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actions during Prado's governorship and tactical decisions taken during the siege, although Prado and several officials were not military officers. The commission placed most of the blame on Prado and Hevia, finding them to have failed to fortify the Cabana hill properly and to have abandoned it too easily, to have crippled the
Spanish fleet by sinking blockships that prevented the remainder taking action against the British and surrendered them intact rather than burning them; they had not mounted any significant counterattacks and, finally, had not removed the royal treasury before the surrender. After a lengthy trial, Prado was found guilty and sentenced to death but was reprieved and died in prison. Hevia was sentenced to 10 years' house arrest and the loss of his office and titles but was later pardoned and reinstated: a leading official, Julián de Arriaga, was dismissed from office. Velasco's family was ennobled, and his son was created Marqués de Velasco del Morro, and Charles III decreed that there should be a ship named
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am the next day, two
Spanish schooners attacked the miners from the sea. Their attack was unsuccessful, and they had to withdraw. At 1:00 pm, the British finally detonated the mine. The debris of the explosion partly filled the ditch, but Albemarle judged it passable, and launched an assault, sending 699 picked men against the right bastion. Before the Spanish could react, sixteen men gained a foothold on the bastion. Velasco rushed to the breach with his troops and was mortally wounded during the ensuing hand-to-hand fighting. The Spanish forces fell back, leaving the British in control of the Morro fort. Velasco was transported back to Havana, but by 31 July, had died of his wounds.
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force the
British fleet to seek a safe anchorage. However, the city's main fortress, the Morro Castle, was overlooked by a hill that the governor had neglected to fortify; the British installed batteries there and bombarded the fortress daily with heavy shelling. The fortress eventually fell after the officer in charge of Morro Castle, Luis Vicente de Velasco, was mortally wounded by a stray bullet. The capture of Morro Castle led to the eventual fall of the rest of the fortifications and the surrender of the city, the remaining garrison, and the naval forces present before the hurricane season began.
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January 1762, the
British government decided to mount an attack on the critical Spanish fortress and naval base of Havana, to weaken the Spanish presence in the Caribbean and improve the security of its own North American colonies. A strong British naval force consisting of squadrons from Britain and the West Indies and the military force of British and American troops it convoyed were able to approach Havana from a direction that neither the Spanish governor nor the Admiral expected and were able to trap the Spanish fleet in the Havana harbour and land its troops with relatively little resistance.
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Morro to 500. Velasco was losing as many as 30 men each day, and repairing the fortress every night was so exhausting that men had to be rotated into the fort from the city every three days. Velasco finally convinced Prado that a raid was necessary against the
British batteries. At dawn on 29 June, 988 men (a mixed company of grenadiers, marines, engineers, and enslaved people) attacked the siege works. They reached the British batteries from the rear and started to spike guns, but the British reaction was swift, and the attackers were repulsed before they caused any serious damage.
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885:, with an organisation and uniforms similar to the regulars. The regular garrison of about 3,200 would be backed by a disciplined militia of eight infantry battalions and one regiment each of cavalry and dragoons, totaling 7,500 soldiers, with many of the officers from prominent Cuban families. Havana and Manila were returned to Spain as a result of the
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506:, an engineer, oversaw the siegeworks' construction against the Morro. Since digging trenches was impossible, he resolved to erect breastworks instead. He planned to mine towards a bastion of the Morro once his siege works had reached the ditch and to create a runway across this ditch with the rubble produced by his mining activities.
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The next day, Prado was informed that there was only sufficient ammunition for a few more days. He made belated plans to remove the bullion in Havana and move to another part of the island, but the city was surrounded by it. Negotiations of the articles of capitulation of the city and the fleet went
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On 29 July, the mine near the right bastion of the Morro fort was completed and ready to explode. Albemarle vainly feigned an assault, hoping that
Velasco would finally decide to surrender. On the contrary, Velasco launched a desperate attack from the sea upon the British miners in the ditch. At 2:00
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The Siege of Havana was a successful
British siege against Spanish-ruled Havana that lasted from March to August 1762 as part of the Seven Years' War. After Spain abandoned its former policy of neutrality by signing the family compact with France, resulting in a British declaration of war on Spain in
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During the siege, the
British had lost 2,764 killed, wounded, captured, or deserted, but by 18 October, they also had lost 4,708 dead from sickness. One of the most depleted brigades was transferred to North America, losing another 360 men within a month of arrival. Three ships of the line were lost
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Though Havana, which had become the third-largest city in the
Americas, was to enter an era of sustained development and closening ties with North America during this period, the British occupation of the city proved short-lived. Pressure from London sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices
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The cannons around the fort are now severely rusted, but the walls are well-preserved. The fort has central barracks up to four stories high. A small underwater archeology exhibition is also located here. Noteworthy are the old latrines and their chute into the sea, as are the two sets of doors and
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Charles III appointed a commission of generals to try Prado, and others considered culpable for the loss of Havana on their return to Spain. Prado, Hevia, and nine other military and civil officials were accused of treason, and their trial was, in effect, a court-martial. However, it examined their
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By 17 July, the new
