:, 1889. Nearly every element is cast iron.
1504:"Restoration of the Commissioner's House"
1024:Sayn Foundry hall, Bendorf, Germany, 1830
812:in Paris employed wrought iron or steel.
426:Prefabricated and transportable buildings
394:Balustrade of Palace Bridge, Berlin, 1824
336:Early balustrades, railings and memorials
753:
732:
669:, where a few survive, such as the 1872
389:
339:
174:
156:One of the first important projects was
147:
45:
29:
1324:
915:
418:), and more seahorses on the 1843–1850
206:Another notable example is the elegant
1893:A History of Cast Iron in Architecture
1654:"The City's Signature is Cast in Iron"
1411:
74:and concrete for structural purposes.
1976:. Episode 836. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston.
1747:"- Cast Iron Lacework [L42C]"
1218:Cast Iron building St Louis, Missouri
1060:Pevchesky Bridge, St Petersburg, 1840
600:in Glasgow, Scotland, erected in 1872
7:
1796:Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
1119:Haughwout Building, Soho, NY, 1856-7
677:Greenhouses, exhibitions and markets
98:. However, cast iron does have good
1891:Gloag, John and Bridgwater, Derek.
964:Commissioners House, Bermuda, 1820s
655:Skidmore/Old Town Historic District
179:Pont Des Arts, Paris, built in 1804
1605:Campanella, Richard (2018-12-08).
1344:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 55.
372:in Brighton, and German architect
25:
1947:Cast Iron Architecture in America
1777:Cast Iron Architecture in America
693:. English architect and gardener
506:Menier Chocolate Factory, Noisiel
364:in Saint Petersburg, designed by
42:famous for its cast-iron facades.
1895:, London: Allen and Unwin (1948)
1293:
1277:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1097:
1085:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
1000:Kreuzberg Memorial, Berlin, 1821
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
930:
918:
836:Bibliothèque nationale de France
826:, the double-arched roof of the
791:Janes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co
1639:Miles Lewis Australian Building
1341:The Coming of the Ages of Steel
1233:, Alexandra Park, Glasgow, 1901
842:Street furniture and park items
781:The most famous example is the
645:were soon lined with elaborate
888:), and the famous Art Nouveau
651:West Main District, Louisville
1:
1105:King Frederick Augustus Tower
952:Ha'penny Bridge, Dublin, 1816
867:are still in use. Decorative
828:Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève
437:Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda
1973:The Engines of Our Ingenuity
1304:iron lace terrace houses in
1155:Watson's Hotel, Mumbai, 1869
758:George Peabody Library, 1872
685:Crystal Palace, London, 1851
492:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
1751:www.perrybirdpickets.com.au
1652:Brown, Jenny (2011-07-30).
1537:Victorian Heritage Database
880:entrances (one survives at
817:Eglise St-Eugene Ste-Cecile
777:Eglise St-Eugene Ste-Cecile
2031:
1899:Landes, David. S. (1969).
1864:"The Story of Urban Light"
1453:Victoria and Albert Museum
1429:Victoria and Albert Museum
1381:"Royal Pavilion, Brighton"
1306:Woollahra, New South Wales
1272:fence, St Petersburg, 1907
1131:U.S. Capitol section, 1859
925:Pont Des Arts, Paris, 1804
783:United States Capitol dome
744:Galleria Vittorio Emmanuel
621:, whose iron works in the
1970:John H. Lienhard (1993).
477:Sheerness Naval Dockyards
473:The Boat Shed (Number 78)
352:joined with the Scottish
253:was used for the dome of
1792:"Cast Iron Architecture"
1779:. New York: Dover Books.
1502:Leseur, Paul A. (n.d.).
1355:Tylecote, R. F. (1992).
1286:Elgin Bridge (Singapore)
750:Roofs, domes and atriums
627:E. V. Haughwout Building
1477:Bermuda Maritime Museum
1357:A History of Metallurgy
1170:, Santiago, Chile, 1869
858:, newspaper kiosks and
795:Saint Isaac's Cathedral
718:in Paris (demolished).
708:Belfast Botanic Gardens
535:New Orleans cast iron '
374:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
255:Saint Isaac's Cathedral
2010:Cast-iron architecture
1775:Gayle, Margot (1974).
1706:collection.maas.museum
1632:"Ornamental Cast Iron"
1077:, 1848, today part of
802:George Peabody Library
778:
759:
738:
686:
601:
575:
540:
507:
414:(a copy of the Berlin
395:
381:Kreuzberg War Memorial
345:
222:Ditherington Flax Mill
215:Early use in buildings
180:
172:foundries and others.
