193:“Carnavales de harina” (Carnivals of flour) where rivals groups, the “docks people” and the “warehouse people” staged mock battles with insults taunts and projectiles usually filled with flour. The aim of the modern version of Carnival was to replace this with something more orderly and less dangerous, focusing on a parade with lively costumes. In 1898 a civil committee organized the first citywide event, the first such in Mexico. The event was originally had at the Machado Plaza with procession of decorated cars and bicycles. The first Carnival queen was Wilfrida Farmer in 1900. However, projectiles are still thrown among those in the crowds, generally eggshells filled with confetti and spray cans of foam are also used.
270:, carnival was re initiated in 1925 with a committee sponsored by the Alianza de Ferrocarrileros, the first citywide celebration of the event in about fifty years. The purpose of this was to promote community unity and post Revolution social values such as the breaking down of socioeconomic barriers. The first Carnival queen was Lucha Raigadas and the first Rey Feo (Ugly King) was Carlos Puig “Papiano” selected in 1926. The first children's queen was selected in 1942. Floats appeared for the first time in 1945 and was the first night parade in the city ever. The Veracruz Carnival tradition has since spread to the neighboring
569:, Carnival is called Joc-lo which runs for three days ending with the “quema del gallo” (burning of the rooster). The traditional instruments for this event is the violin and a guitar called the bajo sexton for traditional songs such as El mecate, El son grande, El son chico, El torito and La cruz. Dances are done by men in costume, especially on the Sunday before Ash Wednesday generally as old men or as women. There has been some influence from modern carnivals and culture such as the appearance of costumes of North American origin. One town in this region particularly noted for its Joc-lo is
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60,000 people each night. While it officially begins on
Thursday, the main activities begin on Friday and culminate on Tuesday night. Prior to this there are campaigns for Carnival King and Queen, the Juegos Flores and the contest for Rey Feo (ugly king). There is a children's version of Mazatlán's carnival, which has many of the same elements such as the selection of a queen, but avoids the excesses. This was begun in the 1920s.
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are enacted with fake guns using real gunpowder. The inspiration for much of the dance is the Battle of Puebla with
Mexicans and French represented but it is not historically accurate. Also part of the festivities are the reenactment of two stories, one of the kidnapping of the mayor's daughter and one depicting the first Christian marriage in Mexico. Another significant Carnival event in the state is in
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different theme each year. It is more family-oriented, less sexual than Rio de
Janeiro's and more tranquil than that of New Orleans or Veracruz, but it occupies the city completely during its time. Mazatlan authorities stated in 2016 that they expected to see a 30~40% increase in prostitution for the Carnival of that year. During the Carnival of 2017, in an effort to combat the spread of
150:, northwestern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula. The large scale celebrations have mostly become divorced from their religious roots with commercialization in the latter 20th century. However, the numerous smaller celebrations in rural areas have maintained indigenous and religious elements, making its manifestation varied depending on which indigenous cultures the celebration melded.
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a rite called the “corta-gallo” which involved the sacrifice of a number of fowl. In Arroyo
Florido the festival is dedicated to the Devil considered to be the owner of all earthly goods. In Solteros de Juan Rosas the festival is only four days and includes a ceremony to bless the masks that the dancers wear. In all of these celebrations the preferred music is traditional
131:. Celebrations of carnival had been especially lively and drunken by Indians and castas. The authorities' toleration in the earlier colonial period was replaced by a repression of this period of social inversion and role reversal. Although there had been efforts to tamp down the festivities in the late seventeenth century, with the period under viceroy Don
124:, both of which refer to the “lost days” of the Mesoamerican calendar, when faces were covered to repel or confuse evil. Its popularity during the rest of the colonial period continued because it was one time when normal rules could be broken, especially with the use of masks to hide identities from the authorities.
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Iztapalapa, as well as events in Los Reyes
Culhuacán and San Lorenzo Tezonco. The origins of these festivities go back to the celebration of spring in the pre Hispanic period, but today they are mostly celebrated like those of the major carnivals, with elected queens, costumes and parades with floats.
