624:. Whereas the phonograph stylus physically vibrates with the variations in the record groove, and those vibrations are converted by a mechanical transducer (the phono pickup) to an electrical signal, the CED stylus normally does not vibrate and moves only to track the CED groove (and the disc surface—out-of-plane), while the signal from the stylus is natively obtained as an electrical signal. This more sophisticated system, combined with a high revolution rate, is necessary to enable the encoding of video signals with bandwidth of a few megahertz, compared to a maximum of 20 kilohertz for an audio-only signal—a difference of two orders of magnitude. Also, while the undulations in the bottom of the groove may be likened to pits, it is important to note that the spacing of vertical wave crests and troughs in a CED groove is continuously variable, as the CED is an
663:, in which the stylus drag angle and consequently the stylus side force varies with the tonearm angle, which in turn depends on the radial position on the record of the stylus. Whereas for a phonograph, where the stylus has a pinpoint tip, linear tracking is merely ideal to reduce wear of records and styli and to maximize tracking stability, for a CED player linear tracking is a necessity for the keel-shaped stylus, which must always stay tangent to the groove. Furthermore, the achievement of an extremely light tracking force on the CED stylus enables the use of a fine groove pitch (i.e. fine spacing of adjacent revolutions of the spiral), necessary to provide a long playing time at the required high rotational speed, while also limiting the rate of disc and stylus wear.
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of CED players on April 4, 1984. Remaining stocks of players were sold by dealers and liquidation retailers for as little as $ 20 each. Unexpectedly, demand for the videodiscs themselves suddenly became high immediately after the announcement; RCA alerted dealers and customers that videodiscs would continue to be manufactured and new titles released for at least another three years after the discontinuation of players. Less than a year after this announcement, the sale of discs began to decline, prompting RCA to abandon videodisc production after only two years, in 1986. The last titles released were
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588:) and each rotation contains eight interlaced fields, or four full frames of video. These appear as spokes on the disc surface, with the gap between each field clearly visible under certain light. This meant that freeze frame was impossible on players without an expensive electronic frame store facility.
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The disc is stored inside a caddy, from which the player extracts it when it is loaded. The disc itself is surrounded by a "spine", a plastic ring (actually square on the outside edge) with a thick, straight rim-like edge, which extends outside of, and latches into, the caddy. When a person inserts a
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The first CED prototype discs were multi-layered, consisting of a vinyl substrate, nickel conductive layer, glow-discharge insulating layer and silicone lubricant top layer. Failure to fully solve the stylus/disc wear and manufacturing complexity forced RCA to seek simpler construction of the disc.
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RCA began developing the videodisc system in 1964, in an attempt to produce a phonograph-like method of reproducing video under the name 'Discpix'. Research and development was slow in the early years, as the RCA CED team originally consisted of only four men, but by 1972, the CED team had produced a
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In order to maintain an extremely light tracking force, the stylus arm is surrounded by coils, which sense deflection, and a circuit in the player responds to the signals from these coils by moving the stylus head carriage in steps as the groove pulls the stylus across the disc. Other coils are used
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homes, but the sales of players continued to drop. RCA cut the prices of CED players and offered incentives to consumers such as rebates and free discs, but sales only slightly improved. RCA management realized that the system would never be profitable and announced the discontinuation of production
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Sixty minutes per side rendered it impossible for most movies over 120 minutes to be released on one CED disc. This was easily attainable on VHS and
Betamax, as a T-120 VHS, for example (which holds two hours and four minutes of tape), could carry most of these movies. However, this was not the case
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The extremely long period of development—caused in part by political turmoil and a great deal of turnover in the high management of RCA—also contributed to the demise of the CED system. RCA had originally slated the videodisc system for a 1977 release; at that point, discs were not able to hold more
363:. Despite this achievement, the CED system fell victim to poor planning, various conflicts with RCA management, and several technical difficulties that slowed development and stalled production of the system for 17 years—until 1981, by which time it had already been made obsolete by laser videodisc (
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Like VCRs, CED videodisc players had features like rapid forward/reverse and visual search forward/reverse. They also had a pause feature, though it blanked the screen rather than displaying a still image; many players featured a "page mode", during which the current block of four successive frames
