33:
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was proposed as part of the elements codifying international development law in a treatise. It consists of 20 specific elements that apply law, administrative principles, social science concepts, and education concepts, to troubleshoot the actual problems that occur and to promote public oversight and accountability. The indicator has two sections: one with 11 questions to assure proper application of the five recognized principles of capacity building, analyzing their application in diagnosis and design of an intervention (7 questions), sustainability of reform (2 questions), and good governance (2 questions), and second, with 9 questions to assure professionalism and safeguards against conflicts of interest, unintended consequences, and distortion of public and private systems. This indicator is one of 13 that is part of the treatise of international development law and can be applied with the other indicators for specific sectors and development principles, as well as assurance of quality of evaluation systems.
162:
450:
progress reports. USAID noted two types of indicators for progress: "output indicators" and "outcome indicators." Output indicators measure immediate changes or results such as the number of people trained. Outcome indicators measure the impact, such as laws changed due to trained advocates. Both the "numbers of people trained" and "laws changed" are, however, just inputs or intermediate inputs and do not measure actual improvements in "performance" in terms of measurable outcomes of public agencies that are the definition of capacity building.
297:'s 2008–2013 "strategic plan for development", capacity building is the "organization's core contribution to development". The UNDP focused on building capacity at an institutional level and offers a six-step process for systematic capacity building. The six steps are: Conducting training need assessment, engage stakeholders on capacity development, assess capacity needs and assets, formulate a capacity development response, implement a capacity development response, evaluate capacity development.
150:
442:
monitoring the results of their activities and also a more open flexible way of monitoring that also takes into consideration, self-improvement and cooperation. Other wishes were that monitoring for capacity building effectiveness should include an organization's clarity of mission, an organization's leadership, an organization's learning, an organization's emphasis on on-the-job-development, an organization's monitoring processes.
486:
setting up foreign run
Ministries and foreign influenced political parties or civil society to lobby for foreign interests" using the interventions as a form of "soft power". One common problem of interventions that focus on education and training of foreign government officials is that they are akin to trying to "teach elephants to fly" or to "teach wolves not to eat sheep" while avoiding the actual changes needed for impact.
454:
measures used are "smile sheets", asking beneficiaries if they are "happy" or "better off" and measuring things like "raised awareness", "enhanced skills", and "improved teamwork" that are "locally driven", rather than on whether the underlying problems are solved, and refraining from asking whether there may be hidden agendas to buy influence, subsidize elites, and continue dependency.
399:
performance. Capacity development of private organizations involves the build-up of an organization's tangible and intangible assets. Organization development (OD) is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify an organization's performance and/or culture.
219:
interventions with governments. The list of parties that it defines as "community" includes ministries, local authorities, non-governmental organizations, professionals, community members, academics and more. According to the
Committee, capacity building takes place at an individual, an institutional, societal level and "non-training" level.
141:
mechanism for determining the effectiveness of capacity building initiatives. An independent public measurement indicator for improvement and oversight of the large variety of capacity building initiatives was published in 2015. This scoring system is based on international development law and professional management principles.
328:(MDGs) by the year 2015. The UNDP states that it focused on building capacity at the institutional level because it believed that "institutions are at the heart of human development, and that when they are able to perform better, they can contribute more meaningfully to the achievement of national human development goals."
