325:
of autonomous vehicles, it is essential for them to connect with other 'devices' in order to function most effectively. Autonomous vehicles are equipped with communication systems that allow them to communicate with other autonomous vehicles and roadside units to provide them, amongst other things, with information about road work or traffic congestion. In addition, scientists believe that the future will have computer programs that connect and manage each individual autonomous vehicle as it navigates through an intersection. These types of characteristics drive and further develop the ability of autonomous vehicles to understand and cooperate with other products and services (such as intersection computer systems) in the autonomous vehicles market. Eventually, this can lead to more autonomous vehicles using the network because the information has been validated through the usage of other autonomous vehicles. Such movements will strengthen the value of the network and are called network externalities.
1960:
1083:
324:
In 2012, computer scientists at the
University of Texas in Austin began developing smart intersections designed for automated cars. The intersections will have no traffic lights and no stop signs, instead of using computer programs that will communicate directly with each car on the road. In the case
237:
Over the years, there have been considerable research and projects in this area, applying VANETs for a variety of applications, ranging from safety to navigation and law enforcement. In
December 2016, the US Department of Transportation proposed draft rules that would gradually make V2V communication
198:
The main motivation for vehicular communication systems is safety and eliminating the excessive cost of traffic collisions. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), road accidents annually cause approximately 1.2 million deaths worldwide; one fourth of all deaths caused by injury. Also
214:
states that 21,000 of the annual 43,000 road accident deaths in the US are caused by roadway departures and intersection-related incidents. This number can be significantly lowered by deploying local warning systems through vehicular communications. Departing vehicles can inform other vehicles that
271:
With governments in different locales supporting incompatible spectra for V2V communication, vehicle manufacturers may be discouraged from adopting the technology for some markets. In
Australia for instance, there is no spectrum reserved for V2V communication, so vehicles would suffer interference
91:
to the vehicular field. The terms VANET and IVC do not differ and are used interchangeably to refer to communications between vehicles with or without reliance on roadside infrastructure, although some have argued that IVC refers to direct V2V connections only. Many projects have appeared in EU,
238:
capabilities to be mandatory for light-duty vehicles. The technology is not completely specified, so critics have argued that manufacturers "could not take what’s in this document and know what their responsibility will be under the
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards".
355:. V2V equipped cars broadcast a message to following vehicles in the case of sudden braking to notify them timely of the potentially dangerous situation. Other applications demonstrated use cases such as; alerting drivers about a crossing pedestrian.
328:
In 2017, Researchers from
Arizona State University developed a 1/10 scale intersection and proposed an intersection management technique called Crossroads. It was shown that Crossroads is very resilient to network delay of both V2I communication and
190:, ERTICO, ITS Asia-Pacific). 3GPP is working on standards and specifications for cellular-based V2X communications, while IEEE is working through the study group Next Generation V2X (NGV) on the issuance of the standard 802.11bd.
255:, V2V's current share of the radio spectrum was set aside by the government in 1999, but has gone unused. The automotive industry is trying to retain all it can, saying that it desperately needs the spectrum for V2V. The
366:(ITSA) aims to improve cooperation among public and private sector organizations. ITSA summarizes its mission statement as "vision zero" meaning its goal is to reduce the fatal accidents and delays as much as possible.
223:, vehicular communication systems could help avoid up to 79% of all traffic accidents. Studies show that in Western Europe a mere 5 km/h decrease in average vehicle speeds could result in 25% decrease in deaths.
199:
about 50 million persons are injured in traffic accidents. If preventive measures are not taken road death is likely to become the third-leading cause of death in 2020 from ninth place in 1990. A study from the
267:
will render V2V communication unnecessary. The US automotive industry has said that it is willing to share the spectrum if V2V service is not slowed or disrupted; and the FCC plans to test several sharing schemes.
250:
V2V is under threat from cable television and other tech firms that want to take away a big chunk of the radio spectrum currently reserved for it and use those frequencies for high-speed internet service. In the
80:
project between 1986 and 1995. Numerous subsequent projects have been implemented all over the world such as the
Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) program, CHAUFFEUR I and II, FleetNet, CarTALK 2000, etc.