British batteries had progressively silenced most of Velasco's guns, leaving only two operational. With the absence of artillery cover, it became impossible for the Spanish troops to repair the damage inflicted on the Morro. Mackellar also resumed the construction of siege works
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By 22 June, four British batteries, totaling twelve heavy guns and 38 mortars, opened fire on the Morro from La Cabana. Mackellar gradually advanced his breastworks towards the ditch under cover of these batteries, so by the end of the month, the British had increased their daily direct hits on the
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On 11 June a British party stormed a detached redoubt on the La Cabana heights. Only then did the British command realize how strong the Morro was, surrounded by brushwood and protected by a large ditch. With the arrival of their siege train the next day, the British began erecting batteries among
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The progress of siege works over the next few days allowed the British to begin the mining towards the right bastion of the Morro. Meanwhile, the now unopposed British artillery was daily hitting the Morro up to 600 times, causing some 60 casualties. Velasco now had no hope but to destroy British
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The surrender of Havana led to substantial rewards for the British naval and military leaders and smaller amounts of prize money for other officers and men. Upon their return to Spain, the Spanish governor, Admiral, and other military and civil officeholders were court-martialled and punished for
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The Spanish authorities decided on a strategy of delaying the British attack until the strength of the city's defenses and the onset of seasonal rains inflicting tropical diseases would significantly reduce the size of the British force via disease, along with the start of hurricane season would
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On 24 July, Albemarle offered Velasco the opportunity to surrender, allowing him to write his terms of capitulation. Velasco answered that the issue would instead be settled by force of arms. Three days later, the reinforcements from North America led by Colonel Burton finally arrived. These
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It was clear to the Spanish authorities that their regular army in Cuba could not match the strength that the British army was able to concentrate. It was, therefore, necessary to form a disciplined colonial militia, with adequate weapons and training, supervised by experienced officers and
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On 11 August, after Prado had rejected the demand for surrender sent to him by Albemarle, the British batteries opened fire on Havana. A total of 47 guns (15 × 32-pdrs, 32 × 24-pdrs), ten mortars, and five howitzers pounded the city from a distance of 500–800 m. By the end of the day,
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The significant losses of men in the attack on Havana ended any possibility of an attack on Louisiana, and the French took advantage of the removal of so many troops from Canada to capture Newfoundland with a small force of fifteen hundred soldiers. Newfoundland was recaptured in the
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their failures to conduct a better defense and for allowing the Spanish fleet present to fall intact into the hands of the British. Havana remained under British occupation until February 1763, when it was returned to Spain under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, formally ending the war.
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had forced the British government into thoroughly reviewing its military, this war forced the Spanish government into undertaking a similar process. The invasions of Havana and Manilla were the catalyst for profound political and military reforms in the Spanish overseas empire.
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siege works. On 22 July, 1,300 regulars, seamen, and militia sallied from Havana in three columns and attacked the siege works surrounding the Morro. The British repelled the Spanish sortie, who thus withdrew to their lines, and the siege works were left relatively intact.
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the drawbridge mechanism. The current harbor master's office is still housed in the fortress. A plaque dedicated by the ambassador of the United Kingdom commemorates the 1762 siege, and a small memorial is located between two strong powder rooms in the northeast bastion.
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A small turret at the end of the wall offers views of the sea crashing onto the rocks 20 meters below and of the substantial dry moat. The opposite side of the moat holds more modern guns and cannons, La Bateria de Velasco, and offers a sweeping view down to
758:(74), together with a ship of 78 guns belonging to the CompañĂa de La Habana, a number of smaller armed vessels belonging to it and the CompañĂa de Caracas and nearly 100 merchant ships. Two new almost-completed ships of the line in the dockyard, the
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The British then occupied a position commanding the city of Havana and the bay. Artillery batteries were brought up along the north side of the entrance channel from the Morro fort to La Cabana Hill, where they could be trained directly on the town.
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the trees on La Cabana hill overlooking the Morro (some 7 metres (23 ft) higher) as well as the city and the bay. Surprisingly, this hill had been left undefended by the Spanish army despite its well-known strategic importance.
722:, military equipment, 1,828,116 Spanish pesos, and merchandise valued around 1,000,000. Furthermore, they had seized nine ships of the line in Havana harbour, representing one-fifth of the strength of the Spanish Navy, namely
208:, it can be seen from miles as it dominates the entrance to the harbor. Built-in 1589 in response to raids on the city, el Morro protected the entrance of the harbor with a chain strung out across the water, known as the
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in the Spanish fleet after that. The loss of Havana and Western Cuba was a severe blow to Spain. Not only were the financial losses considerable, the loss in prestige was even greater. This defeat, together with the
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in exchange for Cuba on France's recommendation to Spain. The French advised that declining the offer could result in Spain losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British. In 1781, General
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to approach the fortress. With the army in such bad condition, work progressed rather slowly. The British army's only hope now resided in the expected arrival of reinforcements from North America.
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had earlier instructed Prado to fortify this hill, a task that he considered the most urgent of those relating to the fortifications. The task had been started, but no guns had been installed.