432:
and institution-building were hindered. In 2005, the Bank noted again in its evaluations that business practices to its capacity building work are not as rigorous as they are in other areas. For example, standard quality assurance processes were missing at the design stage. Similar problems
427:
Recognition of problems in capacity building interventions in evaluations funded and managed by international organizations dates back to the year 1999. A World Bank review in the year 2000 found many examples where capacity building interventions undermined public management efforts. In these cases,
416:
stated that: "evaluation results confirm that development of sustainable capacity remains one of the most difficult areas of international development practice. Capacity development has been one of the least responsive targets of donor assistance, lagging behind progress in infrastructure development
278:
The UNDP was one of the forerunners in designing international interventions in the category of capacity building and development. In the early 1970s, the UNDP offered guidance to its staff and governments on what it called "institution-building" which is one of the pillars of its current work and is
190:
Toolkit defines capacity development in the same way and stresses that capacity relates to "abilities", "attributes" and a "process". It is an attribute of people, individual organizations and groups of organizations. Capacity is shaped by, adapting to and reacting to external factors and actors, but
376:
One of the most fundamental ideas associated with capacity building is the idea of building the capacities of governments in developing countries so they are able to handle the problems associated with environmental protection, economic and social needs. Developing a government's capacity whether at
178:
defined capacity development as follows: "Capacity development is understood as the process whereby people, organizations and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintain capacity over time." Capacity is understood as "the ability of people, organizations and society as a whole
140:
funding, evaluations by the World Bank and other donors have consistently revealed problems in this overall category of funding dating back to the year 2000. Since the arrival of capacity building as a dominant subject in international aid, donors and practitioners have struggled to create a concise
449:
published a report on its approach to monitoring and evaluating the capacity building. According to the report, USAID monitors program objectives, the links between projects and activities of an organization and its objectives, a program or organization's measurable indicators, data collection, and
346:
also includes capacity building in its Target 6a which is to "By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment,
457:
An independent public measurement indicator for improvement and oversight of the large variety of capacity building initiatives was published in 2015, with scoring, and based on international development law and professional management principles. This comprehensive indicator for capacity building
453:
Despite these claims of existence of these evaluation approaches, there was little more than lists of inputs and outputs without use of professional management standards or any kind of real oversight, and a report for the World Bank in 2009 noted that the failures were deep and systemic, where the
222:
The term "community capacity building" (CCB) began to be used in 1995 and since then became popular for example within the policy literature in the United
Kingdom, particularly in the context of urban policy, regeneration and social development. It is, however, difficult to distinguish it from the
441:
In 2007, specific criteria for effective evaluation and monitoring of the capacity building of NGOs were proposed, though only in generalities without clear measures for the tool. The proposal suggested only that evaluating the capacity building ability of NGOs should be based on a combination of
385:
International donors often include capacity building as a form of interventions with local governments or NGOs working in developing areas. A study in 2001 observed that "the act of resetting aspirations and strategy is often the first step in improving an organization's capacity". Secondly good
355:
As of 2009, some $ 20 billion per year of international development intervention funding went for capacity development; roughly 20% of total funding in this category The World Bank committed more than $ 1 billion per year to this service in loans or grants (more than 10% of its portfolio of
485:
Despite some 20 years recognizing the problems, practitioners continue to note that some capacity development projects are just "throwing money at symptoms with no logic or analysis". Others are "disguised bribes to government officials and attempts to undermine entire government structures by
339:
is to "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global
Partnership for Sustainable Development". Target 9 of that goal is formulated as "Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to
218:
The United
Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration in 2006 offered an additional term, "community capacity building". It is defined as a long-term continual process of development that involves all stakeholders as opposed to practices which limit oversight and involvement in
202:
domain as "the process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capability over time to achieve social and economic goals, including through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions – within a wider social and cultural enabling
398:
For private sector organizations, capacity building may go beyond the improvement of services for public organizations and include fund-raising and income generation, diversity, partnerships and collaboration, marketing, positioning, planning and other activities relating to production and
506:. The program focused on strengthening the state's government by fostering new organizational, leadership and management skills in government figures, improved the government's technical abilities to communicate with the international community and civil society within the country.
489:
Under international development law, there is also concern that much of the implementation of capacity building has been and continues to be in violation of existing international treaties such as the U.N. Declaration
Against Corruption and Bribery, Articles 15, 16, 18, and 19.
182:
The OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that the term "capacity development" should be used rather than the term "capacity building". This is because "capacity building" would imply starting from a plain surface and a step-by-step erection of a new structure - which is not how it works.