76:
project in the United States between 1986 and 1997 was an important breakthrough in vehicular communications projects. Projects related to vehicular communications in Europe were launched with the
49:(DSRC) devices. DSRC works in 5.9 GHz band with bandwidth of 75 MHz and approximate range of 300 metres (980 ft). Vehicular communications is usually developed as a part of
219:
can send warning messages to other cars traversing that intersection. They can also notify when they intend to change lanes or if there is a traffic jam. According to a 2010 study by the
1417:
45:, providing each other with information, such as safety warnings and traffic information. They can be effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestion. Both types of nodes are
378:
95:
Several terms have been used to refer to vehicular communications. These acronyms differ from each other either in historical context, technology used, standard, or country (
1321:
1329:
220:
151:
1752:
333:
of the intersection manager. In 2018, a robust approach was introduced which is resilient to both model mismatch and external disturbances such as wind and bumps.
167:
363:
410:
927:
1986:
211:
175:
73:
123:
have proven to be potential communication technologies enabling connected vehicles. However, this does not negate that other technologies for example,
69:
began to circulate in the early 1980s. Various media were used before the standardization activities began, such as lasers, infrared, and radio waves.
1561:
Andert, Edward; Khayatian, Mohammad; Shrivastava, Aviral (18 June 2017). "Crossroads: Time-Sensitive
Autonomous Intersection Management Technique".
1602:
Khayatian, Mohammad; Mehrabian, Mohammadreza; Shrivastava, Aviral (2018). "RIM: Robust
Intersection Management for Connected Autonomous Vehicles".
1701:
Vehicular
Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections, Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) World Congress, April,2011, Detroit, MI, USA.
171:
1428:
1619:
1297:
735:
556:
179:
1197:
260:
100:
46:
1745:
1539:
588:
1671:
1578:
405:
256:
50:
1224:
1359:
1334:
62:
200:
463:
146:
Many organizations and governmental agencies are concerned with issuing standards and regulation for vehicular communication (
1813:
1738:
932:
1964:
1276:
Boehmlaender, Dennis; Hasirlioglu, Sinan; Yano, Vitor; Lauerer, Christian; Brandmeier, Thomas; Zimmer, Alessandro (2015).
1392:
263:
supporting the position of the automotive industry. Internet service providers (who want to use the spectrum) claim that
2006:
1452:
2001:
1996:
1935:
124:
66:
1488:
1710:
903:
1648:
1363:
1204:
330:
239:
183:
77:
1861:
928:"Public Roads - The Intelligent Vehicle Initiative: Advancing 'Human-Centered' Smart Vehicles, Sept/Oct 1997 -"
435:
370:
232:
140:
104:
84:
977:
272:
from non-vehicle communications. The spectra reserved for V2V communications in some locales are as follows:
1823:
1793:
88:
1892:
1761:
1643:
687:
420:
415:
351:(Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) based on 5G were demonstrated on open city streets and a test track in
342:
116:
1907:
1897:
1838:
1776:
1038:
390:
374:
108:
1100:
1873:
1798:
369:
Many universities are pursuing research and development of vehicular ad hoc networks. For example,
216:
92:
Japan, USA and other parts of the world for example, ETC, SAFESPOT, PReVENT, COMeSafety, NoW, IVI.
1625:
1584:
1303:
1072:
788:
741:
562:
517:
147:
1720:
61:
The beginnings of vehicular communications go back to the 1970s. Work began on projects such as
806:
629:
612:"PROMETHEUS-The European research programme for optimising the road transport system in Europe"
1615:
1574:
1293:
1064:
780:
731:
552:
509:
159:
42:
878:
242:(public key infrastructure) is the current security system being used in V2V communications.
1991:
1902:
1866:
1607:
1566:
1285:
1054:
1046:
953:
772:
723:
544:
501:
430:
400:
34:
653:
700:
537:"Inter-vehicle communications and their applications to intelligent vehicles: An overview"
1725:
1231:
1042:
207:$ 300 billion per year. It can be used for automated traffic intersection control.