310:. The Ensenada Carnival extends over six days and consists of the quema del mal humor, dances, parades with floats, a royal court and more. It is one of the most important tourist events in northwestern Mexico attracting about 300,000 visitors including many from California. It has had performances by
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which dyes the person who is hit blue. Cozumel also celebrates for a week with parades, dance, costumes, music and street fairs with almost all work stopping for the event. Schools, clubs and community organizations spend weeks making floats, costumes and practicing dance and music performances, with
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but eventually it shifted to
Carnival. These early 18th century Carnival traditions with people in colorful costumes dancing to African-derived chuchumbé rhythms provoked the disapproval of church officials. Despite this, the festival continued to evolve in the 19th into formal balls for the elite as
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fronds. Since the latter 20th century on the celebration has evolved with a greater variety of costumes include men dressed as women, devils etc. Carnival always ends with a mock battle in the central plaza between two rival neighborhoods called
Guadalupe and La Loma, throwing fruit and dried seeds.
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area include those of Ojite de
Matamoros, Solteros de Juan Rosas and Arroyo Florido. In Ojite de Matamoros, men dress as women, priests, doctors and hunchbacks and perform a dance that recalls the struggles between the indigenous and the Spanish. These festivities last about fifteen days ending with
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One of the largest of this type of
Carnival is the Carnival of Huejotzingo, Puebla in which over 2,000 people participate. Participants divide into four battalions, identified by costume. From the first day, the air is filled with the sounds of blanks being fired as mock battles among the battalions
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In total, Carnival is a significant even in about 225 communities in Mexico, many of these, especially in the smaller communities maintain elements from Mexico's religious and indigenous heritage. These celebrations vary widely often with traditional dance and regional music and ceremonies with both
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The modern version of
Carnival in the city of Veracruz is not as old as Mazatlan's but it is larger, lasting nine days with six major parades with floats along with large public concerts, parties and special events and promotion in just about all the city's restaurants, bars and nightclubs. Carnival
184:), street parties and vendors and concerts by musicians playing popular and traditional musical styles. Costumes worn by participants vary including dressing as the opposite sex and parodies of political figures. Festivities go on until the early morning hours except on Tuesday, when Carnival ends.
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Mazatlán has the oldest major modern Carnival tradition in Mexico with a history of over a hundred years starting in 1898. The current version of the Mazatlan Carnival began in 1898 which is known as the “Carnavales de confeti y serpentina” (Carnivals of confetti and streamers), which replaced the
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The large modern celebrations have been sponsored by city governments as an important social and tourist event. In 2012 Veracruz allowed visitors to camp on the city's tourist beaches. However, they are not without problems or controversies. There are occasionally problems with disorderly conduct,
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music. There are also cultural events. Carnival days are official holidays in the city, with parties lasting nearly all night. The main festivities are now held at the Paseo de Olas Altas and at the Claussen next to the ocean, both of which are closed to traffic on these days and fill with about
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to the streets. In February 2020, days before the Carnival of that year, Rosa E. Sánchez Moraila, director of the city's Youth Integration Center, stated that the greatest excess in the consumption of alcohol and other drugs, both licit and illicit, occurs during the celebration of the Carnival.
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Region. Events generally consist of dancing on the street in costume accompanied by traditional bands playing wind instruments. The four main neighborhoods of the municipality compete against each other in dance and for best costume with people dressing as monkeys, death, devils, women and even
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with other large celebrations in Baja California and the Yucatán Peninsulas which attract significant numbers of visitors mostly from within Mexico. Most of the larger carnivals start with the burning or condemning of an effigy called “mal humor” (bad mood), the election of a Carnival Queen and
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borough do have events. One is cosponsored by the formerly rural communities of Santa Cruz Meyehualco, San Andrés Tetepilco, San Andrés Tomatlán, Santa María Tomatlán, San Sebastián Tecoloxtitlán and Santiago Acahualtepec. Another is sponsored by the eight neighborhoods of the historic town of
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with hundreds of people wind up covered in flour, egg and water from projectiles thrown at each other. The festival also consists of traditional dances such as El Pochó and Los Blanquitos, both with long histories. Another particular characteristic is that Carnival is considered to begin on 20
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Today, Veracruz has the largest and best known Carnival in Mexico beginning with the “quema del mal humor” or the burning of bad mood and ending with the burial of “Juan Carnival.” The quema de mal humor is represented by an effigy of a disliked famous person, either Mexican or foreign. Juan
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Visitors to the event are almost all from Mexico. The Carnival has various main events which are designed to appeal to different groups of people, two parades, a street party with live music, two food festivals, selection of the royal court and concerts. All are organized by the city around a
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Carnival is another effigy which receives a mock funeral. In between there are the coronation of the Carnival Queen and her court, six parades with a minimum of thirty floats each that run between Veracruz and Boca del Río, dances, concerts by well-known artists which have included
395:. Another event is the “guerra de pinturas” in which all ages paint the face and body in various bright colors. The Campeche carnival also has a side festival called El Corso Infantil where children dress in costume and run the streets singing and dancing tropical music.