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players to follow the spiral optical track, where typically a servo motor moves the optical pickup in steps for coarse tracking and a set of coils shifts the laser lens for fine tracking, both guided by an optical sensing device, which is the analogue of CED stylus-deflection sensing coils. For the
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A keel-shaped stylus with a titanium electrode layer rides in the groove with extremely light tracking force (65 mg) and an electronic circuit is formed through the disc and stylus. Like an audio turntable, the stylus reads the disc, starting at the outer edge and going towards the center. The
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formats. Sales for the system were nowhere near projected estimates. In the spring of 1984, RCA announced it was discontinuing player production, but continued the production of videodiscs until 1986, losing an estimated $ 650 million in the process. RCA had initially intended to release the SKT425
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Since the CED system used a stylus to read the discs, it was necessary to regularly change the stylus in the player to avoid damage to the videodiscs, while worn and damaged discs also caused problems for consumers. When a disc began to wear, video and audio quality would severely decline, and the
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Like the LaserDisc and DVD, some CEDs feature random access, allowing users to quickly move to certain parts of the movie. Each side of a CED disc could be split into up to 63 "chapters", or bands. Two late RCA players (the SJT400 and SKT400) could access these bands in any given order. Unlike its
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strips designed to catch any dust or other debris that could be on the disc as it is extracted. Once the caddy has been withdrawn by the person, the player loads the disc onto the turntable, either manually with all SFT and most SGT prefix RCA players or automatically with the RCA SGT-250 and all
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CEDs are conductive vinyl platters that are 30.0 cm (11.8 in) in diameter. To avoid metric names they are usually called "12 inch discs". A CED has a spiral groove on both sides. The groove is 657 nm wide and has a length of up to 19 km (12 mi). The discs rotate at a
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and home videotape—with their longer storage capacity and recording capabilities—posed a threat to the system. However, development pushed ahead. Once released, sales for the CED players were slow. When the forthcoming system was formally announced in late 1979, RCA had projected annual sales of
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CED videodiscs were originally conceived as being housed in jackets and handled by hand similar to LP records, but during testing it was shown that exposure to dust caused skipped grooves. If dust was allowed to settle on the discs, the dust would absorb moisture from the air and cement the dust
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tapes, CEDs (along with LaserDisc) required a disc flip (however, some LaserDisc players were able to read both sides of the disc without physically flipping the disc, achieved by moving the laser from one side of the disc to the other, but this still resulted in a pause of playback during the
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Capacitance
Electronic Disc's competitors, Philips/Magnavox and Pioneer, instead manufactured optical discs, read with lasers. On April 4, 1984, after sales of only 550,000 players, RCA announced the discontinuation of CED videodisc players. RCA's losses since the product's introduction were
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When Stop is pressed, the stylus is lifted from the disc and returned to its parking location, and the disc and spine are lifted up again to align with the caddy slot. When ready, the slot is unlocked, and the caddy can be inserted and withdrawn by a person, now with the disc back inside.
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In some cases, if a movie's theatrical running time was only slightly longer than two hours, studios would often trim short scenes throughout the movie and/or employ time compression (speeding the extra run time out of the film) in order to avoid the expense of issuing two discs.
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change) at some point during the course of almost all films as only sixty minutes of video could be stored per side (75 mins on UK PAL discs due to the slower rotation speed); if a feature ran over two hours, it would be necessary to spread the feature over two discs.
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than 30 minutes of video per side and the nickel-like compound used to make the discs was not sturdy enough for manufacture. Signal degradation was also an issue, as handling the discs was causing them to deteriorate more rapidly than expected, baffling engineers.
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Novelty discs and CED-based games were produced whereby accessing the chapters in a specified order would string together a different story each time. However, only a few were produced before the halt of CED player manufacturing, and CEDs are much more prone to
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disc would begin to skip. Several discs suffered from a condition called "video virus", where a CED would skip a great deal due to dust particles stuck in the grooves of the disc. However, playing the disc several times would generally solve this problem.
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between five and six million players and 200 to 500 million videodiscs. The company had expected to sell 200,000 players by the end of 1981, but only about half that number had been sold, and there was little improvement in sales throughout 1982 and 1983.