329:, the British admiral who devised the scheme, saw his 4,000 occupying troops capitulate to raids by Spanish troops and, more critically, an epidemic, forcing him to withdraw his fleet to
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erupted in 1754 across three continents and eventually arrived in the Spanish Caribbean. Spain's alliance with the French pitched them into direct conflict with the British, and in 1762
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and attacked the fortress from its landward side. The fort fell when the British successfully mined one of its bastions. When the British handed the island back in 1763 to Spain, the
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291:, who sailed within sight of Havana harbor but did not disembark on the island. Havana's inability to resist invaders was dramatically exposed in 1628 when a Dutch fleet led by
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793:, received the same amount as Commodore Keppel, as the two shared a fifteenth part of the prize pool, as against the third shared by their commanders. Elliot was able to buy
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789:, the naval second-in-command who was Albemarle's younger brother. Each of the 42 naval captains present received ÂŁ1,600 as prize money. The military second-in-command,
376:, entered the city as a new colonial governor and took control of the whole western part of the island. The arrival of the British immediately opened up trade with their
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This 18th-century manuscript map shows the plan of Morro Castle, located at the entrance of Havana Bay, Cuba. The fortress was built by the Spaniards, starting in 1585.
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El Morro once housed a school for lighthouse keepers. There was a watchtower here until the British blew it up during their successful siege in 1762. The
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Panoramic view of Havana, showing the entrance to the harbor and inner harbor; taken from Cabanas Fortress showing Morro Castle on the extreme right-hand
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1081:, a Spanish soldier, and the planter's daughter they both love. Morro Castle is the setting for many of the book's events, including its tragic finale.
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on, and Prado and his army obtained the honours of war on 13 August. Hevia neglected to burn his fleet, which fell intact in the hands of the British.
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one and a half months later, meant the loss of Spain's 'Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies' as well as its colonial capital of the
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World Heritage Site, inscribed in 1982 for its historical importance in the European conquest of the New World and its unique mix of architecture.
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was approaching, Albemarle was now engaged in a race against time. He ordered the batteries to be rebuilt with the help of men of the fleet. Many
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reinforcements, who had been attacked by the French during their journey, with the loss through the capture of some 500 men, consisted of
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On 1 July, the British launched a combined land and naval attack on the Morro. The fleet detached four ships of the line for this purpose:
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232:. In this case, the Spanish "morro" means a rock visible from the sea and serves as a navigational landmark. The fortress is part of the
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riches. In response to repeated raids, defenses were bolstered throughout the island during the 16th century. In Havana, the fortress of
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either as a direct result of Spanish gunfire or severe damage received, which would cause their demise later. Shortly after the siege
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payments of ÂŁ122,697 each were made to Pocock as naval commander and to Albemarle as military commander, with ÂŁ24,539 paid to
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Sanchez-Galarraga, Jorge, "Luis de Velasco — Siege of Havana, 1762", Seven Years War Association Journal Vol. XII No. 2
801:, which he altered and enlarged. Privates in the army received just over ÂŁ4, and ordinary seamen rather less than ÂŁ4 each.
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forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the
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180:(Morro Castle), is a fortress guarding the entrance to the Havana harbor. The design is by the Italian engineer
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heightened Cuba's value as the first line of defence for the Spanish South American colonies. Spain received
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signed in February 1763. Still, the British occupation lasted until two months later, when a newly appointed
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as payment for intervening in the war on the side of the French and as compensation for having lost Florida.
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Relief shown by shading, oriented with north toward the lower left. Insets: Castle of Morro—Fort of La Punta
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1039:(1943-1990) at El Morro Castle for criticism of the government. The film version of Arenas's autobiography,
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British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
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to Great Britain. The loss of Florida and the Spanish acceptance of British occupation of the
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protected the entrance of the harbor with a chain strung out across the water, known as the
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British forces under the command of the Earl of Albemarle, and Sr George Pocock, 13 Aug: 1762
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On 14 August, the British entered the city. They possessed the most important harbour in the
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Parts of a patched Spanish flag captured during the assault on Morro Castle, showing arms of
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was signed by the three warring powers, ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain
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Sitio y rendición de la Habana en 1762: Fragmento de la historia inédita de la isla de Cuba
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Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present.
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A depiction of an episode from the last major operation of the Seven Years War, 1756-63,
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is a leftover custom kept from colonial times signaling the closure of the city gates.
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British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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on the eastern part of the island to open up Cuba's protected trade with neighboring
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Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It
1023:(1940) in the background as Bob Hope and Paulette Goddard enter the harbor by ship.
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1362:"Morro: Monte o peñasco escarpado que sirve de marca a los navegantes en la costa"
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a year later. The Morro Castle was the primary defense in the Havana harbor until
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to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June and, by August, had Havana under
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Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution
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The Cuban writer JosĂ© Antonio EcheverrĂa (1815-1885) published his only novel,
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doubled for the prison since the filmmakers were not allowed to film in Cuba.)
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The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850.
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were taken from the lower deck of several ships to equip these new batteries.
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sank in the Atlantic due to extensive damage received during the siege, and
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During his life, the Castro regime imprisoned the Cuban poet and novelist
1032:(1957) starring Errol Flynn were shot at Morro Castle in pre-Castro Cuba.
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The Development of the Cuban Military As a Sociopolitical Elite, 1763–83.