377:
the local, regional or national level can improve governance and can lead to sustainable development and political reform. Capacity building in governments often targets a government's ability to budget, collect revenue, create and implement laws, promote civic engagement.
32:
290:. In the 1980s they expanded the concept of institutional development further. "Institutional development" was viewed as a long-term process of interventions in a developing country's government, public and private sector institutions, and NGOs.
466:
Critique of capacity development has centered on the ambiguity surrounding it in terms of its anticipated focus, its effectiveness, the role of infrastructure organisations (such as empowerment networks), and the unwillingness or inability of
347:
recycling and reuse technologies". Similarly, Sustainable
Development Goal 8 Target 8.10 states "Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all".
47:) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy". The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by
157:, Haiti as part of Watershed Initiative for National Natural Environmental Resources program (a five-year, $ 126 million dollar project to build Haiti's agricultural infrastructure, capacity, and productivity in a sustainable way (2010).
597:
227:". It is "built on a deficit model of communities which fails to engage properly with their own skills, knowledge and interests". Therefore, it does not properly address structural reasons for poverty and inequality.
254:
The United
Nations Development Group Capacity Development Guidelines presents a framework of capacity development comprising three interconnected levels of capacity: Individual, Institutional and Enabling Policy.
389:
Some methods of capacity building for NGOs might include visiting training centers, organizing exposure visits, office and documentation support, on-the-job training, learning centers, and consultations.
210:
movements. Organizational capacity building is used by NGOs and governments to guide their internal development and activities as a form of managerial improvements following administrative practices.
191:
it is not something external — it is internal to people, organizations and groups or systems of organizations. Thus, capacity development is a change process internal to organizations and people.
386:
management is important (committed people in senior positions to make capacity building happen). Thirdly, patience is required: "there are few quick fixes when it comes to building capacity".
363:
in 2005 estimated that "about a quarter of donor aid, or more than $ 15 billion a year, has gone into "Technical
Cooperation", the bulk of which is ostensibly aimed at capacity development".
585:
482:
within development which comes with a heavy normative load but little critical interrogation and appropriate review. The term capacity building is usually "loaded with positive value".
86:
Under the codification of international development law, capacity building is a "cross cutting modality of international intervention". It often overlaps or is part of interventions in
165:
Field training by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) team within the scope of "Building
Groundwater Management Capacity for Armenia's Ararat Valley" project funded by the USAID (2016)
1215:
309:
has developed a Capacity Development Strategic Framework and is using capacity development as one of three themes to structure its Development Effectiveness internet portal.
243:
describe capacity building to consist of five areas: a clear policy framework, institutional development and legal framework, citizen/democratic participation and oversight,
1708:
UNDERSTANDING EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: Lessons from Sanitation Capacity Building Platform, Part 1: Journey of Urban Sanitation Capacity Development in India
412:
The difficulties with achieving results from capacity development projects have regularly been described in a range of publications. For example, in 2006, a document by
195:
704:
In a Systems and Strategic Management Context Technical Advisory Paper No. 3 Management Development and Governance Division Bureau for Development Policy January 1998
305:
Since about 2005, the capacity development agenda has also been adopted beyond the traditional aid community. This is particularly true for Africa: for example the
509:
In India the Sanitation Capacity Building platform (SCBP) was designed to "support and build the capacity of town/cities to plan and implement decentralized
429:
1465:
Watson, David (2010). "Chapter 18: Measuring Capacity Development Combining the 'Best of Two Worlds' in Monitoring and Evaluation of Capacity Development".
206:
Outside of international interventions, capacity building can refer to strengthening the skills of people and communities, in small businesses and local
1277:
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017: Work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development
1032:
1707:
125:. Some of these overlap with other interventions and sectors. Much of the actual focus has been on training and educational inputs where it may be a
960:
1501:
312:
Trends in development cooperation shape how capacity development is discussed. These include for example: new forms of financing and less of a
129:
for education and training. For example, UNDP focuses on training needs in its assessment methodology rather than on actual performance goals.