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than the length of the stylus tip in the groove, and the stylus rides over them; the varying distance between the stylus tip and the conductive surface due to the depth of the undulations in the groove under the stylus directly controls the
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sound. (Mono CED discs were packaged in white protective caddies, while the caddies for stereo discs were blue.) Other discs could be switched between two separate mono audio tracks, providing features such as bilingual audio capability.
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CED players were intended to be "low-cost" because they cost around half as much to manufacture as a VCR and had fewer precision parts. The discs themselves could be inexpensively duplicated, stamped out on slightly-modified audio
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After 17 years of research and development, the first CED player (model SFT100W) went on sale on March 22, 1981. A catalog of approximately 50 videodisc titles was released at the same time. The first title to be manufactured was
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technology, CEDs suffered from the fact that they were a phonograph-style contact medium: RCA estimated that the number of times a CED could be played back, under ideal conditions, was 500. By comparison, a clean,
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other models and brands of players. When playback has been started, the player spins the disc up to speed while moving the pickup arm over the disc surface and lowering the stylus onto the beginning of the disc.
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caddy containing a disc into the player, the player captures the spine, and both the disc and the spine are left in the player as the person pulls the caddy out. The inner edges of the opening of the caddy have
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video and audio signals are stored on the
Videodiscs in a composite analog signal which is encoded into vertical undulations in the bottom of the groove, somewhat like pits. These undulations have a shorter
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situation. Thus, an idea was developed in which the disc would be stored and handled in a plastic caddy from which the CED would be extracted by the player so that exposure to dust would be minimized.
394:", leading to much confusion with the contemporaneous LaserDisc format. LaserDiscs are read optically with a laser beam, whereas CED discs are read physically with a stylus (similar to a conventional
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during pause, since CEDs scanned four frames in one rotation versus one frame per rotation on CAV LaserDisc, while computer technology was not advanced enough at the time to outfit the player with a
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noted that '..there is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things...' At
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CED player, this tracking arrangement has the additional benefit that the stylus drag angle remains uniformly tangent to the groove, unlike the case for a phonograph
631:. Usually, the term "pits", when used in the context of information media, refers to features with sharply defined edges and discrete lengths and depths, such as the
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bandwidth for CED) was comparable to or better than a VHS-SP or
Betamax-II video, but sub-par compared to LaserDisc (about 5 MHz of luma bandwidth).
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blended with carbon to make the disc conductive. To preserve stylus and groove life, a thin layer of silicone was applied to the disc as a lubricant.
753:-free LaserDisc could, in theory, be played an unlimited number of times (although repeated or careless handling could still result in damage).
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Upon release of the CED system in March 1981, 50 titles were initially available; along with RCA (which included the company's partnership with
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affordably. However, a "page mode" was available on many players that would allow those four frames to be repeated in an endless loop.
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Several problems doomed the CED system before it was even introduced. From the early development of the CED system, it was clear that
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First conceived in 1964, the CED system was widely seen as a technological success which was able to increase the density of a
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The capacitive stylus pickup system which gives the CED its name can be contrasted with the technology of the conventional
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959:"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - Why did the CED system fail to even come close to RCA's expected market penetration?"
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CEDs were also larger than VHS tapes, thicker than LaserDiscs, and considerably heavier due to the plastic caddies.
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had to be released on two CED discs. All three of these examples were typically seen on one VHS/Betamax cassette.
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This problem was not unique to CEDs: LaserDiscs presented the same difficulty, and some longer features, such as
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1961:
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1457:
Peltz, James P. "RCA to Exit
Videodisc Hardware Field" (AP story). Yonkers Herald Statesman, 5 April 1984, 18.
1289:"The early days" by J. K. Clemens and E. O. Keizer. "Electronic Servicing & Technology" magazine 1982 May.
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to deflect the stylus, to finely adjust tracking. This system is very similar to—yet predates—the one used in
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1182:"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - Why did RCA abandon further development of the CED system in April 1984?"
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870:'s acquisition of RCA in 1986, and the abandonment of the "SelectaVision" brand on all RCA video products.
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1391:"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - Who manufactured CED Players, and how many different models are there?"
