1544:
1316:
1942:
2002:
56:
1954:
1926:
504:
74:
1990:
226:
2017:
1334:
1827:
1966:
401:
1978:
932:
1764:
1005:
1152:
After harvest, carob pods have a moisture content of 10–20% and should be dried down to a moisture content of 8% so the pods do not rot. Further processing separates the kernels (seeds) from the pulp. This process is called kibbling and results in seeds and pieces of carob pods (kibbles). Processing
1120:
in early spring and the cooling- and drying-sensitive seedlings are then transplanted to the field in the next year after the last frost. Carob trees enter slowly into production phase. Where in areas with favorable growing conditions, the cropping starts 3–4 years after budding, with the nonbearing
1258:
Most of the roughly 50 known cultivars are of unknown origin and only regionally distributed. The cultivars show high genetic and therefore morphological and agronomical variation. No conventional breeding by controlled crossing has been reported, but selection from orchards or wild populations has
1217:
attack carob crops before harvest and infest products in stores. This moth, prevalent in Cyprus, will often infest the country's carob stores. Research has been conducted to understand the physiology of the moth, in order to gain insight on how to monitor moth reproduction and lower their
1148:
The most labour-intensive part of carob cultivation is harvesting, which is often done by knocking the fruit down with a long stick and gathering them together with the help of laid-out nets. This is a delicate task because the trees are flowering at the same time and care has to be taken not to
480:), that is elongated, compressed, straight, or curved, and thickened at the sutures. The pods take a full year to develop and ripen. When the sweet, ripe pods eventually fall to the ground, they are eaten by various mammals, such as swine, thereby dispersing the hard inner seed in the excrement.
1139:
with other tree species is widely spread. Not much cultivation management is required. Only light pruning and occasional tilling to reduce weeds is necessary. Nitrogen-fertilizing of the plants has been shown to have positive impacts on yield performance. Although it is native to moderately dry
1283:
trees still cannot compete with that of female plants, as their pod-bearing properties are worse. Future breeding would be focused on processing-quality aspects, as well as on properties for better mechanization of harvest or better-yielding hermaphroditic plants. The use of modern breeding
1275:) by some fruit-yielding traits such as building of greater beans, more pulp, and higher sugar contents. Also, genetic adaptation of some varieties to the climatic requirements of their growing regions has occurred. Though a partially successful breaking of the
1694:, the dried and milled carob pods are left to soak in water, before being transferred into special containers out of which the carob juice gradually seeps out of and is collected. The juice is then boiled with constant stirring yielding a thick syrup known as
1902:, carob wood is rarely used for construction timber. However, it is sometimes sought for ornamental work--particularly for furniture design, as the natural shape of the trunk is well-suited to the task. Additionally, the extremely wavy
1121:
period requiring up to 8 years in regions with marginal soils. Full bearing of the trees occurs mostly at a tree-age of 20–25 years when the yield stabilizes. The orchards are traditionally planted in low densities of 25–45 trees per
2846:
La Malfa S, Tribulato E, Gentile A, Gioacchini P, Ventura M, Tagliavini M (2010). "15N natural abundance technique does not reveal the presence of nitrogen from biological fixation in field grown carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) trees".
3108:
Martić, Nikola; Zahorec, Jana; Stilinović, Nebojša; Andrejić-Višnjić, Bojana; Pavlić, Branimir; Kladar, Nebojša; Šoronja-Simović, Dragana; Šereš, Zita; Vujčić, Miodrag; Horvat, Olga; Rašković, Aleksandar (17 March 2022).
1710:. Constant stirring of the carob syrup causes it to form into a black, amorphous mass which is then left to cool. The mass is then kneaded, stretched and pulled until the fair, golden color and toffee-like texture of
1239:
1543:
1149:
damage the flowers and the next year's crop. The literature recommends research to get the fruit to ripen more uniformly or also for cultivars which can be mechanically harvested (by shaking).
2497:
1153:
of the pulp includes grinding for animal feed production or roasting and milling for human food industry. The seeds have to be peeled which happens with acid or through roasting. Then the
3781:
1755:, carob tree is playing a role in controlling diabetes mellitus according to Yemeni folk medicine, and diabetics consume carob pods as a juice to lower their blood sugar levels.
1039:
Carob trees can survive long periods of drought, but to grow fruit, they need 500 to 550 millimetres (20 to 22 in) of rainfall per year. They prefer well-drained, sandy
3719:
3595:
3566:
3086:
1036:(drought-resistant species), carob is well adapted to the conditions of the Mediterranean region with just 250 to 500 millimetres (10 to 20 in) of rainfall per year.
3429:
Biner B, Gubbuk H, Karhan M, Aksu M, Pekmezci M (January 2007). "Sugar profiles of the pods of cultivated and wild types of carob bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Turkey".
1925:
1383:
Carob pods are mildly sweet on their own (being roughly one third to one half sugar by dry weight), so they are used in powdered, chip or syrup form as an ingredient in
416:
are 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to 8 inches) long, alternate, pinnate, and may or may not have a terminal leaflet. It is frost-tolerant to roughly −7 °C (19 °F).
2359:
4171:
2636:
1953:
3537:
4370:
4249:
3395:
1941:
3055:
2927:
Cox PD (1975). "The influence of photoperiod on the life-cycles of
Ephestia calidella (Guenee) and Ephestia figulilella Gregson (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)".
2819:
Missbah El
Idrissi M, Aujjar N, Belabed A, Dessaux Y, Filali-Maltouf A (1996). "Characterization of rhizobia isolated from Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)".
