506:
108:
400:, and in whose construction Miguel Hidalgo had participated as an advisor to his old friend Riaño. After several hours of combat, Riaño was killed and the Spaniards who had taken refuge there wished to surrender. The military in the viceroy's service continued the fight, until the insurgents managed to enter and then massacred not only the few guards that defended it, but also the numerous families of civilians who had taken refuge there. Many historians consider this confrontation more like a mutiny or massacre of civilians than a battle, since there were no conditions of military equality between the two sides.
725:. At first they did not encounter any resistance; on the contrary, they received support in money and soldiers. Some of their informants gave reports on the military state of the fortress and the wealth guarded there. The combat began around eight o'clock in the morning, when the first shots were heard over the alhóndiga. Riaño ordered Lieutenant Barceló, captain of the guard, to go up to the roof to face the possible invasions. The quartermaster, meanwhile, remained on the first floor resisting the insurgent sieges. Barceló, from the heights, counterattacked with
36:
689:
prisoners receiving humane and benign treatment, as those we are bringing in our company are experiencing, until the insinuated freedom and independence is achieved, in which case they will enter the class of citizens, remaining entitled to the restitution of the goods that for now, for the demands of the nation, we will make use of. If, on the contrary, they do not accede to this request, I will apply all the forces and devices to destroy them, without any hope of quarter remaining to them.
672:
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and suffered death at the hands of the crowds. The sacking of
Guanajuato was not only limited to the Alhóndiga, but in the following days it spread to the city and the metropolitan area. Hidalgo prevented some of his soldiers from defiling the body of his friend Riaño, and it was then that he realized the looting that the city was experiencing. On
758:. However, Riaño's advisor got a white handkerchief and tied it to a rifle of a soldier fallen in combat. He began to wave his new peace flag and when the insurgents saw it, they realized that the Spaniards had decided to surrender. Hidalgo ordered a ceasefire and sent Allende to negotiate with the defeated.
733:
shots. Riaño saw that it was impossible for either side to win, since the royalists were deprived of any mobility, so he decided to leave with a handful of men. When one of the insurgent chiefs became aware of Riaño's presence, he ordered an attack on the royalist chief, who perished when he tried to
683:
as an emissary. He was a miner with no military training who asked
Allende for permission to join the troops; Allende refused but Hidalgo decided to send him on a special mission to intimidate Riaño and request the surrender of the city of Guanajuato without violence. Below is the text of the letter:
779:
After setting fire to the threshold (reinforced with iron plates) of the Alhóndiga, the rebels were able to enter it and went on a massacre and looting spree. Barceló and Riaño's son, both royalist commanders, were killed by the mob. Many
Spaniards and Creoles were also stripped of their belongings
688:
I do not see the
Europeans as enemies, but only as an obstacle that hinders the success of our enterprise. Your Honor will be good enough to express these ideas to the Europeans who have gathered in that Alhóndiga, so that they may decide whether to declare themselves enemies or agree to remain as
761:
Barceló killed the civilian who waved the flag and went up to the roof to continue the bombing. The insurgents realized they had been tricked and continued the fight. On the insurgent side
Hidalgo considered the possibility of taking the building, but he did not want to do it and did not have the
1132:
There are disagreements about the reason or reasons that made
Hidalgo make the decision not to advance on Mexico City. One of them is the proximity of a military encounter with Calleja's forces. Other historians affirm that if Mexico City had been taken, the insurgents would have provoked a much
717:
he was appointed intendant of
Guanajuato. There he became friends with Hidalgo, parish priest of Dolores and with Manuel Abad y Queipo, then governor of the diocese of Michoacán. Upon receiving Hidalgo's letter, he refused to accept the request, claiming to be a soldier of the King of Spain and
570:, where Hidalgo was proclaimed Captain General of the Armies of America and Allende Lieutenant General. In this city there was resistance and an attempt to sack, put down by Aldama. Upon leaving Salamanca, Hidalgo already had fifty thousand men for the fight.
859:, place where they were defeated, an event known as the Battle of Aculco. After the defeat, a rift arose between Hidalgo and Allende, so the priest of Dolores decided to retire to Valladolid, thus accentuating the differences and the rift with Allende.
231:
749:
Upon seeing the quartermaster dead, one of Riaño's advisors suggested to
Lieutenant Barceló the surrender, and that he, as second in command, should take the reins of the situation. Barceló flatly refused, stating that it was a
945:
In addition, on the 28th of each month, the ceremony of renewal of the "symbolic fire" of freedom takes place inside the Alhóndiga, with the participation of the
Governor of the State and various invited personalities.
941:
The
Capture of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas is commemorated every September 28 with a civic parade in which both students from the municipality's schools and local and state government officials participate.