1930:
1848:
1803:
1367:
264:
1540:"No lights, no signs, no accidents – future intersections for driverless cars (video)"
17:
1980:
1512:
1172:
1076:
252:
204:
1629:
1307:
792:
745:
566:
1856:
1588:
1489:"Austroads' Submission to the '2014 Review of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989"
716:"CarTALK 2000: Safe and comfortable driving based upon inter-vehicle-communication"
521:
467:
440:
348:
120:
112:
27:
Computer networks in which vehicles and roadside units are the communicating nodes
1453:"Cars are ready to talk to one another – unless we use their airwaves for Wi-Fi"
1418:"Vehicle-to-vehicle communications: Readiness of V2V technology for application"
1278:"Advantages in Crash Severity Prediction Using Vehicle to Vehicle Communication"
1050:
187:
1700:
1282:
2015 IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops
1087:
1026:
776:
760:
715:
536:
489:
1833:
1808:
1059:
611:
505:
96:
1068:
784:
727:
548:
513:
1878:
1611:
1570:
1484:
136:
65:(ERGS) and CACS in the United States and Japan respectively. While the term
1277:
714:
Reichardt, D.; Miglietta, M.; Moretti, L.; Morsink, P.; Schulz, W. (2003).
1289:
1922:
1882:
1828:
1818:
1785:
1726:
How Connected Vehicles Work Factsheet - U.S. Department of Transportation
1606:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. pp. 35–44.
395:
210:
However the deaths caused by car crashes are in principle avoidable. The
1730:
1706:
U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), ITS Joint Program Office Home
1513:"Radiocommunications (Intelligent Transport Systems) Class Licence 2017"
1565:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. pp. 1–6.
1360:"The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life"
1082:
1027:"On 5G-V2X Use Cases and Enabling Technologies: A Comprehensive Survey"
38:
807:"ETC(Electronic Toll Collection System) - Global standard ETC started"
1887:
1101:"Welcome to TTA - Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea"
128:
1672:"Towards 5G Mobility: The role of efficient discrete semiconductors"
1705:
679:
1001:
425:
352:
132:
119:). Currently, cellular based on 3GPP-Release 16 and WiFi based on
954:"ITS Standards Program | Fact Sheets | ITS Standards Fact Sheets"
1715:
1563:
Proceedings of the 54th Annual Design Automation Conference 2017
630:"Background of the development of ASV (Advanced Safety Vehicle)"
583:
163:
155:
1734:
1173:"IEEE P802.11 - TASK GROUP BD (NGV) - GROUP INFORMATION UPDATE"
1255:
1124:
854:
830:
1322:"Frequency of Target Crashes for IntelliDrive Safety Systems"
1196:
M. Peden; Richard Scurfield; D. Sleet; D. Mohan; et al.
1086:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1148:
879:"Communications for eSafety - TRIMIS - European Commission"
722:. Vol. 2. Versailles, France: IEEE. pp. 545–550.
543:. Vol. 2. Versailles, France: IEEE. pp. 564–569.
1494:. Department of Infrastructure and Development (Australia)
1393:"Feds Want V2V Communication in New Cars Starting in 2021"
1025:
Alalewi, Ahmad; Dayoub, Iyad; Cherkaoui, Soumaya (2021).
259:(FCC) has taken the side of the tech companies, with the
1225:"Crashes Vs. Congestion -- What's the Cost to Society?"
215:
they intend to depart the highway and arriving cars at
1088:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
87:
was introduced as an application of the principles of
654:"Promote Chauffeur II - TRIMIS - European Commission"
379:
California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways
1711:
Intelligent Transportation Systems, Transport Canada
678:
Franz, W. J.; Eberhardt, R.; Luckenbach, T. (2001).
1921:
1847:
1784:
1775:
1768:
904:"´Network-on-Wheels´ at the University of Mannheim"
143:are still a vehicular communication research area.
1534:
1532:
1386:
1384:
464:"Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Home"
1230:. American Automobile Association. Archived from
584:"California Partners for Advanced Transportation"
221:US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1716:PATH project, University of California, Berkeley
1644:"5GAA live demos show C-V2X as a market reality"
1198:"World report on road traffic injury prevention"
490:"A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks"
761:"Inter-vehicle communication systems: a survey"
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1746:
458:
456:
364:Intelligent Transportation Society of America
8:
1604:2018 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS)
978:"Work Programme - Work Item Detailed Report"
411:Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute
765:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
1959:
1781:
1772:
1753:
1739:
1731:
1721:Status of Project IEEE 802.11 Task Group p
1256:"Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII)"
488:Hartenstein, H.; Laberteaux, K.P. (2008).