365:, as "the last source of food in hard times". The ripe, dried, and sometimes toasted pod is often ground into carob powder, which was sometimes used as an
2738:
2001:
3751:
1794:. The plant develops a sculpted trunk and the form of an ornamental tree after being "limbed up" as it matures, otherwise it is used as a dense and large
4639:
4469:
4119:
1989:
3023:
Possibilities and limitations of the cultivation of locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as part of a traditional farming system in
Algarve, Portugal
3019:
Möglichkeiten und
Grenzen des Anbaus von Johannisbrot (Ceratonia siliqua L.) als Bestandteil eines traditionellen Anbausystems in Algarve, Portugal
4584:
4184:
4132:
3879:
3870:
3653:
427:, so strictly male trees do not produce fruit. When the trees blossom in autumn, the flowers are small and numerous, spirally arranged along the
4464:
4331:
3626:
3212:
1644:, crushed pods are heated to caramelize their sugar, then water is added and boiled for some time. The result is a cold beverage, also called
3773:
3030:
2609:
2491:
2420:
3235:"Carob Pulp: A Nutritional and Functional By-Product Worldwide Spread in the Formulation of Different Food Products and Beverages. A Review"
4574:
4544:
4519:
1059:
in the summer, carob trees could possibly recover during winter rainfalls. In some experiments, young carob trees were capable of basic
3910:
1116:
may prove to be more effective methods of asexual propagation. Seeds are commonly used as the propagation medium. The sowing occurs in
4057:
3688:
1315:
3025:] (in German). Institut für Pflanzenbau und Tierhygiene in den Tropen und Subtropen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Goltze.
1140:
climates, two or three summers' irrigation greatly aid the development, hasten the fruiting, and increase the yield of a carob tree.
4624:
4529:
2456:
1874:
288:
3711:
3587:
3558:
3278:"Sustainability Opportunities for Mediterranean Food Products through New Formulations Based on Carob Flour (Ceratonia siliqua L.)"
2016:
4614:
4604:
3804:"Evaluation of the glycemic effect of Ceratonia siliqua pods (Carob) on a streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rat model"
2182:
3181:
3111:"Hepatoprotective Effect of Carob Pulp Flour (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Extract Obtained by Optimized Microwave-Assisted Extraction"
3078:
4594:
4158:
2792:
Correia PJ, Gamaa F, Pestana M, Martins-Loução MA (2010). "Tolerance of young (Ceratonia siliqua L.) carob rootstock to NaCl".
2768:
2218:
4609:
4449:
4215:
2385:
2116:
1852:
4310:
2130:
4189:
2615:
2356:
2292:
4236:
3875:
3658:
2538:
4534:
3529:
2334:
2317:
2300:
1129:
or male trees, which produce fewer or no pods, respectively, are usually planted in lower densities in the orchards as
4357:
3982:
2524:
2272:
1977:
1108:
The vegetative propagation of carob is naturally restricted due to its low adventitious rooting potential. Therefore,
2713:
1837:
2250:
673:
4554:
4549:
4474:
4344:
2550:
2430:
2312:
2087:
1044:
73:
55:
4254:
2662:
1856:
1841:
4629:
4599:
4579:
4539:
4479:
4459:
4454:
4434:
4210:
3047:
2239:
3802:
Qasem, Mousa A.; Noordin, Mohamed
Ibrahim; Arya, Aditya; Alsalahi, Abdulsamad; Jayash, Soher Nagi (2018-05-23).
3407:
2742:
2163:
1100:
in the tissue of the carob tree did not support the theory that carob trees naturally use atmospheric nitrogen.
361:
region) and the
Atlantic northwestern Moroccan coast, carob pods were often used as animal feed and in times of
4619:
4589:
4564:
4559:
4514:
4494:
4489:
3743:
2637:"Agricultura planta 11 varietats de garrovers per a la reproducció de material vegetal a la finca de Sa Granja"
1165:
Few pests are known to cause severe damage in carob orchards, so they have traditionally not been treated with
695:
4349:
3489:"Sugar composition and yield of syrup production from the pulp of Moroccan carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.)"
3160:
Higazy, Magda; ELDiffrawy, Entsar; Zeitoun, Mohamed; Shaltout, Omima; Abou El-Yazeed, Ayman (31 March 2018).
2479:
4569:
4524:
4509:
4484:
4439:
4096:
3329:
4101:
4075:
4504:
4499:
4070:
3997:
3925:
2687:
2424:
2416:
1965:
1848:
1285:
1071:
38:
3963:
1082:. It remains unclear if carob trees have this ability: Some findings suggest that it is not able to form
1783:
1322:
907:
890:
699:
691:
374:
200:
1201:
4137:
3861:
1648:, which is sold by juice shops and street vendors, especially in summer. This drink is popular during
1370:(seed) can also be used for human and animal nutrition, but the seed is often separated before making
1086:
with rhizobia, while in another more recent study, trees have been identified with nodules containing
412:
is broad and semispherical, supported by a thick trunk with rough brown bark and sturdy branches. Its
4444:
4264:
4031:
1585:
carob trees: ~531 g/kg dry weight in cultivated varieties and ~437 g/kg in wild varieties.
1280:
1079:
424:
331:
3618:
4295:
4088:
3204:
2426:
The Survey of
Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
2403:
The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics : cultivation, economic value, utilization
1126:
1117:
750:
503:
354:
4228:
2906:
1751:
tree. Because of its strong taste, carob syrup is sometimes flavored with orange or chocolate. In
4634:
4406:
4336:
4083:
4023:
2339:
1641:
1582:
1411:
1207:
1195:) can cause damage occasionally in some regions. Only some cultivars are severely susceptible to
1097:
977:
826:
802:
639:
492:
68:
4300:
4176:
1472:, they can be used to effectively thicken the liquid part of food. This is used extensively in
4272:
4005:
3843:
3825:
3510:
3309:
3173:
3142:
3026:
2605:
2487:
2381:
2138:
2112:
1787:
1532:
1289:
1025:
814:
790:
706:
551:
452:
1020:, and is believed to be an archaic remnant of a part of this family now generally considered
4277:
4202:
3833:
3815:
3500:
3469:
3438:
3338:
3299:
3289:
3256:
3246:
3132:
3122:
2992:
2936:
2879:
2828:
2801:
2058:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1680:
1400:
962:
921:
810:
774:
762:
754:
734:
726:
615:
611:
484:
385:
307:
265:
167:
3680:
3327:
Craig WJ, Nguyen TT (1984). "Caffeine and theobromine levels in cocoa and carob products".
2958:"Carob production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
2363:
2344:
2322:
2254:
1895:. As it makes such excellent fuel, it is sometimes even preferred over oak or olive wood.