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Since CEDs were a disc-based system, they did not require rewinding. Early discs were available only in
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907:"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - What are the technical specifications of the RCA VideoDisc system?"
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1347:"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - Why do some of my CED's skip, and what can I do to correct this?"
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electrical signal, which is then decoded into video and audio signals by the player's electronics.
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system in late 1984, but cancelled CED player production prior to the
Dimensia system's release.
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563:, a commemorative CED given to many RCA employees involved with the CED project, both in 1986.
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laser-based counterparts, the chapters in a CED are based on minutes of the film, not scenes.
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CED players, from an early point in their life, appealed to a lower-income market more than
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This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source, the CEDMagic.com web site.
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eventually estimated at $ 650 million. The huge financial losses partially resulted in
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1325:"RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc FAQ - How long can I expect my CED VideoDiscs to last?"
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459:. Fifteen months later, RCA released the SGT200 and SGT250 players, both with
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821:—but seven other companies marketed players manufactured by these companies.
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while the SGT-250 was also the first CED player model to include a wireless
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1639:(Volume 16). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
1000:"VBT200 - The First RCA SelectaVision VHS Video Cassette Recorder (VCR)"
778:(1956), still required more than one tape or disc in the VHS, Beta, and
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RCA had projected that by 1985, CED players would be in close to 50% of
507:, Vice President, RCA SelectaVision Videodisc Operations, June 27, 1986.
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The 'Total Rewind' VCR museum, covering CED and other vintage formats
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Opening Minds: The
Evolution of Videodiscs & Interactive Learning
1503:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications, 1982.
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disc capable of holding ten minutes of color video (a portion of the
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The LaserDisc
Database - LD/CED/VHD discs, profiling and marketplace
1247:"Memories of VideoDisc - Milestones - The Last Production CED Title"
571:
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Fast
Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR
1135:"Race For Your Life, Charlie Brown - The First RCA VideoDisc Title"
932:"Memories of VideoDisc - CED Retailing at G&M Video in Indiana"
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particle to the disc surface, causing the stylus to jump back in a
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plus Paramount and Disney releases), CBS Video Enterprises (later
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405:" for the CED system, a name also used for some early RCA brand
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1441:"March 22, 1981: RCA SelectaVision Spins (Briefly) into Stores"
1066:"First Successful RCA SelectaVision VideoDisc Produced in 1972"
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1654:. White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1980.
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Video Discs: The Technology, the Applications and the Future
1518:. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications. 1982.
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Less significant disadvantages include lack of support for
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1747:
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340:(RCA), in which video and audio could be played back on a
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constant angular speed during playback (450 rpm for
1110:"Comparison of 1977 CED Media to Final Production Media"
1603:
Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the VCR Wars
1471:
Capital Moves: RCA's Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor
173:
82:
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episode "A Tale of Two Tails", re-titled "Lum Fong").
809:
CED players were manufactured by four companies—RCA,
498:, I believe these words had special significance..."
165:
may contain excessive or inappropriate references to
1783:
RCA model SFT-100W "Selectavision" video disc player
1560:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 1989.
1088:"Lum Fong - First Successful RCA VideoDisc Web Page"
601:
between the stylus and the conductive carbon-loaded
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1233:"Visual CED Title Database with 1024 x 1146 Images"
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696:. The video quality (approximately 3 MHz of
605:disc. This varying capacitance in turn alters the
782:formats. There were no two-disc UK PAL releases.
1650:Sigel, Efrem, Mark Schubin and Paul F. Merrill.
1537:.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
1473:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.
1157:"Richard Sonnenfeldt's "VIDEODISK" Book Chapter"
1624:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985.
1590:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985.
1535:The Business of Research: RCA and the VideoDisc
1531:RCA and the VideoDisc: The Business of Research
519:on CED. Many popular films such as some of the
1635:Schneider, Edward W., and Junius L. Brennion.
1573:CED Magic: The RCA VideoDisc Collector's Guide
901:
899:
409:, and other experimental projects at RCA. The
398:). The two systems are mutually incompatible.
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1758:Electron Microscope Shows How CEDs are played
8:
1677:. New York: Stein and Day/Publishers, 1986.