1622:
1579:
1476:
1346:
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682:
424:, donors and practitioners have struggled to create a concise mechanism for determining the effectiveness of capacity building initiatives.
316:; more in-country leadership and less donor power; resilience as a framework in fragile environments; increasing private sector engagement.
64:
60:
36:
Launching of the "Strengthening Capacity and Institutional Reform for Green Growth and Sustainable Development in Vietnam" Project in 2015
1730:
1231:
853:
Capacity-building for poverty eradication : analysis of, and lessons from, evaluations of UN system support to countries' efforts
514:
1441:
864:
1161:
413:
360:
175:
48:
1298:
The Capacity Development Results Framework : A Strategic and Results-Oriented Approach to Learning for Capacity Development
1201:, SNV Netherlands Development Organisation and European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM), ISBN 978-90-72908-48-3
336:
72:
1735:
1725:
343:
51:
stated in 2006 that capacity development was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments,
803:
136:
funding devoted to it has resulted in controversy over its true meaning. There is also concern over its use and impacts. In
332:
313:
198:, formerly the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), defines capacity development in the
80:
68:
52:
340:
implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through north–south, South-South and triangular cooperation."
325:
161:
1409:
851:
600:
Capacity Development Group Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme New York, January 2009
701:
137:
911:"A quick indicator of effectiveness of "capacity building" initiatives of NGOs and international organizations"
282:
In the 1970s, international organizations emphasized building capacity through technical skills training in
199:
102:
1043:
503:
67:
works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of the
224:
87:
1670:
1015:
1198:
835:, A World Bank Strategy, Public Sector Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Network
1646:"United Nations Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions"
598:
UNDP Global Capacity Development Facility GOING FOR SCALE GOING FOR SUSTAINABILITY GOING FOR QUALITY
502:
At state government level: In 1999, the UNDP supported capacity building of the state government in
271:
The discourse on and concept of capacity development has traditionally been closely associated with
1740:
240:
187:
110:
1521:"Capacity building for community-led regeneration: Facilitating or frustrating public engagement?"
1508:. Expert Workshop on Monitoring and Evaluating Capacity Building in Developing Countries. Antigua.
1391:
1143:
287:
258:
Thinking of capacity building as simply training or human resource development is insufficient.
76:
149:
1363:
664:
1618:
1575:
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1447:
1437:
1383:
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1221:
1135:
1085:
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870:
860:
770:
762:
678:
472:
468:
421:
1336:
132:
The pervasive use of the term for these multiple sectors and elements and the huge amount of
1610:
1567:
1532:
1375:
1127:
1077:
932:
922:
752:
670:
613:
1115:
1671:
ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT RESULTS EVALUATION O F UNDP CONTRIBUTION, Bosnia and Herzegowina
1433:
Capacity-building supported by the United Nations : some evaluations and some lessons
740:
272:
244:
133:
118:
91:
1297:
1178:
1033:"Definition of basic concepts and terminologies in governance and public administration"
832:
248:
122:
114:
95:
56:
910:
534:
1719:
1395:
1147:
714:
306:
1559:
1602:
1069:
433:
were reported by UNDP in 2002 when they reviewed their capacity building projects.
1070:"Community Capacity Building: Critiquing the Concept in Different Policy Contexts"
961:"Reference Document Nr. 6: Toolkit for Capacity Development (2010) | Capacity4dev"
641:
1682:
1179:
Sustainable capacity: building institutional capacity for sustainable development
807:
17:
1275:
927:
335:
mention capacity building (rather than capacity development) in several places:
324:
The UNDP integrated this capacity-building system into its work on reaching the
113:
consists of five areas: a clear policy framework, institutional development and
985:
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1379:
510:
283:
236:
207:
106:
1571:
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946:
766:
1614:
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874:
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126:
1310:
774:
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1217:
Patronage or Partnership: Local Capacity Building in a Humanitarian Crisis
674:
1431:
479:
154:
1601:
Kenny, Sue; Clarke, Matthew (2010), Kenny, Sue; Clarke, Matthew (eds.),
1558:
Kenny, Sue; Clarke, Matthew (2010), Kenny, Sue; Clarke, Matthew (eds.),
55:(NGOs) and communities use the concept of capacity building as part of "
572:
1253:
1018:, Prepared for Venture Philanthropy Partners by McKinsey & Company
937:
75:
advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in
1471:. Jan Ubels, Naa-Aku Acquaye-Baddoo, Alan Fowler. London: Earthscan.