60:. Smaller and more rural communities have Carnival traditions which have conserved more of Mexico's indigenous and religious heritage and vary depending on the local indigenous cultures that Carnival was assimilated into. The largest of this kind is held in
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is notable for its use of satire especially related to matrimony and sometimes divorce using a dance called Tejorones. Costumes include various masks, depictions animals such as doves, and tiger hunts. Those in the tiger costume use mirrors for eyes. In
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caused controversy. The committee responsible for it was fired as the event was criticized as “too sexual in content, too gay,…” For the 2013 Carnival, the Veracruz committee has decided to prohibit advertising for political candidates and parties.
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While the Carnival in the city of Veracruz is thoroughly modern, those celebrated in north of the state are much more traditional, including elements such as prayers for good crops and the well being of the community. Rural Veracruz carnivals near
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and others. The modern La Paz Carnival was begun in 1898, making it one of the oldest in the country. Before that, celebration of Carnival was limited to formal affairs at the houses of the rich. It includes concerts such as those by Espinoza Paz,
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in the same state, the celebration began very simply. Dancers, restricted to men, dressed and use charcoal as make up to look like this coastal area's Afro Mexican population. If masks were used, they are simple structures made from gourds or
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in Veracruz has its origins in the colonial period. Residents in neighborhoods just outside the city wall created new forms of music from European, African and indigenous traditions. The original major festival for these communities was
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the groups competing against each other. For the Carnival in Campeche, women wear outfits called trajes de mestiza and carry trays with a pig's head decorated with ribbons and dance to a style of music called
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well as street celebrations for the city's popular classes. Many of these events were held over a two-week period before Ash Wednesday. The celebrations were severely regulated and restricted during the
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and during the colonial period was celebrated in one form or another. Its acceptance among the indigenous population stemmed from the fact that it coincided with various indigenous festivals, such as
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Jose Fuentes-Salinas (February 11, 1996). "Carnaval de Ensenada: seis dias de fiesta que inician el proximo jueves" [Carnival of Ensendada: six days of festival with begin next Thursday].
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discouraged it as an element of the country's colonial past. From the late 19th century to the early 20th, the festival as a major public event has made something of a comeback in areas such as
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feature various people in bull costumes, which often have elaborate wood masks. These persons use canes, large decorated capes and flowered headdresses. Some of the notable celebrations in the
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involve the participation of most of the population, many of whom dress as monkeys adorned in multicolored ribbons. In Huistán they are accompanied by music from a twelve stringed guitar.
635:. They last anywhere from three to ten days and include events such as concerts, bullfights, charrería and dances. In Sayula the main event is a friendly game between the professional
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In the eighteenth century, the crown made a concerted effort to suppress the excesses of carnival, banning the wearing of masks, forbidding laypeople to dress as clerics, forbidding
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In the late 19th century, Liberals decided it was a vestige of colonialism and sought to eliminate it which made celebration of the event a private affair among the wealthy.
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and fighting in the streets. The Veracruz carnival has been criticized by Protestant/Evangelical Christian groups for moral reasons. Similarly the 2012 Carnival in
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dancers. This dance was created as a way for the indigenous to ridicule their Spanish overlords. Other communities with significant Carnival celebrations include
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Denis Rodriguez (February 10, 2002). "La locura del Carnaval invade las calles de Jalisco" [The craziness of Carnival invades the streets of Jalisco].
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1799:"Se unen pueblos de Iztapalapa a tradicional Carnaval de Primavera" [Communities in Iztapalapa join for the traditional spring Carnival].