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The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Time to the Present, Vol. III
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Since its arrival at Havana, the British army had heavily suffered from
337:, the British carried out unsuccessful attacks against Santiago de Cuba
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The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World
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England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy, Vol II
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The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 695–704
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1382:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
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Plan of Morro Castle, located at the entrance to the Port of Havana
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for Spain with Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban troops.
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plundered the Spanish ships in the city's harbor. In 1662, English
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was built to deter potential invaders, which included the English
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Perched on the promontory on the opposite side of the harbor from
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Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755–1763
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The Captured Spanish Fleet at Havana, August–September 1762, by
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was silenced. Prado had no other choice left but to surrender.
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The Morro Castle first saw action in 1762 under the command of
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1316:"Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro in Havana – Cuba"
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Aerial view of Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro in 1909.
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City, country, empire: landscapes in environmental history.
1154:"A new map of North America" following the Treaty of Paris
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was declared unserviceable and was stripped and scuttled.
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The Cruise of the Montauk to Bermuda, the West Indies ...
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Morro Castle and Entrance to Havana Harbor, in 1916, by
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By 25 July 5, 000 soldiers and 3,000 sailors were sick.
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Bombardment of the Morro Castle, Havana, 1 July 1762 by
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in three parts. A historical novel in the tradition of
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Morro Castle in 1885, image extracted from page 433 of
502:, on the west side of the harbour. Meanwhile, Colonel
766:(80), were burnt. In addition, two small frigates or
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Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume 114
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The Havana expedition of 1762 in the war with Spain
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Battle for Empire: The very first world war 1756–63
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2029:. La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 2005. 5-12.
626:– which were combined into a 253-man ranger corps.
2229:The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy
1470:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 133.
847:was lost while returning to Britain for repairs.
453:was built to prevent land attacks in the future.
255:The British Fleet Entering Havana, 21 August 1762
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3137:Memorial to the Soviet Internationalist Soldier
360:of five warships and 4,000 troops set out from
999:Morro Castle can be seen in the background of
498:Two days later a British detachment landed at
3555:
2382:
2164:Historia de la conquista de la Habana. (1762)
2133:; Osprey Raid Series #15, Osprey Publishing.
2108:Diefendorf, Jeffry M. and Dorsey, K. (2006).
2091:, Longmans, Green and Co| location = New York
184:(1547–1616). Originally under the control of
8:
2837:Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana
2548:Escuela Latinoamericana de Ciencias MĂ©dicas
2094:Danley, Mark and Speelman, Patrick (2012).
2084:, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London.
517:British siege guns before Morro Castle, by
3665:Buildings and structures completed in 1589
3562:
3548:
3540:
3184:
3102:
2409:
2389:
2375:
2367:
1452:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (2nd edition)
821:during their occupation of Havana in 1762.
282:Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro
216:. The Morro fortress shares its name with
31:
18:Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro
1376:"Old Havana and its Fortification System"
1428:
1426:
636:
563:and was now at half-strength. Since the
3680:Spanish colonial fortifications in Cuba
2868:BasĂlica Menor de San Francisco de AsĂs
2543:Colegio Nacional de Arquitectos de Cuba
1446:
1444:
1442:
1307:
1288:
1088:
953:A cannon is fired at 9 pm nightly; the
264:Colonial Cuba was a frequent target of
2750:Gran Hotel Manzana Kempinski La Habana
2538:Candler College and Colegio Buenavista
1341:"Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro"
2266:The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762
2170:La toma de La Habana por los ingleses
1830:. Navy Records Society. p. 289.
1130:. Drawing by Francisco Calvillo, 1576
770:and two 18-gun sloops, including the
607:46th Thomas Murray's Regiment of Foot
317:launched another invasion, capturing
7:
2918:Our Lady of Kazan Orthodox Cathedral
2908:San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary
2592:José Martà Anti-Imperialist Platform
1077:describes the love triangle between
166:Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro
2898:Iglesia Santo Cristo del Buen Viaje
2166:, Perry and McMillan, Philadelphia.
1436:. Yale University Press. pp. 39–41.
1420:. Yale University Press. pp. 34–35.
3046:Palacio de la Marquesa de Villalba
2903:Iglesia de Santa MarĂa del Rosario
2674:Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital
2425:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales
2096:The Seven Years' War: Global Views
1182:, A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf
1017:Morro Castle appears in the movie
612:58th Anstruther's Regiment of Foot
25:
2933:Hermitage of the Catalans, Havana
2913:Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad
2893:Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula
2755:Hotel Habana Riviera by Iberostar
2461:Castillo San Salvador de la Punta
2318:Pezuela y Lobo, Jacobo de (1859)
1257:Castillo San Salvador de la Punta
1194:Cubans fishing next to the castle
864:. These events confirmed British
858:conquest of Manila by the British
3020:José Martà International Airport
2354:
2148:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1923:Diefendorf & Dorsey, p. 202.
1221:
1199:
1187:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1091:
868:and showed the fragility of the
616:American provincials (3,000 men)
226:Castillo de San Felipe del Morro
218:Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca
35:
2131:A Far-Flung Gamble, Havana 1762
1404:. Yale University Press. p. 32.
439:British expedition against Cuba
109:
3431:Plaza de San Francisco de AsĂs
2923:Seminario TeolĂłgico Adventista
2577:Coliseo de la Ciudad Deportiva
2066:. Cambridge University Press.