1031:
United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration (2006).
1519:
O'Hare, Paul (1 January 2010). Diamond, John; Liddle, Joyce (eds.).
666:
Capacity Building in Africa: An OED Evaluation of World Bank Support
573:
THE CHALLENGE OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: WORKING TOWARDS GOOD PRACTICE
575:, DAC Network on Governance, JT00200369, DCD/DAC/GOVNET(2005)5/REV1
1116:"Community capacity-building: Something old, something new . . .?"
446:
160:
148:
31:
498:
Below are examples of capacity building in developing countries:
420:
Since the arrival of capacity building as a dominant subject in
294:
63:
defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how
1197:
Heinz Greijn, Volker Hauck, Anthony Land and Jan Ubels (2015)
105:
for the components of capacity building as established by the
1502:"USAID's Approach to monitoring Capacity Building Activities"
1338:
Capacity-building: An Approach to People-centered Development
153:
Training at Wynne Farm, a training facility for farmers in
833:
Reforming Public Institutions and Strengthening Governance
739:
Potter, Christopher; Brough, Richard (1 September 2004).
196:
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
1068:
Craig, Gary (2010), Kenny, Sue; Clarke, Matthew (eds.),
1364:"Capacity building: Shifting the paradigms of practice"
279:
part of a category of "public administration reform".
1296:
Otoo, Samuel; Agapitova, Natalia; Behrens, Joy (2009)
1181:. PhD thesis, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
1016:
Effective Capacity Building in Nonprofit Organizations
1525:
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
1341:. Oxford, UK: Oxfam UK and Ireland. pp. 30–39.
1710:, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), India
1566:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 248–257,
247:improvements including education and training, and
121:improvements including education and training, and
1430:Roger Maconick; Peter Morgan; et al. (1999).
741:"Systemic capacity building: a hierarchy of needs"
1283:. United Nations General Assembly. pp. 1–25.
1076:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–66,
1026:
1024:
990:United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
1609:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 3–20,
1311:"Standardized Program Structure and Definitions"
1220:. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. pp. 1–5.
804:"Supporting Capacity Building the UNDP approach"
1162:Capacity Development, UNDAF Campanion [
8:
1506:UNFCCCC Experts Meeting on Capacity Building
1209:
1207:
915:European Journal of Government and Economics
286:, and also in the administrative sectors of
45:capacity development, capacity strengthening
642:A Treatise on International Development Law
79:to support national plans to implement the
1040:United Nations Economic and Social Council
417:or improving health and child mortality".
1269:
1267:
936:
926:
756:
71:to be achieved by 2030. For example, the
59:" in national and subnational plans. The
1644:UN General Assembly (21 February 1997).
1560:"Conclusion: Critical Capacity Building"
1160:United Nations Development Group (2017)
715:"Capacity building | political activity"
179:to manage their affairs successfully".
797:
795:
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791:
526:
117:, citizen participation and oversight,
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1010:
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1006:
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802:United Nations Development Programme.
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900:
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896:
894:
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890:
888:
886:
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614:"Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals"
7:
850:Roger Maconick; et al. (2002).
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636:
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608:
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478:Capacity building has been called a
61:United Nations Development Programme
1410:"Organizational Development Theory"
702:CAPACITY ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
586:CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT: A UNDP PRIMER
515:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
437:Effective evaluation and monitoring
27:Process within NGOs and non-profits
471:to apply their own principles and
25:
1177:Heslop, Vivienne Rosemary (2010)
94:and education in line sectors of
1468:Capacity development in practice
1274:United, Nations (10 July 2017).