203:(AAA) concluded that car crashes cost the
1058:
720:Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, 2002. IEEE
541:Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, 2002. IEEE
41:and roadside units are the communicating
274:
452:
305:5.770-5.850 GHz; 715-725 MHz
759:Sichitiu, Mihail; Kihl, Maria (2008).
696:
685:
578:
576:
933:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
347:In November 2019, an applications of
7:
616:IEE Colloquium on Driver Information
261:National Transportation Safety Board
47:dedicated short-range communications
1987:Advanced driver assistance systems
1391:Bigelow, Pete (15 December 2016).
589:University of California, Berkeley
466:. leearmstrong.com. Archived from
67:Inter-Vehicle Communications (IVC)
51:intelligent transportation systems
25:
680:"FLEETNET - INTERNET ON THE ROAD"
406:Intelligent transportation system
257:Federal Communications Commission
212:U.S. Department of Transportation
1958:
1081:
85:Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)
63:Electronic Route Guidance System
1913:Vehicular communication systems
1517:Federal Register of Legislation
201:American Automobile Association
89:Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs)
31:Vehicular communication systems
1333:. October 2010. Archived from
908:pi4.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
1:
83:In the early 2000s, the term
1542:. Reuters.com. 22 March 2012
494:IEEE Communications Magazine
1936:Automated vacuum collection
1051:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3100472
2023:
1284:. IEEE. pp. 112–117.
777:10.1109/COMST.2008.4564481
340:
230:
1954:
1364:World Health Organization
1205:World Health Organization
958:www.standards.its.dot.gov
506:10.1109/MCOM.2008.4539481
331:Worst-case Execution time
320:Vehicle-to-infrastructure
1862:Alternative fuel vehicle
728:10.1109/IVS.2002.1188007
549:10.1109/IVS.2002.1188011
436:Vehicular ad hoc network
371:University of California
233:Vehicular ad hoc network
1824:Pulse detonation engine
1794:Adaptive compliant wing
1612:10.1109/RTSS.2018.00014
1571:10.1145/3061639.3062221
1893:Personal rapid transit
1814:High-altitude platform
855:"PReVENT :: Home"
695:Cite journal requires
246:Conflict over spectrum
18:Car-to-X Communication
1762:Emerging technologies
1290:10.1109/dsn-w.2015.23
610:Williams, M. (1988).
421:Mobile phone tracking
416:Mobile ad hoc network
343:Vehicle-to-everything
337:Vehicle-to-everything
313:5.855-5.925 GHz
297:5.855-5.925 GHz
289:5.855-5.905 GHz
1908:Transit Elevated Bus
1839:Supersonic transport
535:Tsugawa, S. (2003).
391:Artificial Passenger
377:is participating in
2007:Wireless networking
1931:Pneumatic transport
1874:Ground-effect train
1799:Backpack helicopter
1416:Harding, J (2014).
1370:on December 2, 2002
1129:itsasia-pacific.com
1043:2021IEEEA...9j7710A
835:www.safespot-eu.org
2002:Vehicle telematics
1997:Vehicle technology
1652:. 14 November 2019
1125:"ITS asia-pacific"
1060:20.500.12210/55004
859:www.prevent-ip.org
227:Vehicle-to-vehicle
97:vehicle telematics
1974:
1973:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1678:. 29 January 2020
1621:978-1-5386-7908-1
1457:Los Angeles Times
1299:978-1-4673-8044-7
1037:: 107710–107737.