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1366:[Veracruz goes for the best of its carnivals in 2012] (in Spanish). Veracruz: El Universal Veracruz. November 26, 2011. Archived from
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1784:"Todo listo para el carnaval de los 8 Barrios de Iztapalapa" [All ready for the Carnival of the eight neighborhoods of Iztapalapa].
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The celebration of Carnival is widespread in the state of Tlaxcala lasting anywhere from three days to a week depending on local tradition.
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Alicia Boy (February 7, 1999). "Carnaval Mazatlan: Mas de 100 anos de tradicion" [Mazatlan Carnival: over 100 years of tradition].
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and various journalists. Sometimes these reference serious problems such as drug trafficking and corruption. A common costume is that of
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pagan and Christian origins. They may also contain modern elements such as floats as well as local sports and cultural events such as
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1457:[Principal attractions of the Carnival of Veracruz] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 25 February 2011
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386:, the Greek god of jokes and pranks. One local tradition is youth tossing flowers, confetti and even eggshells filled with flour or
1531:[Experience the Carnival of Mérida in the Yucatán] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from
1610:[Carnival in the indigenous communities of the north of Veracruz] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine
1494:[The Carnival of La Paz, Baja California Sur] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 16 February 2012
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extraterrestrials and many more. One unique costume to the area is the Cuernudo, which is a mix between a monkey and a devil.
927:"Inician Fiestas del Carnaval en diversas ciudades de Mexico" [Carnival festival begin in various cities in Mexico].
816:[The festival of Carnival in Calnali, Hidalgo] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 19 August 2010
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29:) is celebrated by about 225 communities in various ways, with the largest and best known modern celebrations occurring in
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756:[Carnival, Eucharist of fun and pleasure] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from
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1719:[Carnival of Silacayoapan, Oaxaca] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 18 August 2010
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350:. Mérida celebrates Carnival for a full week with various events, including a parade held at the fairgrounds at
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1397:[Carnival time in Veracruz!] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from
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1742:[Joc-lo: The carnival of the Mixteca Baja] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine
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1103:[Experience the Carnival of Mazatlán 2012] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine
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the measures finally seemed to take hold; "the viceroy stopped it in its tracks and it never recovered."
875:. Translated by Nathan Shane Rosenzweig and Ben Germaine. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources 1999, p. 108.
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1765:[Carnival in Tenosique (Tabasco)] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine
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853:[Carnivals and more carnivals] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine
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are generally family-oriented affairs. The best known Carnival in the state of Morelos is in
1303:[Carnival in Veracruz: public celebrations, identity and the beginnings of tourism]
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785:[History of Carnival] (in Spanish). Mexico: Carnival of Veracruzz. Archived from
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Mexico City does not have any major Carnival celebrations but various communities in the
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tests. During the Carnival of 2019, an alert was raised concerning the arrival of
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689:[Precedents] (in Spanish). Yucatán, Mexico: City of Mérida. Archived from
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and reenactments of stories. Other important Carnival variations can be found in
1301:"Carnaval en Veracruz: celebraciones públicas, identidad y el inicio del turismo"
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celebrate by painting their bodies with white spots and with traditional dances.
274:, which attracts about 50,000 visitors held at the city's fairgrounds each year.
1513:"Mexico Unido / Carnaval en Merida" [Mexico United/Carnival in Merida].
1247:"En Carnaval se dan los mayores excesos en el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas"
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1044:"Carnaval Ensenada 2012 - " Imperios & Fantasias / Empires and Fantasies""
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In the Baja California Peninsula, the two main Carnival celebrations occur in
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Participant dressed as a "Zacapoaxtla" at the carnival in Huejotzingo, Puebla
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sometimes a King Momo, parades with floats (especially on the Sunday before
946:[Evangelicals criticize carnival festivities of Veracruz, Mexico].
999:[Will prohibit political announcement at the Veracruz Carnival].
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889:[Will be able to camp on beaches during the Veracruz Carnival].
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Participant dressed as a "Turk" for the Carnival of Huejotzingo, Puebla
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The preferred music for the Carnival goes according to local tastes:
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The two largest modern public Carnival celebrations in Mexico are in
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where masked men called Huegues whip themselves in preparation for
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On the Yucatán Peninsula, major Carnival celebrations are held in
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with floats, queens and costumes but are not as large as those in
1608:"El carnaval en las comunidades indígenas del norte de Veracruz"
461:
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Public celebrations of Carnival waned in the 19th century after
1761:
Hilario López and Ana Beatriz Parizot Wolter (20 August 2010).