1679:
and is eaten raw or with bread. The molasses is also used in certain cakes. The region of
1524:
1376:
1177:
1064:
917:
870:
861:
857:
838:
834:
532:
448:
389:
381:
327:
303:
111:
4398:
2448:
2900:
1440:
Carob powder (carob pulp flour) is made of roasted, then finely ground, carob pod pulp.
537:
225:
4318:
3902:
3838:
3803:
3487:
El Batal, H.; Hasib, A.; Ouatmane, A.; Dehbi, F.; Jaouad, A.; Boulli, A. (2016-11-01).
3342:
3137:
3110:
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1907:
1747:
1528:
1505:
1423:
1219:
1171:
879:
782:
770:
722:
663:
409:
98:
3456:
Calixto, Fulgancio S (5 May 1982). "Components of
Nutritional Interest in Carob Pods (
2188:
4428:
4375:
4323:
4197:
3233:
Rodríguez-Solana, Raquel; Romano, Anabela; Moreno-Rojas, José Manuel (30 June 2021).
3161:
2940:
2546:
2308:
1911:
1775:
1570:
1520:
1465:
1453:
1136:
1060:
1052:
967:
957:
952:
842:
580:
515:
428:
216:
2764:
1802:
as long as one does not care about the size of the fruit harvest, so can be used in
4411:
3442:
3358:
Good Treats For Dogs
Cookbook for Dogs: 50 Home-Cooked Treats for Special Occasions
2210:
2037:
1355:
1113:
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655:
649:
370:
247:
4010:
3127:
3987:
3974:
3505:
3488:
2215:
Liber
Herbarum Minor (English): The incomplete reference-guide to Herbal medicine
1675:(typically 75% kharrub molasses and 25% tahini). The resulting mixture is called
4362:
4241:
4223:
4145:
3957:
2996:
2805:
2599:
2057:
From the belief that the seeds and pulp were the "locusts" and "honey" eaten by
1826:
1803:
1731:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1419:
1333:
1234:
In 2022, world production of carob (as locust beans) was estimated to be 56,423
1083:
1048:
1029:
989:
619:
366:
335:
4287:
3648:
3162:"Nutrients of Carob and Seed Powders and Its Application in Some Food Products"
1527:, apart from times of famine or war, when they formed part of the diet of many
1238:, although not all countries known to grow carob reported their results to the
377:. The powder and chips can be used as a chocolate alternative in most recipes.
30:"Locust bean" redirects here. For the plants known as African locust bean, see
2023:
1932:
1903:
1653:
1578:
1558:
1428:
1223:
1166:
1130:
687:
444:
440:
400:
4062:
3829:
3514:
3313:
3177:
2142:
1671:. The molasses has a sweet, chocolate-like flavor. It is commonly mixed with
1500:, so it is sometimes used to make chocolate-like treats for dogs. Carob pod
1205:
C.). One pest directly associated with carob is the larva of the carob moth (
4044:
3473:
2641:
Conselleria d'Agricultura, Pesca i Medi Natural, Govern de les Illes Balears
1899:
1768:
1598:
1566:
1509:
1485:
1449:
1392:
1154:
1092:
1033:
758:
742:
420:
177:
4388:
3948:
3847:
3146:
1350:
Carob products consumed by humans come from the dried, sometimes roasted,
4383:
3942:
3304:
3261:
2957:
2884:
2867:
2519:
2267:
1892:
1586:
1497:
1457:
1422:
is made from carob pods. Dried carob fruit is traditionally eaten on the
1351:
1109:
1087:
1075:
1017:
985:
981:
972:
936:
822:
798:
659:
488:
476:
339:
323:
315:
157:
124:
4111:
2960:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (
2080:
4124:
4018:
3820:
3294:
3277:
2961:
2378:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
1763:
1722:
1718:
1667:(literally: molasses of the carob), but people generally shorten it to
1660:
1649:
1590:
1574:
1551:
1403:
1247:
1190:
1122:
1021:
710:
626:
562:
358:
347:
147:
3387:
3251:
3234:
2983:
Zohary D (2013). "Domestication of the carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)".
2244:
996:
after the carob tree because they also produce pods with sweet pulp.
17:
4150:
1810:
1791:
1703:
1691:
1672:
1634:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1562:
1513:
1493:
1388:
1367:
1276:
1243:
1196:
1183:
786:
746:
471:
460:
436:
432:
413:
362:
311:
137:
31:
3919:
1004:
931:
565:
519:
4163:
4049:
3399:
3386:
Heuzé V, Sauvant D, Tran G, Lebas F, Lessire M (October 3, 2013).
1795:
1752:
1737:
1726:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1547:
1542:
1501:
1396:
1363:
1340:
1235:
1003:
940:
930:
846:
601:
502:
467:
456:
399:
343:
319:
85:
2692:
Departament d'Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, GenCat
2486:(12th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 211.
1597:(20-25% of seed weight) is rich in proteins (50%). The testa, or
1395:
in recipes because of the color, texture, and taste of carob. In
357:, extended to the southern Atlantic coast of Portugal (i.e., the
3276:
Issaoui, Manel; Flamini, Guido; Delgado, Amélia (January 2021).
2604:. Rome, Italy: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
1888:
1742:
1415:
1384:
1359:
1169:. Some generalist pests such as the larvae of the leopard moth (
1040:
4036:
3923:
1931:
Male flowers on a carob tree in Cyprus, which emanate a strong
3403:
1820:
1725:, and syrup in Turkey, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. In
1452:, which accounts for 42–46% of the carob seed, and is rich in
1051:
can adapt to a wide variety of soil conditions and are fairly
274:
2539:
2301:
2293:
1995:
Abaxial and adaxial surfaces of a leaflet from the carob tree
1790:
around the world, being especially popular in California and
1741:(made from wheat flour). The so-called "carob syrup" made in
671:
592:
583:
1621:
by weight, and this sugar can be extracted into a syrup. In
1593:
levels do not differ between cultivated and wild carob. The
645:"ram's horn tree" (in reference to the shape of the carob).
2405:. Weikersheim (DE): Margraf. pp. viii, 552 p. – p.220.
1959:
Green carob fruit pods on tree, 15 cm (6 in) long
1250:
accounted for nearly all the world total reported in 2022.