1320:Tourist Spots Around the World
1267:Castillo del PrĂncipe (Havana)
933:lighthouse was added in 1846.
435:Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla
335:War of the Austrian Succession
302:captured and briefly occupied
1:
3675:Tourist attractions in Havana
2669:Maternidad Obrera de Marianao
2162:José Guiteras, Pedro (1856).
2124:A History of the British Army
1824:Navy Records Society (1970).
240:Cuba under attack (1500–1800)
2684:Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital
2215:. Michael O'Mara Books Ltd.
1950:Schneider, pp. 224, 227–229.
1380:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
979:, 1778, by American painter
649:in the centre surrounded by
313:Nearly a century later, the
3373:Squares, parks, and gardens
3071:National Library JosĂ© MartĂ
2883:Iglesia de JesĂşs de Miramar
2679:Havana Psychiatric Hospital
2246:Schneider, Elena A (2018).
2126:Vol. II, MacMillan, London.
1464:Larrie D. Ferreiro (2016).
1238:List of buildings in Havana
3701:
3385:Amphitheatre of Old Havana
3076:Edificio del Seguro MĂ©dico
3056:La MansiĂłn de Mark Pollack
2888:Iglesia del EspĂritu Santo
2827:Museo de Artes Decorativas
2456:Castillo de la Real Fuerza
2300:Gardiner, A. Bird (1898).
2112:Univ of Pittsburgh Press.
2062:Brumwell, Stephen (2002).
2047:. Edwin Mellen Press Ltd.
1065:(1839), in the periodical
1026:The climactic scenes from
700:
669:
651:Order of the Golden Fleece
472:
416:
401:, the Spanish governor of
243:
3638:
3579:
3522:
3407:(formerly Campo de Marte}
2553:Instituto TĂ©cnico Militar
2486:BaterĂa de la de la Reina
2322:, M. Rivadeneyra, Madrid.
2227:Rodger, N. A. M. (1986).
2129:Greentree, David (2010).
2122:Fortescue, J. W. (1899),
1986:Kuethe, pp. 696–697, 700.
1252:BaterĂa de la de la Reina
883:non-commissioned officers
791:Lieutenant-General Eliott
588:Storming the Morro Castle
169:
95:23.1504639°N 82.3566639°W
46:
34:
3670:Fortifications of Havana
3405:Parque de la Fraternidad
2959:Gran Teatro de La Habana
2811:Royal Shipyard of Havana
2740:Hotel NH Capri La Habana
2602:Radiocentro CMQ Building
2430:Palacio del Segundo Cabo
2144:Johnson, Sherry (2011).
1995:Schneider, pp. 219, 224.
1724:Schneider, pp. 116, 124.
817:. British troops at the
693:on September 15, 1762.
27:Fortress in Havana, Cuba
3015:Ciudad Libertad Airport
3010:Central Railway Station
2969:Teatro Hubert de Blanck
2928:Nuestra Señora de Belén
2780:Hotel Tryp Habana Libre
2730:Rosita De Hornedo Hotel
2597:Oriental Park Racetrack
2186:Conway Maritime Press.
2043:Bradley, Peter (1999).
2004:Schneider, pp. 224–225.
931:Faro Castillo del Morro
891:Captain General of Cuba
655:Royal Museums Greenwich
196:was completed in 1774.
140:Design and construction
100:23.1504639; -82.3566639
3426:Plaza de la RevoluciĂłn
3321:Plaza de la RevoluciĂłn
3118:Antonio Maceo monument
3066:LĂłpez Serrano Building
2847:Museo de la RevoluciĂłn
2765:Hotel Nacional de Cuba
2689:Hospital de San Lázaro
2476:TorreĂłn de la Chorrera
2329:Winfield, Rif (2007).
2278:Thomas, Hugh, (2013).
2264:Syrett, David, (1970)
2197:Marley, David (1998).
2182:Lavery, Brian (2003).
2087:Corbett, J.S, (1907).
2080:Clowes, W. L. (1898).
1787:Guiteras, pp. 149,163.
1769:Guiteras, pp. 146–147.
1715:Guiteras, pp. 124–125.
1643:Guiteras, pp. 116–117.
1634:Guiteras, pp. 107–108.
1625:Guiteras, pp. 104–105.
1432:Gott, Richard (2004).
1416:Gott, Richard (2004).
1400:Gott, Richard (2004).
1247:Treaty of Paris (1763)
996:
984:
955:"El Cañonazo de las 9"
926:
872:. Just as the earlier
822:
715:
658:
594:
521:
500:TorreĂłn de la Chorrera
487:
430:
261:
190:Treaty of Paris (1763)
161:
3586:Diplomatic Revolution
3493:Arco de Belén, Havana
3390:Quinta de los molinos
3359:San Miguel del PadrĂłn
3239:Santiago de las Vegas
3142:Monumento El Cacahual
2878:Catedral de La Habana
2573:Bandstand of el Prado
2491:Torreón de San Lázaro
2471:Castillo del PrĂncipe
2268:Navy Records Society.
2175:Kuethe, Alan (1981).
1860:Cobbett, pp. 280–282.
1544:Bradley, pp. 227–228.