737:978-0-7803-7346-4
558:978-0-7803-7346-4
317:
316:
35:computer networks
16:(Redirected from
2014:
1962:
1961:
1903:Self-driving car
1867:Hydrogen vehicle
1782:
1773:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:. 25 August 2016
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:. Archived from
1422:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1366:. Archived from
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1062:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
974:
968:
967:
965:
964:
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
900:
894:
893:
891:
890:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
803:
797:
796:
756:
750:
749:
711:
705:
704:
698:
693:
691:
683:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
650:
644:
643:
641:
640:
626:
620:
619:
607:
601:
600:
598:
596:
580:
571:
570:
532:
526:
525:
485:
479:
478:
476:
475:
460:
431:Self-driving car
401:Device-to-device
275:
21:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1942:
1917:
1843:
1764:
1759:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1622:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1581:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1340:on 5 April 2021
1337:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1300:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1177:www.ieee802.org
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
995:
986:
984:
982:portal.etsi.org
976:
975:
971:
962:
960:
952:
951:
947:
938:
936:
926:
925:
921:
912:
910:
902:
901:
897:
888:
886:
877:
876:
872:
863:
861:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
829:
828:
824:
815:
813:
805:
804:
800:
758:
757:
753:
738:
713:
712:
708:
694:
684:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
652:
651:
647:
638:
636:
628:
627:
623:
609:
608:
604:
594:
592:
582:
581:
574:
559:
534:
533:
529:
487:
486:
482:
473:
471:
462:
461:
454:
449:
387:
361:
345:
339:
322:
265:autonomous cars
248:
235:
229:
196:
194:Safety benefits
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Delivery drone
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1695:External links
1693:
1690:
1689:
1663:
1635:
1620:
1594:
1579:
1553:
1528:
1504:
1469:
1444:
1408:
1397:Car and Driver
1380:
1351:
1313:
1298:
1268:
1247:
1216:
1188:
1164:
1140:
1116:
1092:
1017:
993:
969:
945:
919:
895:
870:
846:
822:
811:www.mlit.go.jp
798:
751:
736:
706:
697:|journal=
670:
645:
634:www.mlit.go.jp
621:
602:
572:
557:
527:
500:(6): 164–171.
480:
451:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
386:
383:
360:
357:
341:Main article:
338:
335:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
247:
244:
231:Main article:
228:
225:
195:
192:
58:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2019:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:9781450349277
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1434:on 2018-11-15
1430:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1258:. its.dot.gov
1257:
1251:
1248:
1237:on 2012-02-01
1233:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1105:www.tta.or.kr
1102:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
983:
979:
973:
970:
959:
955:
949:
946:
935:
934:
929:
923:
920:
909:
905:
899:
896:
884:
880:
874:
871:
860:
856:
850:
847:
836:
832:
826:
823:
812:
808:
802:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:(2): 88–105.
770:
766:
762:
755:
752:
747:
743:
739:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
689:
681:
674:
671:
659:
655:
649:
646:
635:
631:
625:
622:
617:
613:
606:
603:
591:
590:
585:
579:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
481:
470:on 2012-11-19
469:
465:
459:
457:
453:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
358:
356:
354:
350:
344:
336:
334:
332:
326:
319:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
243:
241:
234:
226:
224:
222:
218:
217:intersections
213:
208:
206:
205:United States
202:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
56:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1963:
1912:
1888:Maglev train
1857:Airless tire
1680:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1603:
1597:
1562:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1424:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1328:
1316:
1281:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1153:www.3gpp.org
1152:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1006:www.3gpp.org
1005:
1002:"Release 16"
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:
972:
961:. Retrieved
957:
948:
937:. Retrieved
931:
922:
911:. Retrieved
907:
898:
887:. Retrieved
885:. 2013-06-24
882:
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:
849:
838:. Retrieved
834:
825:
814:. Retrieved
810:
801:
768:
764:
754:
719:
709:
688:cite journal
673:
662:. Retrieved
660:. 2009-10-12
657:
648:
637:. Retrieved
633:
624:
615:
605:
593:. Retrieved
587:
540:
530:
497:
493:
483:
472:. Retrieved
468:the original
441:Wireless LAN
368:
362:
349:Cellular V2X
346:
327:
323:
270:
249:
236:
209:
197:
145:
121:IEEE 802.11p
94:
82:
71:
60:
30:
29:
1031:IEEE Access
359:Key players
188:ITS America
1981:Categories
1834:Spaceplane
1809:Flying car
1522:2018-10-09
1498:2017-01-29
1463:2021-11-28
1438:2016-04-28
1402:2017-01-29
1374:2008-02-29
1262:2008-02-29
1241:2011-11-30
1210:2008-02-29
1182:2021-08-14
1158:2021-08-14
1134:2021-08-14
1110:2021-08-14
1011:2021-08-14
987:2021-08-14
963:2021-08-13
939:2021-08-13
913:2021-08-13
889:2021-08-13
864:2021-08-13
840:2021-08-13
831:"Safespot"
816:2021-08-13
664:2021-08-13
639:2021-08-13
618:: 1/1–1/9.