224:
835:
to negotiate with Venegas the peaceful surrender of the city to the rebel troops. The viceroy, far from accepting an agreement, was about to shoot the negotiators, but for the intervention of the
217:
990:
597:, Manuel Flon, to stop the outbreaks in his province. Manuel Abad y Queipo, bishop of Michoacán and another friend of Hidalgo, excommunicated him and all the insurgents by means of a
894:
636:
485:
796:, where the inhabitants, after hearing the news, fled to other parts of the country so as not to repeat the action of Guanajuato. Valladolid fell without any resistance on
1363:
1214:
534:
without resistance, where he obtained even more funds and soldiers for his fight. Upon occupying Atotonilco, in the Bajío prairie, Hidalgo took a banner of the
492:
and Allende was about to be arrested. Hidalgo decided, in his capacity as leader, to bring forward the date of the uprising and called for it on the morning of
772:, asked Hidalgo for permission to set fire to the door of the Alhóndiga, which would allow the insurgents to enter it. After meditating, the priest agreed and
1141:
imprisoned the children and widow of Manuel Hidalgo, the priest's brother, and that Venegas threatened to slit their throats if the insurgents advanced.
1133:
greater looting than that of Guanajuato, to which the capital's plebs would have been added, and that the priest's decision was intended to avoid this.
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392:. The fear unleashed in the social circles of the provincial capital made the intendant, Juan Antonio Riaño, ask the population to barrack in the
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dictated the ordinances for the proper functioning of the viceroyalty of New Spain, Riaño changed his title to lieutenant general and in
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recognizing Viceroy Venegas as the only authority. Upon learning of his former friend's response, Hidalgo decided to initiate combat.
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against the viceregal government, which had accepted Napoleonic authority in Spain and its dominions. The viceregal military men
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488:— with wide influence in social groups, mainly indigenous, and very respected in the Bajío. The conspiracy was discovered on
40:
The Battle of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato on September 28, 1810, Oil on canvas, José Díaz del Castillo, 1910.
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Commemorative plaque: "Entering of the independent army to Guanajuato and taking of this building. September 28th, 1810."
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of many indigenous people. This image would serve as Hidalgo's banner in his battles, it would be captured in the
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After the grito de Dolores, Hidalgo got a total of 6000 men to start his fight. In a few days he entered
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and that the military authority, which he represented, was superior to the civilian one at that time of
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allowed liberal and pro-independence ideas to emerge in the Creole population. Towards the beginning of
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fair where a large number of merchants and artisans would congregate. The Conspiracy of Querétaro, as
452:, opposed to ideas of independence, wanted a protectorate governed by the "legitimate" king of Spain,
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was a direct antecedent of the Mexican Independence and the Capture of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas.
429:
476:
calls the conspiracy, needed a leader, which was soon found in the figure of the parish priest of
1392:
1208:
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defend himself. The soldiers who left with the quartermaster withdrew taking the body with them.
701:), and was a man of the sea, as he participated in several naval battles and reached the rank of
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1016:
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The situation of political instability derived from the political crisis of 1808, both in the
694:
166:
562:, in the celebrations of the Centennial of the Independence, it was returned to Mexico. On
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Cited in Collection of documents of J. E. Hernández y Dávalos, volume II, pp. 116-117.
847:, he ordered the march of the Insurgent Army not towards the capital, but towards the
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538:, religious symbol of the inhabitants of the viceroyalty of New Spain that in the
437:
815:. Therefore, the rebels were anxious to enter Mexico City, then described by the
872:
618:
445:
384:, between the royalist soldiers of the province and the insurgents commanded by
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Esquivel Milán, Gloria; et al. (Enrique Figueroa Alfonso) (1997).
816:
793:
702:
643: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
547:
675:
Map of Hidalgo's Campaign, which included the Alhóndiga confrontation.
804:
751:
594:
531:
1224:
Historia ilustrada de México, de Hernán Cortés a Miguel de la Madrid
766:, a miner from La Valenciana famous for his strength and nicknamed
581:, who had pardoned the conspirators of Valladolid, was relieved on
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1071:"Reacción de España a la guerra de independencia latinoamericana"
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resources. According to the official version, it was then when
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The response from the Spanish side was not long in coming. The
213:
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Villalpando, José Manuel (2002). "En el Monte de las Cruces".
866:
755:
612:
1184:(in Spanish). Vol. 12. Mexico City: Editorial Trillas.
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After leaving Guanajuato, the insurgents took the road to
1364:"Conmemoración de la Toma de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas"
721:
Allende, Aldama and Jiménez divided equally to besiege
484:—then 57 years old, landowner, former rector of the
827:(The city of palaces). But Hidalgo decided to send
605:. Hidalgo ignored this and continued the struggle.
1264:(in Spanish). Guadalajara: Ediciones Pedagógicas.