1517:Bradley, pp. 226–227.
1001:John Singleton Copley
990:
981:John Singleton Copley
973:
924:
807:
710:
691:Battle of Signal Hill
640:
581:
516:
482:
451:fortress at La Cabaña
426:
257:, a 1775 painting by
253:
230:San Juan, Puerto Rico
159:
3421:Plaza de la Catedral
3226:Barrio de San Lázaro
3205:Caleta de San Lazaro
3168:Fuente de los Leones
2964:Teatro Amadeo Roldán
2558:University of Havana
2517:Royal Bank of Canada
2363:at Wikimedia Commons
2211:Pocock, Tom (1998).
1733:Pocock, pp. 226–227.
1580:Pocock, pp. 231–232.
1571:Guiteras, pp. 95–96.
1562:Pocock, pp. 230–231.
1535:Pocock, pp. 223–224.
1243:Charles III of Spain
1006:Watson and the Shark
995:, by James Macquade.
976:Watson and the Shark
949:El cañonazo de las 9
810:The Piazza at Havana
493:Charles III of Spain
358:a British expedition
3395:La Alameda de Paula
3123:José Martà Memorial
2801:Acueducto de Albear
2720:Hotel Perla de Cuba
2653:Bodeguita del Medio
2512:Bank of Nova Scotia
2481:Santa Clara Battery
2435:Cuartel de Milicias
2250:. UNC Press Books.
1434:Cuba: A new history
1418:Cuba: A new history
1402:Cuba: A new history
1262:Santa Clara Battery
874:War of Jenkins' Ear
862:Spanish East Indies
781:After the capture,
776:Domingo de Bonechea
720:Spanish West Indies
407:reconquered Florida
347:near Havana in 1748
323:War of Jenkins' Ear
321:in 1741 during the
91: /
51:General information
3488:Havana Plan Piloto
3163:Fuente de la India
3061:Lonja del Comercio
2873:Temple Beth Shalom
2785:Meliá Cohiba Hotel
2735:Hotel Ambos Mundos
2643:HeladerĂa Coppelia
2582:Sans Souci Cabaret
2496:Castillo de Atarés
2013:Schneider, p. 225.
1977:Schneider, p. 222.
1905:Schneider, p. 179.
1805:Fortescue, p. 544.
1697:Schneider, p. 155.
1679:Schneider, p. 151.
1661:Fortescue, p. 543.
1277:Timeline of Havana
1042:Before Night Falls
1020:The Ghost Breakers
997:
985:
927:
895:Alejandro O'Reilly
823:
716:
659:
595:
522:
488:
431:
399:Bernardo de Gálvez
382:Caribbean colonies
315:British Royal Navy
262:
182:Battista Antonelli
178:Castillo del Morro
162:
149:Battista Antonelli
3652:
3651:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3176:
3175:
3094:
3093:
3041:Palacio de Aldama
2949:Coliseo of Havana
2842:Museo NapoleĂłnico
2359:Media related to
2340:978-1-86176-295-5
2288:978-0-71819-292-1
2274:978-0-85354-003-8
2231:. Fontana Press.
2207:978-0-87436-837-6
2139:978-1-84603-987-4
2118:978-0-8229-5876-5
2104:978-9-00423-408-6
2098:, Brill, Leiden.
1751:Guiteras, p. 144.
1742:Guiteras, p. 142.
1616:Guiteras, p. 104.
1526:Schneider, p. 82.
1477:978-1-101-87524-7
1122:Morro castle and
1067:La Cartera Cubana
1045:(2000), starring
504:Patrick Mackellar
469:Siege of El Morro
429:by Dominic Serres
374:Earl of Albemarle
300:Christopher Myngs
176:), also known as
154:
153:
124:Structural system
119:Technical details
16:(Redirected from
3692:
3609:Saint Petersburg
3574:(1754/1756–1763)
3572:Seven Years' War
3570:Treaties of the
3564:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3467:Calle Monserrate
3416:John Lennon Park
3195:Almendares River
3185:
3158:Christ of Havana
3103:
2974:Teatro Karl Marx
2760:Hotel Inglaterra
2725:Royal Palm Hotel
2710:Hotel San Carlos
2633:BacardĂ Building
2533:Colegio de Belén
2410:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2344:
2315:
2261:
2242:
2159:
2077:
2058:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:Schneider, p. 6.
1966:
1960:
1959:Cobbett, p. 283.
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:Winfield, p. 49.
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1914:Cobbett, p. 283.
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:Cobbett, p. 282.
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:Cobbett, p. 282.
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:Guiteras, p. 97.
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:Guiteras, p. 84.
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1312:
1296:
1293:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1191:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1003:'s oil painting
911:French Louisiana
787:Commodore Keppel
643:Castile and Leon
565:hurricane season
354:Seven Years' War
304:Santiago de Cuba
276:seeking Spain's
222:Santiago de Cuba
175:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
39:
32:
21:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3685:Castles in Cuba
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3575:
3568:
3538:
3529:
3518:
3514:Espada Cemetery
3497:
3476:
3440:
3411:Paseo del Prado
3368:
3339:Puentes Grandes
3288:Habana del Este
3268:Diez de Octubre
3209:
3172:
3146:
3090:
3081:Plaza del Vapor
3034:Other buildings
3029:
3025:Managua Airport
2998:
2989:Teatro Nacional
2937:
2863:Abdallah Mosque
2851:
2815:
2789:
2745:Hotel Deauville
2693:
2657:
2616:
2607:Havana Jai alai
2562:
2521:
2500:
2439:
2401:
2395:
2351:
2341:
2328:
2312:
2299:
2296:
2294:Further reading
2280:Cuba: A History
2258:
2245:
2239:
2226:
2156:
2143:
2074:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:Lavery, p. 177.