330:
in gardens and landscapes. The carob tree is native to the
277:
2040:, a seed from which the Indian measure unit "tola" derived
1698:. Although this syrup is frequently sold and eaten as is,
686:
Although cultivated extensively, carob can still be found
579:, the scientific name of the carob tree, derives from the
2714:"El boom de la garrofa també arriba les Terres de l'Ebre"
2184:
Malodorous Male Flowers Of Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
1813:, parks, and public municipal and commercial landscapes.
1774:
The carob tree is widely cultivated in the horticultural
408:
The carob tree grows up to 15 metres (50 feet) tall. The
1629:) is made out of the pods. Carob syrup is also used in
1032:
areas, and tolerates hot and humid coastal areas. As a
1218:
survival rates, such as through temperature control,
289:
271:
3530:"The carob tree – Crete's unique and useful product"
2866:
Gubbuk H, Gunes E, Ayala-Silva T, Ercisli S (2011).
1914:
are suitable for chopping blocks for splitting wood.
439:
borne on spurs from old wood and even on the trunk (
280:
27:
Small tree grown for its edible pods and landscaping
3932:
1476:for animals in order to get the "jellied" texture.
1211:Z.), which can cause extensive postharvest damage.
911:
894:
268:
3166:Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches
2380:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 488.
1267:) can be distinguished from their wild relatives (
614:bread" and "locust tree" (not to be confused with
3906:in Fruits of Warm Climates: Julia F. Morton, 1987
1468:are mixed with other gelling substances, such as
1157:and the embryo are separated for different uses.
3623:The Gaza Kitchen: A Palestinian Culinary Journey
3079:"Why Jews Used to Eat Dried Carob on Tu b'Shvat"
2872:Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
474:(also known commonly, but less accurately, as a
2868:"Rapid Vegetative Propagation Method for Carob"
1535:, carob pods were historically fed to donkeys.
1055:(up to 3% in soil). After being irrigated with
1519:Historically, carob pods were mainly used for
1321:Carob cookies with carob chips are similar to
1063:functions under high-salt conditions (40
555:
342:is the largest producer of carob, followed by
246:Native range and isolated population incl. as
1601:(30–33% of seed weight), contains cellulose,
630:
8:
1362:10% by weight. Carob pulp is sold either as
550:, which ultimately borrowed it perhaps from
535:
526:
2431:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1983:Carob pods: green (unripe) and brown (ripe)
1947:Close-up of female flower on the carob tree
1906:gives carob wood exceptional resistance to
1898:Because the much fluted stem usually shows
1855:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
900:
883:
3920:
2952:
2950:
2787:
2785:
1687:, produces a significant amount of carob.
1496:, carob contains none, and it also has no
618:). The latter designation also applies to
224:
54:
45:
3837:
3819:
3504:
3303:
3293:
3260:
3250:
3136:
3126:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2883:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2081:"Tropicos - Name - !Ceratonia siliqua L."
1875:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:) belong to a different subfamily of the
318:. It is widely cultivated for its edible
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
1762:
767:garrofer, garrofera, garrover, garrovera
739:garrofer, garrofera, garrover, garrovera
721:It is also seen in southern and eastern
666:for gold, takes its name via the Arabic
3880:United States Department of Agriculture
3871:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3654:Institute for Middle East Understanding
3375:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 81.
2902:The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
2337:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
2072:
2050:
1921:
670:from the Greek name for the carob seed
404:A leaflet of the leaf of the carob tree
3598:from the original on 28 September 2023
380:The plant's seeds are used to produce
3738:
3736:
3691:from the original on 24 November 2022
3410:from the original on October 12, 2013
2767:(in Spanish). Aquí Esta Puerto Rico.
2459:from the original on 22 December 2022
1891:Crete, carob wood is often used as a
1448:Locust bean gum is produced from the
1070:Not all legume species can develop a
7:
4265:072da33d-248c-4150-99e6-3c81ff931266
3661:from the original on 18 October 2022
3629:from the original on 18 October 2022
3373:The Encyclopedia of Natural Pet Care
3184:from the original on 18 October 2022
3058:from the original on 2 December 2019
3048:"Lenten treat: Carob caramel sweets"
2131:"How Carob Traumatized a Generation"
1853:adding citations to reliable sources
1366:or "chunks". The flour of the carob
1284:techniques is restricted due to low
1240:UN Food and Agriculture Organization
992:. Early Spanish settlers named them
705:The tree is typical in the southern
566:
483:The seeds of the carob tree contain
459:, an odor that is caused in part by
455:. The male flowers smell like human
3617:El-Haddad, Laila; Schmitt, Maggie.
3528:Dubrovskiy, V. (25 November 2019).
2929:Journal of Stored Products Research
2357:ITIS Report Page: Ceratonia siliqua
1702:is also used as a base for a local
865:
631:
3343:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13737.x
2833:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03205.x
2109:Natural Food Flavors and Colorants
1745:is actually from the fruit of the
1144:Harvest and post-harvest treatment
25:
3394:. Feedipedia.org. A programme by
3089:from the original on 20 June 2018
2905:. The Macmillan Company. p.
2741:. Turkish Cuisine. Archived from
2129:Kauffman, Jonathan (2018-01-31).
1492:in levels that are toxic to some
1096:. However, a study measuring the
1008:Ripe carob fruit pods on the tree
610:In English, it is also known as "
546:, "locust bean pod") and Persian
4640:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
4350:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485647-1
2985:Israel Journal of Plant Sciences
2015:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1924:
1825:
1617:Carob pods are about 1/3 to 1/2
1391:, sometimes as a substitute for
1354:, which has two main parts: the
1332:
1314:
1259:been done. Domesticated carobs (
1181:), small rodents such as rats (
1016:, belongs to the legume family,
920:, it is known as "goat's horn" (
264:
72:
4470:Flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3784:from the original on 2023-04-12
3754:from the original on 2023-04-12
3722:from the original on 2022-09-27
3588:"Carob Juice Sharab Alkharroub"
3569:from the original on 2022-09-23
3540:from the original on 2021-07-26
3215:from the original on 2022-10-18
2821:Journal of Applied Microbiology
2771:from the original on 2019-03-08
2618:from the original on 2023-06-18
2500:from the original on 2023-09-28
2221:from the original on 2017-07-31
2107:"Carob Pod", Mathew Attokaran,
2090:from the original on 2017-08-02
2022:Carob pods growing from trunk (
1561:of a carob pod is about 48–56%
1504:is also used as an energy-rich
1488:contains the chemical compound
306:evergreen tree or shrub in the
4585:Trees of Mediterranean climate
3443:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.037
2181:Armstrong WP (July 28, 2010),
1090:believed to be from the genus
763:Catalan / Valencian / Balearic
735:Catalan / Valencian / Balearic
1:
4465:Flora of the Balearic Islands
3876:Agricultural Research Service
3128:10.3390/pharmaceutics14030657
2794:Agricultural Water Management
2712:Pedrero, Paula (2022-09-19).