807:was taken, with a view to taking the capital. On
1073:(in Spanish). Historia de España. Archived from
1155:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Planeta DªAgostini.
686:
20:
1044:(in Spanish). El Balero. 1800. Archived from
991:"Asalto y toma de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas"
784:, the insurgent troops abandoned Guanajuato.
225:
8:
1243:Hidalgo, en la serie "La antorcha encendida"
456:, but with freedom for its inhabitants. The
901:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1213:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
232:
218:
210:
17:
1323:(in Spanish). Toluca: Editorial Trillas.
1285:(in Spanish). Puebla: Editorial Planeta.
1182:Seis siglos de historia gráfica de México
921:Learn how and when to remove this message
843:. Hidalgo reflected and, on the night of
659:Learn how and when to remove this message
1342:(in Spanish). México: Editorial Planeta.
1351:(in Spanish). Mexico: Editorial Cumbre.
982:
558:and taken to Spain as a trophy; but in
496:in his parish of Dolores, known as the
1245:(in Spanish). Mexico: Editorial Clío.
1206:
514:(The Third of May 1808 in Madrid) by
368:was a military action carried out in
21:Battle of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas
7:
899:adding citations to reliable sources
641:adding citations to reliable sources
1304:(in Spanish). Editorial Castillo.
366:Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas
14:
1338:Villalpando, José Manuel (2001).
511:El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid
1262:Historia de México, tercer curso
1226:(in Spanish). Editorial Océano.
871:
811:the insurgents triumphed in the
617:
106:
98:
34:
855:Calleja caught up with them in
764:Juan José de los Reyes Martínez
628:needs additional citations for
1300:Treviño, Héctor Jaime (1998).
550:, motivated the conversion to
1:
1349:México a través de los siglos
1282:Mitos de la Historia Mexicana
1109:"Riaño; un sacrificio inútil"
831:and Allende as emissaries on
813:Battle of Monte de las Cruces
693:Riaño was born in Liérganes,
464:, but was later postponed to
1366:(in Spanish). Archived from
1222:Fuentes Mares, José (1984).
993:(in Spanish). Archived from
486:University of Saint Nicholas
1398:Mexican War of Independence
1017:"Conspiración de Querétaro"
971:Mexican War of Independence
966:Félix María Calleja del Rey
825:"La ciudad de los palacios"
520:Spanish War of Independence
28:Mexican War of Independence
1421:
1319:Vasconcelos, José (1939).
1180:Casasola, Gustavo (1976).
841:Francisco Javier de Lizana
579:Francisco Javier de Lizana
436:organized a conspiracy in
1340:Los Presidentes de México
1279:Rosas, Alejandro (2006).
1260:Moreno, Salvador (1994).
956:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
556:battle of Calderón Bridge
482:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
434:Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
261:
195:
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92:
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25:
1321:Breve Historia de México
587:Francisco Javier Venegas
410:viceroyalty of New Spain
374:viceroyalty of New Spain
72:Viceroyalty of New Spain
743:Alhóndiga de Granaditas
394:Alhóndiga de Granaditas
266:Alhóndiga de Granaditas
1347:Zárate, Julio (1981).
1193:(in Spanish). Oxford.
938:
821:Alexander von Humboldt
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351:San Ignacio de Piaxtla
118:Commanders and leaders
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839:and another viceroy,
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589:, participant in the
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470:San Juan de los Lagos
418:Conjura de Valladolid
396:, a granary built in
196:Casualties and losses
1241:Meyer, Jean (1996).
1042:"Campaña de Hidalgo"
895:improve this section
837:Archbishop of Mexico
681:José Mariano Jiménez
637:improve this article
575:archbishop of Mexico
528:San Miguel el Grande
142:José Mariano Jiménez
1139:Spanish Inquisition
997:on 12 February 2008
857:San Jerónimo Aculco
536:Virgin of Guadalupe
281:Monte de las Cruces
1403:Mexican war crimes
1302:Historia de México
1191:Historia de México
1137:explains that the
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776:went into action.
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502:(Cry of Dolores).
346:Puerto del Carnero
158:Juan Antonio Riaño
103:Mexican Insurgents
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516:Francisco de Goya
468:, the day of the
460:was proposed for
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83:Insurgent Victory
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446:Juan Aldama
296:Guadalajara
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833:November 1
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802:October 25
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794:Valladolid
723:Guanajuato
599:papal bull
544:apparition
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416:, and the
404:Background
370:Guanajuato
326:Tres Palos
316:Guanajuato
276:Valladolid
68:Guanajuato
1393:New Spain
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782:October 1
774:El Pípila
769:El Pípila
695:Santander
568:Salamanca
466:October 2
438:Querétaro
336:Urepetiro
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950:See also
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286:Zacoalco
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752:combat
595:Puebla
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518:. The
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731:rifle
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699:Spain
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886:any
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