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:Pocock, p. 216.
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:Clowes, p. 247.
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:Clowes, p. 247.
1850:
1846:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:Pocock, p. 229.
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:Pocock, p. 228.
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:Pocock, p. 226.
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:Pocock, p. 239.
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:Pocock, p. 222.
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:Pocock, p. 230.
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:Pocock, p. 237.
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:Pocock, p. 229.
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:Pocock, p. 227.
1507:
1503:
1499:Pocock, p. 226.
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1059:
1037:Reinaldo Arenas
1015:
968:
963:
951:
919:
887:Treaty of Paris
866:naval supremacy
830:Stirling Castle
705:
703:Siege of Havana
699:
674:
672:Siege of Havana
668:
592:Joshua Reynolds
569:32-pounder guns
528:Stirling Castle
477:
475:Siege of Havana
471:
428:
421:
419:Siege of Havana
415:
331:British Jamaica
274:French corsairs
248:
246:History of Cuba
242:
212:to the fort at
202:
170:"Castle of the
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:2nd Versailles
3599:
3597:1st Versailles
3594:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3509:Colon Cemetery
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:Parque Central
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Paseo de TacĂłn
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3328:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3228:
3223:
3221:Arroyo Naranjo
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:FOCSA Building
3048:
3043:
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3017:
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2986:
2984:Teatro Miramar
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2832:Museo del Aire
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2794:Infrastructure
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
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2715:Hotel Saratoga
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
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2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Modelo Brewery
2624:
2622:
2621:Food and drink
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2612:Tropicana Club
2609:
2604:
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2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
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2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2444:Fortifications
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2350:
2349:External links
2347:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2304:. Providence.
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2224:
2209:
2195:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2127:
2120:
2106:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1887:Roger, p. 257.
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1836:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
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1771:
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1537:
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1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1456:
1454:. Chapter One.
1450:Thomas, Hugh.
1438:
1422:
1406:
1393:
1367:
1353:
1332:
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1121:
1114:
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1109:
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1086:
1083:
1058:
1055:
1029:The Big Boodle
1014:
1011:
967:
964:
962:
959:
950:
947:
918:
915:
870:Spanish Empire
815:Dominic Serres
713:Dominic Serres
701:Main article:
698:
695:
670:Main article:
667:
664:
628:
627:
624:Danks' Rangers
617:
614:
609:
584:William Keppel
519:Dominic Serres
473:Main article:
470:
467:
443:Lord Albemarle
417:Main article:
414:
411:
390:Peace of Paris
378:North American
319:Guantánamo Bay
259:Dominic Serres
244:Main article:
241:
238:
201:
198:
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3619:Fontainebleau
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3500:
3494:
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3479:
3473:
3472:Calle Zulueta
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
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3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Obispo Street
3450:
3449:
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3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Centro Habana
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:Neighborhoods
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Havana Harbor
3198:
3196:
3193:
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3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
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3135:
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3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3086:Villa Marista
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
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3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
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2824:
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2806:Havana Tunnel
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
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2775:Hotel Sevilla
2773:
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2567:Entertainment
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2257:9781469645360
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2240:
2238:0-006-86152-0
2234:
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2222:
2221:1-85479-332-2
2218:
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2192:0-85177-252-8
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2155:9780807869345
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2056:
2054:9780773478664
2050:
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2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
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1828:
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1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1778:Thomas, p. 5.
1775:
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1670:Thomas, p. 5.
1667:
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1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:Javier Bardem
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
994:
989:
982:
978:
977:
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958:
956:
948:
946:
944:
938:
934:
932:
923:
916:
914:
912:
908:
907:Miskito Coast
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
848:
846:
845:
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838:
832:
831:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
774:commanded by
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
709:
704:
696:
694:
692:
686:
682:
680:
679:Fort la Punta
673:
665:
663:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
635:
631:
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621:
618:
615:
613:
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544:
543:
537:
536:
530:
529:
520:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
486:
485:Richard Paton
481:
476:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
425:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:George Keppel
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
343:again in 1748
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Edward Vernon
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
289:Francis Drake
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
256:
252:
247:
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173:
167:
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150:
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143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
104:
86:82°21′23.99″W
83:23°09′01.67″N
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3629:Hubertusburg
3584:
3306:Habana Vieja
3129:
2994:Teatro TacĂłn
2979:Teatro MartĂ
2705:Hotel Pasaje
2648:Sloppy Joe's
2587:Club Náutico
2466:Morro Castle
2420:El Capitolio
2361:Morro Castle
2333:. Seaforth.
2330:
2319:
2301:
2279:
2265:
2247:
2228:
2212:
2198:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2145:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2063:
2044:
2037:Bibliography
2026:
2025:. Prologue.