474:2008-02-29
447:References
115:, ITS-G5,
78:PROMETHEUS
1879:Hyperloop
1777:Transport
1485:Austroads
1425:nhtsa.gov
1077:236939427
1069:2169-3536
785:1553-877X
514:0163-6804
310:Australia
137:microwave
37:in which
1923:Pipeline
1883:Vactrain
1829:Scramjet
1819:Jet pack
1682:29 April
1676:Wevolver
1656:29 April
1630:52093557
1546:28 April
1344:27 April
1308:13183260
793:18052278
746:60703429
595:29 April
567:62061334
396:Carputer
385:See also
381:(PATH).
375:Berkeley
281:Spectra
103:, WAVE,
39:vehicles
1992:Driving
1898:Platoon
1589:6173238
1039:Bibcode
522:3160950
174:, TTA,
113:802.11p
57:History
53:(ITS).
1786:Aerial
1769:Fields
1628:
1618:
1587:
1577:
1306:
1296:
1075:
1067:
883:TRIMIS
791:
783:
744:
734:
658:TRIMIS
565:
555:
520:
512:
294:Europe
278:Locale
141:mmWave
129:ZigBee
1626:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1492:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1330:NHTSA
1325:(PDF)
1304:S2CID
1235:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1149:"V2X"
1073:S2CID
789:S2CID
742:S2CID
563:S2CID
518:S2CID
426:Radio
353:Turin
302:Japan
133:WiMAX
105:VANET
43:nodes
1965:List
1849:Land
1684:2022
1658:2022
1649:5GAA
1616:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1548:2012
1346:2022
1294:ISBN
1065:ISSN
781:ISSN
732:ISBN
701:help
597:2022
553:ISBN
510:ISSN
184:5GAA
176:CCSA
168:ARIB
164:3GPP
156:ETSI
152:IEEE
148:ASTM
101:DSRC
74:PATH
72:The
33:are
1608:doi
1567:doi
1286:doi
1055:hdl
1047:doi
773:doi
724:doi
545:doi
502:doi
286:USA
253:USA
240:PKI
180:ITU
172:TTC
160:SAE
125:VLC
117:V2X
109:IoV
1983::
1881:/
1674:.
1646:.
1624:.
1614:.
1583:.
1573:.
1531:^
1515:.
1487:.
1472:^
1455:.
1423:.
1395:.
1383:^
1362:.
1327:.
1302:.
1292:.
1280:.
1203:.
1175:.
1151:.
1127:.
1103:.
1071:.
1063:.
1053:.
1045:.
1033:.
1029:.
1004:.
980:.
956:.
930:.
906:.
881:.
857:.
833:.
809:.
787:.
779:.
769:10
767:.
763:.
740:.
730:.
718:.
692::
690:}}
686:{{
656:.
632:.
614:.
586:.
575:^
561:.
551:.
539:.
516:.
508:.
498:46
496:.
492:.
455:^
373:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
111:,
107:,
99:,
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1686:.
1660:.
1632:.
1610::
1591:.
1569::
1550:.
1525:.
1501:.
1466:.
1441:.
1405:.
1377:.
1348:.
1310:.
1288::
1265:.
1244:.
1213:.
1185:.
1161:.
1137:.
1113:.
1090:.
1079:.
1057::
1049::
1041::
1035:9
1014:.
990:.
966:.
942:.
916:.
892:.
867:.
843:.
819:.
795:.
775::
748:.
726::
703:)
699:(
682:.
667:.
642:.
599:.
569:.
547::
524:.
504::
477:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.