2484:The Oxford English Dictionary
1735:) is used as a complement to
1573:. Some differences in sugar (
1098:N-signal (isotopic signature)
916:, meaning "wooden horn"). In
3506:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.10.012
3493:Arabian Journal of Chemistry
2941:10.1016/0022-474X(75)90043-0
2661:Mumbrú, Jordi (2022-09-02).
1516:content may limit this use.
821:), such as on the island of
741:), mainly in the regions of
514:The word "carob" comes from
4575:Flora of the Canary Islands
4545:Flora of Palestine (region)
3681:"Tahini and Carob molasses"
3360:. Quarry Books. p. 28.
2997:10.1560/BW6B-4M9P-U2UA-C6NN
2806:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.022
2763:Valentin Calderon, Lionel.
2525:Online Etymology Dictionary
2376:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
2273:Online Etymology Dictionary
1706:-like sweet snack known as
1577:) content are seen between
1254:Cultivars and breeding aims
1175:L.), the dried fruit moth (
946:The various trees known as
912:
895:
713:, where the tree is called
4656:
4520:Flora of Lebanon and Syria
2540:
2302:
2294:
1910:; thus, sections of Carob
1683:, which translates to the
672:
593:
584:
531:), which borrowed it from
373:, especially in the 1970s
322:, which takes the form of
36:
29:
3774:"Pastelli (Carob Toffee)"
3046:Fenech N (2 April 2007).
2991:(supplement 1): 141–145.
2663:"La febre dels garrofers"
2598:Battle I, Tous J (1997).
2240:Oxford English Dictionary
2162:Adams P (14 April 2013).
1887:In some areas of Greece,
1358:accounts for 90% and the
1343:that looks like chocolate
1242:. Production amounts for
901:
884:
830:
536:
232:
223:
206:
199:
69:Scientific classification
67:
62:
53:
48:
4625:Plants described in 1753
4530:Flora of North Macedonia
3203:F Gutkind & Co Ltd.
2643:(in Catalan). 2022-03-16
2401:Rehm S, Espig G (1991).
1024:. It grows well in warm
694:regions, and has become
682:Distribution and habitat
37:Not to be confused with
4615:Garden plants of Europe
4605:Garden plants of Africa
3474:10.1002/jsfa.2740331219
3330:Journal of Food Science
2429:. Vol. 3. London:
2318:A Greek–English Lexicon
1971:Fruit of the carob tree
1663:the molasses is called
1464:and swell in water. If
1279:happened, the yield of
825:, in eastern Bulgaria (
794:
556:
520:
384:or carob gum, a common
63:Carob pods on the tree
4595:Drought-tolerant trees
3911:U.C.CalPhotos: Carob —
3744:"Gastronomy in Cyprus"
2164:"Sweet Crop Broadcast"
2010:wood – Museum specimen
1784:Mediterranean climates
1771:
1729:, carob syrup (called
1554:
1460:). Galactomannans are
1323:chocolate chip cookies
1072:symbiotic relationship
1043:and are intolerant of
1009:
970:, and four species of
943:
935:A large carob tree in
925:
818:
806:
778:
730:
622:from the same family.
527:
511:
405:
4610:Garden plants of Asia
4450:Flora of Western Asia
3649:"Palestinian Cuisine"
2309:Liddell, Henry George
1766:
1546:
1410:and eaten during the
1007:
934:
841:, as well as on many
700:western Mediterranean
692:eastern Mediterranean
678:(lit. "small horn").
664:measurement of purity
591:, "carob-tree" (cf.
506:
491:precursor related to
419:Most carob trees are
403:
375:natural food movement
3371:Puotinen CJ (2000).
2885:10.15835/nbha3916074
2366:. accessed 5.11.2011
2191:on November 18, 2017
1849:improve this section
1798:. The plant is very
1408:karamelli tal-harrub
1080:atmospheric nitrogen
731:algarrobo, algarroba
332:Mediterranean region
4535:Flora of Montenegro
3778:www.visitcyprus.com
3748:publications.gov.cy
3716:www.visitcyprus.com
3337:(1): 302–303, 305.
3209:Ingredients Network
2765:"Barrio Algarrobos"
2478:Pearsall J (2011).
2455:. 4 February 2005.
2449:"A Brief on Bokser"
1685:region of the carob
1508:, particularly for
833:), and in Southern
638:, derived from the
620:several other trees
616:African locust bean
493:leucoanthocyanidins
355:Mediterranean Basin
3821:10.7717/peerj.4788
3687:. 31 August 2009.
3462:J. Sci. Food Agric
3295:10.3390/su13148026
2899:Bailey LH (1914).
2849:Acta Horticulturae
2362:2018-06-20 at the
2340:A Latin Dictionary
2253:2023-09-28 at the
2243:, 1st ed. (1888),
2211:"Leucodelphinidin"
1772:
1717:Carob is used for
1555:
1512:, though its high
1506:feed for livestock
1456:(88% of endosperm
1412:Christian holidays
1208:Myelois ceratoniae
1161:Pests and diseases
1010:
950:in Latin America (
944:
640:Middle High German
512:
406:
310:sub-family of the
4555:Flora of Sardinia
4550:Flora of Portugal
4475:Flora of Bulgaria
4422:
4421:
4301:Ceratonia siliqua
4288:Ceratonia_siliqua
4273:Open Tree of Life
4089:Ceratonia siliqua
3964:Ceratonia siliqua
3934:Ceratonia siliqua
3926:Taxon identifiers
3913:Ceratonia siliqua
3864:Ceratonia siliqua
3468:(12): 1319–1423.