153:
94:compared to steel and
59:Cast-iron architecture
55:
43:
18:Cast iron architecture
1385:Engineering Timelines
1107:, Löbau, Germany 1852
938:Pontcysyllte aqueduct
776:
757:
736:
684:
595:
569:
534:
523:Verandahs and porches
512:Menier Chocolate Mill
505:
393:
343:
286:Use with wrought iron
263:Palace of Westminster
197:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
191:in 1796, upstream of
178:
151:
67:Industrial Revolution
49:
33:
1949:, Dover Books (1974)
1820:www.victorianweb.org
1336:Wertime, Theodore A.
878:New York City Subway
838:, built in 1861–68.
787:Thomas Ustick Walter
570:Regatta Hotel 1886,
433:Commissioner's House
301:Puddled wrought iron
100:compressive strength
1790:Lee, Antoinette J.
1682:Chatterton Lacework
1308:, late 19th century
1270:Mikhailovsky Garden
940:, North Wales, 1805
906:Victoria Embankment
856:advertising columns
647:Renaissance Revival
446:Victorian gold rush
420:Annunciation Bridge
1726:"Lacework Designs"
1231:Cast iron fountain
886:New York City Hall
779:
764:Bourse de commerce
760:
742:iron, such as the
739:
687:
602:
576:
541:
508:
396:
346:
181:
154:
56:
44:
1941:978-0-7524-4266-2
1483:on March 29, 2010
1414:, pp. 91–93.
882:City Hall station
865:Wallace Fountains
671:Ca d’Oro Building
598:Ca d'Oro Building
588:Cast-iron facades
553:Historic District
366:Georg Von Veldten
327:Architectural use
278:built the first,
259:Chartes Cathedral
50:Spa Colonnade in
16:(Redirected from
2022:
1981:
1935:, Tempus (2007)
1931:Lewis, Peter R.
1921:, Tempus (2004)
1917:Lewis, Peter R.
1914:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1753:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1586:Historic England
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1510:. Archived from
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:. Archived from
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1387:. Archived from
1377:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1332:
1297:
1281:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1101:
1089:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
934:
922:
848:street furniture
659:Portland, Oregon
619:Daniel D. Badger
462:Mercado Centrale
408:Pevchesky Bridge
400:Saint Petersburg
293:puddling process
110:construction in
92:tensile strength
21:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2000:
1999:
1969:
1956:
1945:Gayle, Margot.
1911:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1508:bermudamall.com
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1449:"Balcony Panel"
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:Mercado Central
1165:
1156:
1153:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1001:
998:
989:
986:
977:
974:
965:
962:
953:
950:
941:
935:
926:
923:
914:
844:
832:Henri Labrouste
752:
731:
723:Mariánské Lázně
679:
590:
525:
500:
450:corrugated iron
428:
412:Anichkov Bridge
338:
329:
309:
288:
271:
251:cast iron frame
247:
217:
208:Ha'penny Bridge
158:The Iron Bridge
146:
88:bending moments
80:
52:Mariánské Lázně
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:Iron Buildings
1967:
1962:
1955:
1954:External links
1952:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1855:
1831:
1807:
1782:
1767:
1738:
1717:
1693:
1669:
1644:
1630:Lewis, Miles.
1622:
1597:
1573:
1548:
1524:
1494:
1464:
1440:
1416:
1401:
1372:
1366:978-0901462886
1365:
1347:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1292:
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1283:
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1268:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1244:
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1235:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1184:
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1174:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1079:Kunsthaus Graz
1071:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1002:
999:
992:
990:
987:
980:
978:
975:
968:
966:
963:
956:
954:
951:
944:
942:
936:
929:
927:
924:
917:
913:
910:
894:Hector Guimard
843:
840:
751:
748:
730:
727:
699:Crystal Palace
678:
675:
606:James Bogardus
589:
586:
545:French Quarter
524:
521:
517:Jules Saulnier
499:
496:
483:Watson's Hotel
427:
424:
378:Gothic Revival
370:Royal Pavilion
354:Carron Company
337:
334:
328:
325:
308:
305:
287:
284:
276:Eugenius Birch
270:
267:
246:
243:
236:, designed by
230:Royal Pavilion
216:
213:
185:Thomas Telford
145:
142:
79:
78:Structural use
76:
61:is the use of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:0-7524-3160-9
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:0-521-09418-6
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1845:
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1835:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1757:on 2019-10-19
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
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1707:
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1697:
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1659:
1655:
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1645:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1534:
1533:"Corio Villa"
1528:
1525:
1514:on 2008-12-03
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:Landes (1969)
1408:
1406:
1402:
1391:on 2006-11-10
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
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1307:
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1296:
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1287:
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1248:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:Eisernes Haus
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
955:
948:
943:
939:
933:
928:
921:
916:
911:
909:
907:
903:
902:Morisco Kiosk
897:
895:
892:entrances by
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
771:
769:
768:Coal Exchange
765:
756:
749:
747:
745:
735:
728:
726:
724:
719:
717:
711:
709:
705:
700:
696:
695:Joseph Paxton
692:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
610:New York City
607:
599:
594:
587:
585:
582:
573:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:New Orleans'
538:
533:
529:
522:
520:
518:
513:
504:
497:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
469:
467:
466:Marché en Fer
463:
458:
456:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
425:
423:
421:
417:
416:Castle Bridge
413:
409:
405:
401:
392:
388:
386:
385:Castle Bridge
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Summer Garden
359:
355:
351:
342:
335:
333:
326:
324:
322:
318:
313:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
285:
283:
281:
277:
268:
266:
265:(1840s–50s).