663:Gwin, Catherine (23 June 2005).
367:Processes for different entities
1199:Capacity development beyond aid
513:solutions" with funding by the
337:Sustainable Development Goal 17
73:Sustainable Development Goal 17
57:social and economic development
1650:United Nations Digital Library
1254:"Millennium Development Goals"
1014:McKinsey & Company (2001)
644:, 11 DePaul J. for Soc. Just.
344:Sustainable Development Goal 6
101:The consensus approach of the
53:non-governmental organizations
1:
1607:Challenging Capacity Building
1564:Challenging Capacity Building
1074:Challenging Capacity Building
333:Sustainable Development Goals
69:Sustainable Development Goals
1436:. New York: United Nations.
1300:. World Bank, Washington, DC
859:. New York: United Nations.
394:Private sector organizations
326:Millennium Development Goals
928:10.17979/ejge.2015.4.2.4312
408:Challenges with evaluations
214:Community capacity building
174:A "good practice paper" by
1757:
745:Health Policy and Planning
381:Local communities and NGOs
1731:International development
1537:10.1108/01443331011017029
1380:10.1080/09614520050116677
138:international development
1572:10.1057/9780230298057_12
1132:10.1177/0261018307078846
535:"Definition of CAPACITY"
1615:10.1057/9780230298057_1
1368:Development in Practice
1082:10.1057/9780230298057_3
909:Lempert, David (2015).
719:Encyclopedia Britannica
539:www.merriam-webster.com
273:development cooperation
200:disaster risk reduction
103:international community
1500:Muller, Duane (2007).
1362:Kaplan, Allan (2000).
1335:Eade, Deborah (1997).
1120:Critical Social Policy
831:The World Bank (2000)
806:. UNDP. Archived from
640:Lempert, D. H. (2018)
504:Bosnia and Herzegovina
356:nearly $ 10 billion).
166:
158:
37:
1736:Non-profit technology
1726:Community development
1214:Smillie, Ian (2001).
758:10.1093/heapol/czh038
675:10.1596/0-8213-6241-0
314:North–South dichotomy
239:, United Nations and
225:community development
164:
152:
109:, United Nations and
88:public administration
35:
1114:Craig, Gary (2007).
430:public sector reform
288:developing countries
170:Capacity development
77:developing countries
1683:"About SCBP | SCBP"
1315:2009-2017.state.gov
331:The United Nations
241:European Commission
188:European Commission
111:European Commission
669:. The World Bank.
517:from 2015 to 2022.
167:
159:
38:
1706:Kapur, D. (2020)
1624:978-1-349-31330-3
1581:978-1-349-31330-3
1478:978-1-84977-636-3
1348:978-0-85598-366-6
1227:978-1-55250-211-2
1091:978-1-349-31330-3
684:978-0-8213-6241-9
473:international law
422:international aid
359:A publication by
41:Capacity building
18:Capacity-building
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1374:(3–4): 517–526.
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372:Governments
284:rural areas
145:Definitions
81:2030 Agenda
1741:Assistance
1720:Categories
1415:20 January
938:2183/23397
522:References
511:sanitation
403:Evaluation
293:Under the
237:World Bank
231:Components
208:grassroots
107:World Bank
1545:0144-333X
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965:europa.eu
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445:In 2007,
262:Evolution
127:euphemism
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875:51071090
814:23 April
775:15310668
494:Examples
480:buzzword
462:Critique
414:OECD-DAC
361:OECD-DAC
176:OECD-DAC
155:Kenscoff
90:reform,
49:OECD-DAC
1655:11 June
1630:14 June
1587:14 June
1320:14 June
1238:6 April
1097:14 June
1053:5 April
724:11 June
267:History
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301:Trends
1392:S2CID
1281:(PDF)
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1036:(PDF)
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447:USAID
351:Scale
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1576:ISBN
1541:ISSN
1483:OCLC
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1417:2016
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546:2021
295:UNDP
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