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1433:
1417:
1401:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1291:
1128:boom defense
1098:Morro Castle
1074:
1071:Walter Scott
1066:
1062:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1004:
998:
992:
974:
954:
952:
939:
935:
928:
879:
852:
849:
843:
836:
829:
824:
808:
780:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:Conquistador
727:
723:
717:
687:
683:
675:
660:
647:Bourbon arms
632:
629:
600:
596:
587:
573:
561:yellow fever
554:
548:
541:
534:
527:
523:
508:
497:
489:
463:
459:
455:
432:
386:
351:
325:with Spain.
312:
263:
254:
210:boom defense
203:
177:
165:
163:
127:Load bearing
56:Town or city
29:
3640:Campaigns:
3592:Westminster
3436:Plaza Vieja
3315:Punta Brava
3113:El Templete
2770:Hotel Plaza
1346:26 November
1325:9 September
1229:Cuba portal
1051:Mexico City
837:Marlborough
819:Plaza Vieja
799:East Sussex
795:Bayley Park
783:Prize money
736:San Antonio
542:Marlborough
172:Three Kings
98: /
73:Coordinates
3659:Categories
3502:Cemeteries
3353:Casablanca
3278:Guanabacoa
3248:Cayo Hueso
3151:Sculptures
2413:Government
2282:. Penguin.
2201:ABC-CLIO.
2073:0521807832
2023:Cairo, Ana
1302:References
1057:Literature
917:Exhibition
760:San Carlos
744:San Jenaro
445:landed in
372:, the 3rd
362:Portsmouth
266:buccaneers
234:Old Havana
206:Old Havana
168:(English:
3272:La VĂbora
3235:Calabazar
3106:Memorials
3099:Monuments
3003:Transport
2856:Religious
2662:Hospitals
2638:Floridita
2526:Education
2451:La Cabaña
2406:Buildings
2400:landmarks
2172:(Spanish)
2027:Antonelli
1272:La Cabaña
1180:John Muir
1079:Antonelli
1075:Antonelli
1063:Antonelli
842:HMS
828:HMS
768:corvettes
762:(80) and
754:(74) and
697:Aftermath
666:Surrender
549:Cambridge
403:Louisiana
333:. In the
297:privateer
293:Piet Heyn
286:privateer
278:New World
194:La Cabaña
174:of Morro"
111:Completed
3481:Urbanism
3457:La Rampa
3363:Diezmero
3343:Santa Fe
3283:Marianao
3132:monument
2942:Theatres
1215:See also
1124:La Punta
1009:(1778).
925:El Morro
764:Santiago
756:Soberano
620:Gorham's
582:General
224:and the
214:La Punta
145:Engineer
132:Material
3646:America
3614:Hamburg
3462:MalecĂłn
3445:Streets
3335:Miramar
3311:La Lisa
3300:Guanabo
3296:CojĂmar
3263:Cotorro
3231:Boyeros
3188:Natural
2820:Museums
1208:MalecĂłn
1085:Gallery
961:Culture
943:Cojimar
903:Menorca
899:Florida
853:Velasco
752:Infante
748:América
724:AquilĂłn
557:malaria
447:Cojimar
394:Florida
339:in 1741
308:Jamaica
270:pirates
200:History
135:Masonry
64:Country
3642:Europe
3526:closed
3325:Vedado
3292:Alamar
2698:Hotels
2398:Havana
2337:
2308:
2286:
2272:
2254:
2235:
2219:
2205:
2190:
2152:
2137:
2116:
2102:
2070:
2051:
1834:
1474:
1386:26 May
844:Temple
750:(60),
746:(60),
742:(70),
738:(64),
734:(70),
730:(74),
726:(74),
653:(from
535:Dragon
441:under
437:. The
59:Havana
3624:Paris
3349:Regla
3331:Playa
3258:Cerro
3243:Wajay
3181:Areas
3130:Maine
2505:Banks
1284:Notes
772:Marte
740:Tigre
732:Reina
645:with
590:, by
413:Siege
366:siege
186:Spain
3341:and
3298:and
3241:and
3128:USS
2954:Gaia
2335:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2049:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1388:2021
1348:2021
1327:2011
1013:Film
901:and
835:HMS
622:and
559:and
547:HMS
545:and
540:HMS
533:HMS
526:HMS
380:and
352:The
341:and
272:and
164:The
114:1589
67:Cuba
966:Art
813:by
797:in
228:in
220:in
3661::
3644:,
3337:,
3294:,
3237:,
1441:^
1425:^
1409:^
1378:.
1318:.
1245:*
1073:,
945:.
893:,
586:,
538:,
531:,
405:,
349:.
310:.
268:,
3563:e
3556:t
3549:v
3365:)
3361:(
3355:)
3351:(
3345:)
3333:(
3327:)
3323:(
3317:)
3313:(
3302:)
3290:(
3274:)
3270:(
3233:(
2390:e
2383:t
2376:v
2343:.
2314:.
2260:.
2241:.
2223:.
2194:.
2158:.
2076:.
2057:.
1842:.
1840:.
1480:.
1390:.
1364:.
1350:.
1329:.
657:)
20:)
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