837:) produced the first 50 titles. Eventually,
226:
87:introducing citations to additional sources
1637:The Instructional Media Library: VideoDiscs
1609:.) New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1987.
982:"RCA Dimensia SKT425 CED Video Disc Player"
719:sound, but many later discs were issued in
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2643:Products and services discontinued in 1986
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2199:
1835:
1814:
1800:
1792:
1300:"A Walk Through the Universe CED Web Page"
1176:
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348:and high-density groove system similar to
1501:VideoDisc/Microcomputer Courseware Design
1486:The VideoDisc Book: A Guide and Directory
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
196:Learn how and when to remove this message
953:
951:
949:
77:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1488:. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1984.
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2408:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
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1773:The CED (RCA SelectaVision Videodisc)
1269:"Memories of RCA VideoDisc Main Page"
1201:
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176:by removing references to unreliable
7:
2365:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
1588:VideoDisc and Optical Memory Systems
244:(1977), exposed from its protective
180:where they are used inappropriately.
1787:National Museum of American History
1779:YouTube Channel, September 10, 2019
1514:Floyd, Steve, and Beth Floyd, eds.
1206:Jay J. Brandinger (June 27, 1986).
1748:RCA VideoDisc Web Site - CED Magic
413:system is similar to that of CED.
390:The format was commonly known as "
241:Close Encounters of the Third Kind
14:
2633:Audiovisual introductions in 1981
1763:Retro tech: The RCA CED Videodisc
1575:. Portland, OR: CED Magic, 1999.
1516:The Handbook of Interactive Video
456:Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown
437:The final disc was crafted using
36:This article has multiple issues.
16:Analog video disc playback system
2402:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
1484:Daynes, Rob and Beverly Butler.
232:
154:
66:
25:
1769:YouTube Channel, March 14, 2016
1729:Videodisc/Optical Disk Magazine
1210:(Capacitance Electronic Disc).
712:would be repeatedly displayed.
383:CED player with their high end
367:, later called LaserVision and
44:or discuss these issues on the
1:
2392:
2296:
1413:"CED Player Name Brand Links"
532:Star Trek: The Motion Picture
336:playback system developed by
271:video per side, 27,000 still
98:"Capacitance Electronic Disc"
338:Radio Corporation of America
227:Capacitance Electronic Discs
1369:"CED Player Specifications"
323:Capacitance Electronic Disc
2671:
2638:Discontinued media formats
2611:Electronic Video Recording
1499:DeBloois, Michael L., ed.
2427:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
2324:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
471:were introduced in 1983.
401:RCA used the brand name "
231:
1860:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
2359:Professional Disc (PFD)
1866:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
736:compared to LaserDisc.
2605:Electronicam kinescope
2592:Video recorded to film
1777:Technology Connections
1688:Sonnenfeldt, Richard.
1529:Graham, Margaret B.W.
576:
422:Beginnings and release
167:self-published sources
2419:Ultra-High Definition
1823:Video storage formats
1719:The Videodisc Monitor
1208:Memories of VideoDisc
574:
561:Memories of VideoDisc
552:The Jewel of the Nile
505:Dr. Jay J. Brandinger
1469:Cowie, Jefferson R.
1439:Hernandez, Daniela.
880:Videotape format war
775:The Ten Commandments
83:improve this article
1586:Isailović, Jordan.
843:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
744:In comparison with
584:, 375 rpm for
361:orders of magnitude
357:long-playing record
228:
1694:More than One Life
1690:Mehr als ein Leben
1556:Haynes, George R.
885:Video High Density
847:Paramount Pictures
577:
538:Return of the Jedi
411:Video High Density
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2383:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
2353:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
2189:
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1696:). ?, 2003.
831:Columbia Pictures
512:
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396:phonograph record
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1673:Sobel, Robert.
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2448:Media agnostic
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1737:External links
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1724:Videodisc News
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1620:Lenk, John D.