1221:"CIJ Mazatlán está alerta ante nueva droga llamada "Fentanilo""
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Charro dancers in Santa Marta Acatitla, Iztapalapa, Mexico City
419:
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Winningham, Geoff (February 1994). "The guns of Huejotzingo".
1077:. Puerto Vallarta: Carnival of Puerto Vallarta. Archived from
972:. Puerto Vallarta: Carnival of Puerto Vallarta. Archived from
944:"Evangélicos critican fiestas del carnaval de Veracruz México"
1307:(in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Veracruzana. Archived from
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The music is a local variety of the Chilena Costeña. In the
931:(in Spanish). San Francisco. February 21, 1996. p. 5A.
1131:
Moral Compromises in Mazatlán: Public Life in Urban Mexico
1046:. Tijuana: Baja Insider. February 5, 2012. Archived from
1517:(in Spanish). Mexico City. February 16, 1999. p. 9.
1195:"Se repartirán 80 mil preservativos en el Carnaval 2017"
723:. Sinaloa, Mexico: Carnival of Mazaltán. Archived from
1340:(in Spanish). Veracruz. April 25, 2012. Archived from
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Los Pochos dancers from Carnival in Tenosique, Tabasco
366:. Here, mal humor has been represented by effigies of
997:"Prohibirán propaganda política en Carnaval Veracruz"
1689:
Ricardo Olivares GarciaFigueroa (January 28, 2011).
1364:"Veracruz va por el mejor de sus carnavales en 2012"
754:"El Carnaval, eucaristía de la alegría y el placer"
887:"Podrán acampar en playas en carnaval de Veracruz"
1455:"Principales atractivos del Carnaval de Veracruz"
1336:[Carnival 2012 in Tuxpan begins today].
122:Nemontemi for the Nahuas and Cabik for the Mayas
1693:[Carnival of Tlayacapan, in Morelos].
873:Propriety and Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico
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1788:(in Spanish). Mexico City. February 19, 2012.
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1169:"El sexoservicio aumenta durante el carnaval"
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1670:(in Spanish). Guadalajara. February 15, 2012
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1492:"El Carnaval de La Paz, Baja California Sur"
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1738:Alejandro Zenteno Chávez (18 August 2010).
1633:[The other carnivals in Veracruz].
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1273:"The Roots of Carnival in Veracruz, Mexico"
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814:"La fiesta de carnaval en Calnali, Hidalgo"
431:Participants in costume at the Carnival in
354:. The preferred music for this time is the
229:, there has been an increase in the use of
1803:(in Spanish). Mexico City. March 18, 2011.
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40:Larger celebrations are also found in the
1431:(in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from
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1245:Arredondo, Veronica (February 17, 2020).
1219:Arredondo, Veronica (February 16, 2019).
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1740:"Joc-lo: El carnaval de la Mixteca Baja"
1529:"Vive el Carnaval de Mérida, en Yucatán"
615:The best known Carnival celebrations in
399:Local and regional Carnival celebrations
1666:[Morelos, in carnival season].
671:
1637:(in Spanish). Veracruz. Archived from
1606:Gabriel Núñez Gómez (20 August 2010).
1480:(in Spanish). Los Angeles. p. 7F.
1193:Regalado, Blanca (February 24, 2017).
885:Édgar Ávila Pérez (January 24, 2012).
507:Carnival celebrations in the state of
1664:"Morelos, en temporada de carnavales"
1425:"Termina la fiesta del Carnaval 2012"
1167:Regalado, Blanca (January 30, 2016).
1156:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 8.
1029:(in Spanish). Guadalajara. p. 1.
491:One of the better known Carnivals in
7:
1691:"Carnaval de Tlayacapan, en Morelos"
1629:Alfredo Garcia (February 14, 2010).
1334:"Inicia hoy Carnaval 2012 en Tuxpan"
995:Nínro Ruíz Peña (November 3, 2012).