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:An elaborate
244:
242:
239:
235:
231:
226:
223:
214:
212:
209:
204:
202:
201:Pont des Arts
198:
194:
193:Coalbrookdale
190:
186:
177:
173:
171:
170:Coalbrookdale
167:
166:Abraham Darby
163:
159:
150:
143:
141:
139:
133:
130:
126:
125:Yuquan Temple
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
77:
75:
73:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
41:
40:New York City
37:
32:
19:
1972:
1946:
1932:
1918:
1900:
1892:
1886:Bibliography
1872:. Retrieved
1870:. 2018-02-06
1867:
1858:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1750:
1741:
1732:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1647:
1638:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1563:. 2021-04-16
1560:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1507:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1384:
1375:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1072:
898:
869:street lamps
852:red post box
845:
821:
814:
810:Grand Palais
799:
780:
761:
740:
720:
712:
688:
643:Philadelphia
623:East Village
614:
603:
577:
561:Jackson Ward
542:
526:
509:
481:
470:
459:
439:designed by
429:
397:
347:
330:
310:
297:wrought iron
289:
280:Margate Pier
272:
248:
227:
218:
205:
182:
155:
134:
129:Song dynasty
112:Tang dynasty
105:
96:wrought iron
81:
58:
57:
34:A street in
1487:October 12,
890:Paris MĂ©tro
874:Urban Light
691:greenhouses
557:Church Hill
441:Edward Holl
410:, the 1842
404:Bank Bridge
387:in Berlin.
350:Robert Adam
317:steel-frame
245:Roof frames
120:Persecution
2004:Categories
1874:2019-11-17
1849:2020-02-18
1844:Structurae
1825:2019-09-30
1801:2022-03-13
1761:2019-10-17
1733:Chatterton
1711:2019-10-17
1687:2019-10-17
1663:2019-10-17
1616:2019-10-25
1591:2021-03-09
1567:2024-08-23
1542:2023-01-20
1518:2010-03-05
1458:2023-01-20
1434:2023-01-20
1425:"Fireback"
1395:2019-12-28
1314:References
746:in Milan.
716:Les Halles
704:Palm House
574:, Brisbane
555:, and the
321:skyscraper
162:Shropshire
2015:Cast iron
1284:Lamps on
800:The 1872
581:Melbourne
549:galleries
238:John Nash
183:Engineer
63:cast iron
1868:Unframed
1611:NOLA.com
1561:ABC News
1338:(1961).
1300:Typical
884:outside
860:pissoirs
806:Galleria
667:Scotland
641:area of
639:Old City
539:', 1850s
234:Brighton
189:Buildwas
912:Gallery
729:Arcades
706:at the
663:Glasgow
635:Tribeca
572:Toowong
537:gallery
455:Geelong
435:of the
358:Adelphi
144:Bridges
123:at the
84:tension
1939:
1925:
1907:
1658:Domain
1363:
1302:Sydney
1288:, 1929
487:Mumbai
108:pagoda
1729:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1473:"Map"
1319:Notes
900:1885
824:Paris
312:Steel
307:Steel
269:Piers
116:Ennin
72:steel
1937:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1489:2009
1361:ISBN
633:and
631:SoHo
559:and
510:The
138:coke
36:SoHo
657:in
608:of
485:in
475:at
398:In
232:in
160:in
86:or
38:in
2006::
1866:.
1842:.
1818:.
1794:.
1749:.
1731:.
1704:.
1680:.
1656:.
1637:.
1609:.
1584:.
1559:.
1535:.
1506:.
1475:.
1451:.
1427:.
1404:^
1383:.
1327:^
896:.
673:.
665:,
422:.
323:.
299:.
1980:.
1913:.
1877:.
1852:.
1828:.
1804:.
1764:.
1735:.
1714:.
1690:.
1666:.
1641:.
1619:.
1594:.
1570:.
1545:.
1521:.
1491:.
1461:.
1437:.
1398:.
1369:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