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1415:. CEDMagic.com
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1393:. CEDMagic.com
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1371:. CEDMagic.com
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1349:. CEDMagic.com
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1212:Rockville Road
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1184:. CEDMagic.com
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1137:. CEDMagic.com
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467:. Models with
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380:video cassette
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307:March 22, 1981
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81:. Please help
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835:CBS/FOX Video
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740:Disadvantages
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734:wear and tear
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640:optical media
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557:CBS/Fox Video
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469:random access
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450:
448:
447:locked groove
442:
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408:
404:
403:SelectaVision
399:
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374:
371:) as well as
370:
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189:
186:February 2015
179:
175:
169:
168:
163:This article
161:
152:
151:
142:
139:February 2015
131:
128:
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121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: –
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
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64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
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1902:Cartrivision
1728:
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1606:
1605:. (Also as:
1602:
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1572:
1557:
1534:
1533:. (Also as:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1485:
1470:
1453:
1444:
1417:. Retrieved
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1304:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1227:
1207:
1186:. Retrieved
1161:. Retrieved
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1114:. Retrieved
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
994:
985:
975:
963:. Retrieved
936:. Retrieved
911:. Retrieved
864:
828:
808:
795:
787:freeze-frame
784:
773:
771:
767:
759:
755:
743:
730:
726:
714:
710:
702:
683:
674:
665:
656:Compact Disc
652:
619:
590:
578:
560:
550:
543:
536:
530:
526:Mary Poppins
524:
517:
513:
504:
503:
478:
461:stereo sound
454:
451:
443:
435:
428:
425:
400:
389:
354:
326:
322:
320:
312:Discontinued
239:
210:
192:
183:
172:Please help
164:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
2558:Solid state
2396: 2006
2300: 1996
2210:Phonovision
2168:D6 HDTV VTR
1908:Philips VCR
1706:(in German)
1571:Howe, Tom.
980:Howe, Tom.
800:Manufacture
791:framebuffer
599:capacitance
492:Machiavelli
365:DiscoVision
267:60 minutes
2648:RCA brands
2627:Categories
2095:Betacam SX
2004:Betacam SP
1968:Video 2000
1848:Quadruplex
1710:Journals:
1583:. (CD-ROM)
1022:"HoloTape"
891:References
717:monophonic
680:Advantages
622:phonograph
594:wavelength
567:Technology
521:James Bond
350:phonograph
334:video disc
315:1986 (RCA)
298:Home video
253:Media type
174:improve it
109:newspapers
41:improve it
2599:Kinescope
2529:AVC-Intra
2496:CamCutter
2479:DVCPRO HD
2246:Laserfilm
2228:LaserDisc
2195:Videodisc
2132:Sony HDVS
1831:Videotape
1419:March 18,
1397:March 18,
1375:March 14,
1353:March 14,
1331:March 14,
1306:March 12,
1275:March 14,
1253:March 14,
1220:RCA, Inc.
1188:March 11,
1163:March 11,
1141:March 10,
1116:March 10,
1072:March 14,
1044:"MagTape"
1006:March 14,
965:March 11,
938:March 11,
780:LaserDisc
751:laser rot
746:LaserDisc
708:presses.
706:LP record
694:LaserDisc
607:frequency
496:videodisc
430:Get Smart
392:videodisc
369:LaserDisc
352:records.
284:mechanism
238:A CED of
79:talk page
47:talk page
2489:Tapeless
2473:DVCPRO50
2252:CD Video
2216:Ampex-HS
2180:HDCAM SR
2144:BCH 1000
2107:MPEG IMX
2101:Digital8
1767:Techmoan
1094:March 6,
1050:March 6,
1028:March 6,
913:March 7,
874:See also
642:such as
546:American
523:series,
385:Dimensia
329:) is an
304:Released
275:per side
264:Capacity
2607:(1950s)
2578:MicroP2
2499:Editcam
2441:Virtual
2293:MiniDVD
2281:MovieCD
2268:Digital
2113:MicroMV
2045:Digital
2022:S-VHS-C
1992:Betacam
1926:Betamax
1896:U-matic
1878:CV-2000
1647:. 1981.