599:The largest Carnival celebration in
423:"Huehue" from Tlacuilohcan, Tlaxcala
1101:"Vive el Carnaval de Mazatlán 2012"
1717:"Carnaval de Silacayoapan, Oaxaca"
1631:"Los otros carnavales en Veracruz"
1554:Hammer, David (February 1, 2000).
1423:Javier Bravo (February 22, 2012).
1395:"¡Tiempo de carnaval en Veracruz!"
14:
1763:"Carnaval en Tenosique (Tabasco)"
942:Nínro Ruíz Peña (March 4, 2011).
68:, with mock battles based on the
118:came to Mexico with the Spanish
1427:[Carnival 2012 ends].
112:Established in Europe, in the
1:
1075:"Carnival of Puerto Vallarta"
851:"Carnavales y más carnavales"
258:French Intervention in Mexico
199:sexually transmitted diseases
871:Juan Pedro Viqueira Albán,
433:Tenancingo, State of Mexico
1842:
639:against a local squad. In
608:January, the feast day of
603:is in the municipality of
444:, fishing tournaments and
1697:(in Spanish). Mexico City
1558:. Mexconnect newsletter.
1275:. New York: Brooklyn Rail
1003:(in Spanish). Mexico City
893:(in Spanish). Mexico City
1826:Folk festivals in Mexico
783:"Historia del Carnaval"
721:"Historia del Carnaval"
571:San Jerónimo Xayacatlan
1129:Duvall, Tracy (2014).
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380:Nilda Patricia Velasco
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1556:"Carnival on Cozumel"
1338:El Universal Veracruz
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298:Other major Carnivals
140:Mexico's independence
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1401:on February 18, 2012
1299:Wood, Andrew Grant.
1081:on November 27, 2012
976:on November 27, 2012
950:(in Spanish). Mexico
760:on December 16, 2010
719:Enrique Vega Ayala.
548:Pinotepa de Don Luis
294:and charity events.
1821:Carnivals in Mexico
1271:Andrew Grant Wood.
1050:on October 28, 2012
727:on January 15, 2013
156:alcohol consumption
48:, similar to other
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268:Mexican Revolution
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92:and some parts of
46:Yucatán Peninsulas
20:Carnival in Mexico
16:Annual celebration
948:Noticia Cristiana
789:on April 21, 2012
576:The Carnivals of
144:Liberal movements
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1641:on March 2, 2014
1635:Diario de Xalapa
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1344:on April 6, 2014
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1314:on April 6, 2014
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683:
641:Barra de Navidad
578:San Juan Chamula
550:in the state of
546:The Carnival of
515:, noted for its
348:city of Campeche
329:Sonora Santanera
316:Alejandra Guzmán
280:Enrique Iglesias
70:Battle of Puebla
35:city of Veracruz
25:
1841:
1840:
1836:
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1535:on May 14, 2012
1527:
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1435:on May 10, 2012
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979:
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970:"2013 Carnival"
968:
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610:Saint Sebastian
525:Emiliano Zapata
401:
376:Ernesto Zedillo
372:Hillary Clinton
300:
292:Cristian Castro
248:
190:
169:
167:Major Carnivals
160:Puerto Vallarta
102:
42:Baja California
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1381:
1370:on May 8, 2012
1355:
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961:
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738:
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693:on May 1, 2013
687:"Antecedentes"
670:
669:
667:
664:
400:
397:
312:Joan Sebastián
299:
296:
253:Corpus Christi
247:
244:
221:, sinaloense,
189:
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168:
165:
129:cross dressing
101:
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54:Rio de Janeiro
15:
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1668:El Inofrmador
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1586:Texas Monthly
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182:Ash Wednesday
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133:Juan de Acuña
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1779:
1769:November 22,
1767:. Retrieved
1756:
1746:November 22,
1744:. Retrieved
1733:
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1721:. Retrieved
1711:
1701:November 22,
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