3458:Ceratonia siliqua
3390:Ceratonia siliqua
3252:10.3390/pr9071146
3032:978-3-88452-743-6
3017:Droste R (1993).
2611:978-92-9043-328-6
2518:Harper, Douglas.
2493:978-0-19-960108-0
2008:Ceratonia siliqua
1904:grain of the wood
1885:
1884:
1877:
1788:temperate regions
1627:ġulepp tal-ħarrub
1625:, a carob syrup (
1533:Iberian Peninsula
1290:molecular markers
1202:Oidium ceratoniae
1125:(10 to 20/acre).
1012:The carob genus,
910:
893:
874:
807:carrubba, carruba
577:Ceratonia siliqua
552:Akkadian language
509:Ceratonia siliqua
299:Ceratonia siliqua
256:
255:
250:
233:Distribution map
210:Ceratonia siliqua
16:(Redirected from
4647:
4630:Dioecious plants
4600:Ornamental trees
4580:Flora of Tunisia
4540:Flora of Morocco
4480:Flora of Corsica
4460:Flora of Algeria
4455:Flora of Albania
4435:Caesalpinioideae
4415:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4242:NBNSYS0000042078
4232:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4179:
4167:
4166:
4154:
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4141:
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4128:
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4115:
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4092:
4091:
4079:
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3890:
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3696:
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3671:
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3666:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3437:(4): 1453–1455.
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3297:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3200:
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3193:
3191:
3189:
3157:
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3150:
3140:
3130:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:Setmanari l'Ebre
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2595:
2554:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2373:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2332:
2326:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2263:
2257:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2187:, archived from
2178:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2061:
2059:John the Baptist
2055:
2019:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1928:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1829:
1821:
1807:landscape design
1800:drought tolerant
1780:ornamental plant
1776:nursery industry
1681:Iqlim al-Kharrub
1613:Syrup and drinks
1374:(see section on
1336:
1318:
963:Prosopis pallida
915:
906:
904:
903:
898:
889:
887:
886:
869:
867:
832:
755:Balearic Islands
717:, and the fruit
677:
676:
634:
633:
596:
595:
587:
586:
569:
568:
559:
541:
540:
530:
523:
507:Illustration of
485:leucodelphinidin
386:thickening agent
308:Caesalpinioideae
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
245:
240:
239:
228:
212:
168:Caesalpinioideae
77:
76:
58:
46:
21:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4620:Flora of France
4590:Trees of Europe
4565:Flora of Sicily
4560:Flora of Serbia
4515:Flora of Kosovo
4495:Flora of Greece
4490:Flora of Cyprus
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4361:
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4335:
4330:
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4309:
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4299:
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4095:
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4074:
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4061:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4035:
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4022:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3928:
3915:— Photo Gallery
3899:
3894:
3884:
3882:
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3859:
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3787:
3785:
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3755:
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3741:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3685:Taste of Beirut
3679:
3678:
3674:
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3642:
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3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:Burg B (2007).
3355:
3354:
3350:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3218:
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3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3077:Soloveichik M.
3076:
3075:
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3061:
3059:
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3004:
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2442:
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2400:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2364:Wayback Machine
2355:
2351:
2345:Perseus Project
2333:
2329:
2323:Perseus Project
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2255:Wayback Machine
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2180:
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2160:
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2070:
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2064:
2056:
2052:
2047:
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2027:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1846:
1830:
1819:
1796:screening hedge
1761:
1665:debs el kharrub
1615:
1541:
1525:Maltese islands
1482:
1446:
1444:Locust bean gum
1438:
1377:locust bean gum
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1256:
1232:
1220:pheromone traps
1215:Cadra calidella
1188:) and gophers (
1178:Cadra calidella
1163:
1146:
1106:
1078:to make use of
1047:, but the deep
1002:
809:), in Southern
684:
629:, it is called
600:, "horn"), and
525:(modern French
501:
487:, a colourless
398:
390:food processing
382:locust bean gum
328:ornamental tree
290:
267:
263:
241:
237:
234:
219:
214:
208:
195:
192:C. siliqua
71:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4570:Flora of Spain
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Flora of Libya
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Flora of Italy
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:Flora of Crete
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:Edible legumes
4437:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:wfo-0000165151
4403:
4393:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4328:
4315:
4305:
4292:
4282:
4269:
4259:
4246:
4233:
4220:
4207:
4194:
4181:
4168:
4155:
4142:
4129:
4116:
4106:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3992:
3979:
3969:
3954:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3898:
3897:External links
3895:
3893:
3892:
3853:
3794:
3764:
3732:
3702:
3672:
3640:
3609:
3579:
3550:
3520:
3479:
3448:
3431:Food Chemistry
3421:
3378:
3363:
3348:
3319:
3282:Sustainability
3268:
3225:
3205:"Carob Powder"
3195:
3172:(1): 130–147.
3152:
3100:
3069:
3052:Times of Malta
3038:
3031:
3002:
2975:
2946:
2919:
2891:
2878:(1): 251–254.
2858:
2838:
2811:
2800:(6): 910–916.
2781:
2755:
2730:
2704:
2679:
2653:
2628:
2610:
2555:
2531:
2510:
2492:
2470:
2440:
2435:, p. 354 s.v.
2408:
2393:
2386:
2368:
2349:
2327:
2285:
2258:
2231:
2209:Gotfredsen E.
2201:
2173:
2154:
2135:The New Yorker
2121:
2100:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1883:
1882:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1767:Carob tree in
1760:
1757:
1748:Prosopis nigra
1677:debs bi tahini
1614:
1611:
1540:
1537:
1529:Maltese people
1481:
1478:
1466:galactomannans
1454:galactomannans
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1424:Jewish holiday
1338:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1255:
1252:
1231:
1228:
1172:Zeuzera pyrina
1162:
1159:
1145:
1142:
1127:Hermaphroditic
1105:
1102:
1001:
998:
878:). The common
709:region of the
683:
680:
607:"pod, carob".