1216:Indiana
819:Toshiba
811:Hitachi
805:Players
760:Unlike
690:Betamax
661:tonearm
637:digital
417:History
373:Betamax
359:by two
178:sources
123:scholar
2613:(1967)
2601:(1947)
2580:(2012)
2574:(2007)
2568:(2004)
2549:(2012)
2543:(2009)
2541:iFrame
2537:(2007)
2531:(2006)
2525:(2006)
2519:(2005)
2513:(2004)
2511:GBA-TV
2507:(2003)
2501:(1995)
2481:(2000)
2475:(1997)
2469:(1996)
2463:(1995)
2461:DVCPRO
2457:(1995)
2429:(2016)
2410:(2008)
2404:(2007)
2389:MiniBD
2385:(2006)
2379:(2006)
2377:HD DVD
2373:(2006)
2367:(2004)
2361:(2003)
2355:(1994)
2338:(2005)
2332:(2004)
2326:(2003)
2320:(2003)
2314:(1998)
2308:(1998)
2289:(1996)
2283:(1996)
2277:(1993)
2260:(1990)
2254:(1987)
2248:(1984)
2242:(1983)
2236:(1981)
2230:(1978)
2224:(1975)
2218:(1967)
2212:(1927)
2203:Analog
2182:(2003)
2176:(2003)
2170:(2000)
2164:(1998)
2158:(1997)
2152:(1994)
2146:(1992)
2140:(1984)
2134:(1984)
2115:(2001)
2109:(2000)
2103:(1999)
2097:(1996)
2091:(1995)
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2079:(1993)
2073:(1992)
2067:(1991)
2061:(1988)
2055:(1986)
2036:(1998)
2030:(1989)
2024:(1987)
2018:(1987)
2012:(1986)
2006:(1986)
2000:(1985)
1998:Video8
1994:(1982)
1988:(1982)
1982:(1982)
1976:(1980)
1970:(1980)
1964:(1979)
1958:(1977)
1952:(1976)
1946:(1976)
1944:Type C
1940:(1976)
1938:Type B
1934:(1975)
1928:(1975)
1922:(1974)
1916:(1974)
1914:V-Cord
1910:(1972)
1904:(1972)
1898:(1971)
1892:(1969)
1890:EIAJ-1
1886:(1967)
1880:(1965)
1874:(1965)
1872:Type A
1868:(1961)
1862:(1961)
1856:(1958)
1850:(1956)
1840:Analog
1700:
1681:
1666:
1658:
1643:
1628:
1613:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1549:
1541:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1477:
839:Disney
817:, and
721:stereo
692:, and
629:medium
626:analog
559:, and
475:Demise
346:stylus
342:TV set
331:analog
288:stylus
282:
273:frames
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
2523:AVCHD
2505:XDCAM
2467:DVCAM
2162:D-VHS
2156:HDCAM
2150:W-VHS
2138:UniHi
2016:S-VHS
1980:VHS-C
1445:Wired
825:Media
815:Sanyo
609:of a
294:Usage
257:video
246:caddy
130:JSTOR
116:books
2547:XAVC
2312:SVCD
2034:Ruvi
1884:Akai
1854:VERA
1698:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1421:2007
1399:2007
1377:2008
1355:2007
1333:2007
1308:2007
1277:2007
1255:2007
1190:2007
1165:2007
1143:2007
1118:2007
1096:2007
1074:2007
1052:2007
1030:2007
1008:2007
967:2007
940:2007
915:2007
698:luma
669:felt
648:DVDs
646:and
633:pits
582:NTSC
535:and
490:"...
481:VCRs
407:VCRs
375:and
321:The
280:Read
269:NTSC
102:news
2572:SxS
2535:TOD
2517:MOD
2371:VMD
2336:FVD
2330:UMD
2318:EVD
2306:CVD
2287:DVD
2275:VCD
2258:VSD
2240:VHD
2234:CED
2222:TeD
2174:HDV
2071:DCT
2028:Hi8
2010:MII
1974:CVC
1962:SVR
1950:VHS
1932:IVC
1675:RCA
851:MCA
762:VHS
686:VHS
644:CDs
635:on
603:PVC
586:PAL
555:by
529:,
439:PVC
377:VHS
327:CED
85:by
2629::
2566:P2
2455:DV
2393:c.
2297:c.
2083:D5
2065:D3
2059:D2
2053:D1
1956:VK
1920:VX
1785:-
1775:,
1765:,
1704:.
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1545:,
1443:.
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1126:^
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