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1674:November 22,
1672:. Retrieved
1667:
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1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1634:
1624:
1614:November 22,
1612:. Retrieved
1589:
1585:
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1569:November 22,
1567:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:November 22,
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
1523:
1514:
1508:
1498:November 22,
1496:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1471:
1461:November 22,
1459:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:November 22,
1437:. Retrieved
1433:the original
1429:El Universal
1428:
1405:November 22,
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1374:November 22,
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1358:
1348:November 22,
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1337:
1328:
1318:November 22,
1316:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1279:November 22,
1277:. Retrieved
1266:
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1250:
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1224:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
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1107:November 22,
1105:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:November 22,
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1054:November 22,
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1026:
1007:November 22,
1005:. Retrieved
1001:El Universal
1000:
990:
980:November 22,
978:. Retrieved
974:the original
964:
954:November 22,
952:. Retrieved
947:
937:
929:Bohemio News
928:
897:November 22,
895:. Retrieved
891:El Universal
890:
880:
872:
867:
857:November 22,
855:. Retrieved
820:November 22,
818:. Retrieved
793:November 22,
791:. Retrieved
787:the original
764:November 22,
762:. Retrieved
758:the original
731:November 22,
729:. Retrieved
725:the original
697:November 22,
695:. Retrieved
691:the original
656:
645:
614:
598:
575:
567:Mixteca Baja
557:Silacayoapan
545:
506:
490:
487:
466:
454:
442:bullfighting
438:
368:Bill Clinton
337:
301:
284:Espinoza Paz
276:
265:
262:
249:
212:
195:
191:
170:
152:
137:
126:
111:
39:
26:
24:(in Spanish)
19:
18:
648:Cora people
533:Tlaltizapán
501:La Huasteca
474:Totonacapan
378:, his wife
360:cha-cha-cha
116:, Carnival
114:Middle Ages
94:Mexico City
62:Huejotzingo
58:New Orleans
1815:Categories
1478:La Opinión
1139:B00QRMN54S
666:References
659:Iztapalapa
629:Tecolotlán
529:Xochitepec
513:Tlayacapan
266:After the
154:excessive
142:and later
1695:La Prensa
1564:1028-9089
1256:April 19,
1230:April 19,
1204:April 19,
1199:El Debate
1178:April 19,
1173:El Debate
605:Tenosique
537:Tepoztlán
446:charreada
324:Polo Polo
235:reggaeton
50:Carnivals
1592:(2): 92.
541:Yautepec
521:Jiutepec
517:Chinelos
483:Huapango
458:Tehuacán
352:Xmatkuil
346:and the
322:, Caló,
304:Ensenada
246:Veracruz
223:mariachi
207:fentanyl
188:Mazatlán
177:Mazatlán
173:Veracruz
148:Veracruz
74:Tlaxcala
33:and the
31:Mazatlán
27:Carnaval
1801:NOTIMEX
1786:NOTIMEX
1515:Reforma
1154:Reforma
652:Nayarit
619:are in
617:Jalisco
601:Tabasco
586:Chiapas
582:Huistán
509:Morelos
499:in the
497:Calnali
493:Hidalgo
450:jaripeo
344:Cozumel
320:Magneto
219:grupera
100:History
90:Morelos
86:Jalisco
82:Chiapas
1562:
1137:
637:Chivas
633:Sayula
621:Autlan
562:maguey
552:Oaxaca
495:is in
470:Xalapa
393:Jarana
388:indigo
364:cumbia
340:Mérida
333:Ha*Ash
308:La Paz
272:Tuxpan
78:Oaxaca
66:Puebla
1312:(PDF)
1305:(PDF)
1027:Mural
625:Ameca
356:mambo
227:2010s
215:banda
1771:2012
1748:2012
1725:2012
1703:2012
1676:2012
1647:2012
1616:2012
1571:2012
1560:ISSN
1541:2012
1500:2012
1463:2012
1441:2012
1407:2012
1376:2012
1350:2012
1320:2012
1281:2012
1258:2020
1232:2020
1206:2020
1180:2020
1135:ASIN
1109:2012
1087:2012
1056:2012
1009:2012
982:2012
956:2012
899:2012
859:2012
822:2012
795:2012
766:2012
733:2012
699:2012
646:The
631:and
580:and
539:and
481:and
462:Lent
384:Momo
362:and
331:and
306:and
290:and
239:trap
237:and
175:and
56:and
44:and
1251:TVP
1225:TVP
650:in
584:in
479:Son
231:EDM
203:HIV
1817::
1655:^
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1590:22
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958:.
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768:.
735:.
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448:/
435:.
22:(
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