500:
497:
425:hermaphroditic
397:
394:
254:
253:
252:
251:
230:
229:
221:
220:
215:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Flora of Iraq
4503:
4501:
4500:Flora of Iran
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:"Carob Syrup"
3706:
3703:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:"Carob Juice"
3613:
3610:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:"Carob Syrup"
3554:
3551:
3539:
3535:
3534:The New Crete
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3499:: –955–S959.
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3305:10400.1/16834
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3262:10400.1/16836
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:Pharmaceutics
3112:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2827:(2): 165–73.
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2745:on 2011-07-28
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2688:"El garrofer"
2683:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:Scott, Robert
2310:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1834:This section
1832:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:is obtained.
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:hemicellulose
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:animal fodder
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1324:
1317:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:hermaphrodite
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:Intercropping
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:pot nurseries
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:physiological
1058:
1054:
1053:salt-tolerant
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
954:
953:Samanea saman
949:
942:
938:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
897:
892:
881:
877:
872:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
843:Greek islands
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
679:
675:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
646:
644:
641:
637:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
603:
599:
590:
582:
578:
574:
572:
564:
560:
558:
553:
549:
545:
539:
534:
529:
524:
522:
517:
516:Middle French
510:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:inflorescence
426:
423:and some are
422:
417:
415:
411:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
285:
261:
249:
244:
236:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:Tracheophytes
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3933:
3912:
3903:
3883:. Retrieved
3869:
3863:
3856:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3786:. Retrieved
3777:
3767:
3756:. Retrieved
3747:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3684:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3652:
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3622:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3592:Shutterstock
3591:
3582:
3571:. Retrieved
3563:Visit Cyprus
3562:
3553:
3542:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3389:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3288:(14): 8026.
3285:
3281:
3271:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3217:. Retrieved
3208:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3169:
3165:
3155:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3082:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3051:
3041:
3022:
3018:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2935:(2): 77–85.
2932:
2928:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2901:
2894:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2773:. Retrieved
2758:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:the original
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2720:(in Catalan)
2717:
2707:
2696:. Retrieved
2694:(in Catalan)
2691:
2682:
2671:. Retrieved
2669:(in Catalan)
2666:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2600:
2534:
2523:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2483:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2437:Khurbet Jala
2436:
2425:
2421:Kitchener HH
2411:
2402:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2352:
2338:
2330:
2316:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2271:
2261:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2214:
2204:
2195:November 17,
2193:, retrieved
2189:the original
2183:
2176:
2167:
2157:
2146:. Retrieved
2134:
2124:
2108:
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2084:tropicos.org
2083:
2075:
2053:
2007:
1897:
1886:
1871:
1862:
1847:Please help
1835:
1773:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1711:
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1668:
1664:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1637:exports it.
1626:
1616:
1556:
1518:
1483:
1447:
1439:
1436:Carob powder
1427:
1407:
1382:
1375:
1372:carob powder
1371:
1349:
1308:Carob sweets
1286:polymorphism
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1233:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1114:air-layering
1107:
1091:
1084:root nodules
1069:
1057:saline water
1049:root systems
1045:waterlogging
1038:
1013:
1011:
993:
971:
961:
951:
947:
945:
875:
855:
766:
738:
718:
715:alfarrobeira
714:
704:
688:growing wild
685:
667:
656:unit of mass
650:
647:
643:bokshornboum
642:
635:
624:
609:
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588:
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443:); they are
418:
407:
379:
371:cocoa powder
352:
326:, and as an
298:
297:
259:
257:
248:archaeophyte
242:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
131:
118:
105:
92:
43:
4445:Fruit trees
4224:NatureServe
4146:iNaturalist
3958:Wikispecies
3885:11 December
3695:11 November
3245:(7): 1146.
3062:18 November
2912:23 November
2463:22 December
1700:haroupomelo
1696:haroupomelo
1539:Composition
1490:theobromine
1480:Animal feed
1474:canned food
1470:carrageenan
1462:hydrophilic
1420:Good Friday
1401:traditional
1131:pollenizers
1104:Cultivation
1065:mmol NaCl/L
1030:subtropical
990:Mimosoideae
926:keçiboynuzu
913:xylokeratiá
902:ξυλοκερατιά
785:islands of
696:naturalized
396:Description
336:Middle East
164:Subfamily:
112:Angiosperms
4429:Categories
4319:Plant List
3995:Calflora:
3788:2023-04-12
3772:Christos.
3758:2023-04-12
3726:2023-04-12
3710:Christos.
3665:18 October
3633:18 October
3602:18 October
3573:2022-09-23
3544:2022-09-23
3414:October 3,
3402:, AFZ and
3219:2022-10-18
3188:18 October
3121:(3): 657.
2855:: 191–195.
2775:2019-03-07
2749:2010-07-26
2724:2023-10-13
2698:2023-10-13
2673:2023-10-13
2647:2023-10-13
2622:2011-02-19
2601:Carob tree
2504:2022-06-21
2480:"keration"
2387:0394507614
2279:2014-05-16
2266:Harper D.
2225:2017-07-31
2148:2023-10-07
2117:1119114764
2094:2011-05-12
2068:References
2024:Cauliflory
1933:cadaverine
1865:March 2018
1786:and other
1759:Ornamental
1583:cultivated
1429:Tu Bishvat
1273:silvestris
1230:Production
1224:parasitoid
1167:pesticides
781:), on the
719:alfarroba.
707:Portuguese
612:St. John's
445:pollinated
441:cauliflory
367:substitute
4635:Ceratonia
4102:200012036
4076:200012036
3830:2167-8359
3814:: e4788.
3515:1878-5352
3314:2071-1050
3239:Processes
3178:1110-5585
2545: in
2417:Conder CR
2295:κερατωνία
2143:0028-792X
1908:splitting
1900:heart rot
1836:does not
1804:xeriscape
1769:Jerusalem
1642:Palestine
1599:seed coat
1567:cellulose
1531:. On the
1510:ruminants
1486:chocolate
1450:endosperm
1393:chocolate
1199:disease (
1155:endosperm
1093:Rhizobium
1034:xerophyte
1026:temperate
1014:Ceratonia
994:algarrobo
978:Argentina
948:algarrobo
908:translit.
896:charoupiá
891:translit.
827:Bulgarian
803:Sardinian
759:Catalonia
743:Andalusia
660:gemstones
589:keratōnia
585:κερατωνία
499:Etymology
421:dioecious
324:seed pods
304:flowering
186:Species:
179:Ceratonia
82:Kingdom:
4389:13028551
4384:Tropicos
4324:ild-1158
4285:PalDat:
4229:2.160345
4177:10934584
4164:485647-1
3943:Wikidata
3848:29844959
3782:Archived
3752:Archived
3720:Archived
3689:Archived
3659:Archived
3627:Archived
3596:Archived
3567:Archived
3538:Archived
3408:Archived
3388:"Carob (
3213:Archived
3182:Archived
3147:35336031
3087:Archived
3056:Archived
2769:Archived
2739:"Fruits"
2616:Archived
2541:κεράτιον
2498:Archived
2457:Archived
2423:(1883).
2360:Archived
2251:Archived
2219:Archived
2168:Landline
2119:, p. 112
2111:, 2017,
2088:Archived
2032:See also
1893:firewood
1587:Fructose
1565:and 18%
1498:caffeine
1458:dry mass
1380:below).
1110:grafting
1088:bacteria
1076:rhizobia
1018:Fabaceae
986:Fabaceae
982:Paraguay
973:Prosopis
937:Sardinia
885:χαρουπιά
882:name is
871:translit
864:name is
845:such as
815:Croatian
799:Sardinia
791:Sicilian
751:Valencia
674:κεράτιον
662:, and a
538:خَرُّوبٌ
489:flavanol
447:by both
431:axis in
388:used in
340:Portugal
334:and the
316:Fabaceae
314:family,
158:Fabaceae
154:Family:
125:Eudicots
4211:MoBotPF
4125:5356354
4019:Ecocrop
3839:5970558
3138:8950939
3093:25 July
2964:). 2024
2962:FAOSTAT
2667:Ara.cat
2547:Liddell
2520:"carat"
2453:Forward
2335:siliqua
2321:at the
2268:"carob"
2248:'carob'
1918:Gallery
1857:removed
1842:sources
1811:gardens
1723:liqueur
1719:compote
1712:pasteli
1708:pasteli
1661:Lebanon
1650:Ramadan
1646:kharrub
1607:tannins
1603:lignins
1591:glucose
1575:sucrose
1552:liqueur
1548:Maltese
1523:in the
1494:mammals
1406:called
1389:cookies
1248:Morocco
1226:traps.
1191:Pitymys
1123:hectare
1022:extinct
1000:Ecology
922:Turkish
811:Croatia
783:Italian
779:ħarruba
775:Maltese
727:Spanish
711:Algarve
698:in the
627:Yiddish
605:siliqua
571:ḥarrūḇā
563:Aramaic
548:khirnub
544:kharrūb
528:caroube
453:insects
437:racemes
359:Algarve
353:In the
348:Morocco
302:) is a
174:Genus:
148:Fabales
144:Order:
86:Plantae
4332:PLANTS
4278:389028
4262:NZOR:
4216:280439
4203:202951
4112:cersii
4109:FoIO:
4063:170790
4037:418096
3972:APDB:
3949:Q68763
3846:
3836:
3828:
3513:
3312:
3176:
3145:
3135:
3083:Mosaic
3029:
2968:3 July
2608:
2490:
2384:
2141:
2115:
1817:Timber
1792:Hawaii
1778:as an
1704:toffee
1692:Cyprus
1673:tahini
1635:Cyprus
1633:, and
1605:, and
1595:embryo
1563:sugars
1550:carob
1514:tannin
1484:While
1368:embryo
1339:Carob
1277:dioecy
1265:edulis
1244:Turkey
1236:tonnes
1197:mildew
1184:Rattus
918:Turkey
899:), or
876:charuv
862:Hebrew
860:, the
858:Israel
839:Cyprus
835:Greece
831:рожков
797:) and
795:carrua
787:Sicily
753:, the
747:Murcia
636:bokser
632:באקסער
557:harūb-
533:Arabic
521:carobe
472:legume
461:amines
435:-like
433:catkin
414:leaves
363:famine
312:legume
238:
138:Rosids
49:Carob
32:Parkia
18:Carobs
4396:WoI:
4376:324-1
4371:SANBI
4337:CESI3
4308:PFI:
4255:20340
4190:26531
4172:IRMNG
4151:82742
4084:FoAO2
4058:EUNIS
4050:CEQSI
3988:59935
3975:63200
3904:Carob
3808:PeerJ
3400:CIRAD
3021:[
2551:Scott
2303:κέρας
2045:Notes
2038:Ratti
1753:Yemen
1738:asida
1727:Libya
1631:Crete
1623:Malta
1619:sugar
1404:sweet
1397:Malta
1385:cakes
1364:flour
1360:seeds
1341:candy
1271:var.
1269:C. s.
1263:var.
1261:C. s.
1222:, or
1074:with
1041:loams
941:Italy
880:Greek
851:Samos
847:Crete
823:Šipan
819:rogač
771:Malta
723:Spain
668:qīrāṭ
651:carat
602:Latin
598:kéras
594:κέρας
581:Greek
567:חרובא
470:is a
468:fruit
457:semen
410:crown
344:Italy
320:fruit
260:carob
132:Clade
119:Clade
106:Clade
93:Clade
39:Carib
4363:3403
4345:POWO
4311:2240
4296:PfaF
4250:NCBI
4198:IUCN
4185:ITIS
4159:IPNI
4138:9918
4133:GRIN
4120:GBIF
4045:EPPO
4024:4426
4011:SNNM
3998:8569
3983:APNI
3887:2017
3844:PMID
3826:ISSN
3697:2022
3667:2022
3635:2022
3604:2022
3511:ISSN
3460:)".
3416:2013
3396:INRA
3310:ISSN
3190:2022
3174:ISSN
3143:PMID
3095:2017
3064:2019
3027:ISBN
2970:2024
2914:2011
2606:ISBN
2549:and
2488:ISBN
2465:2022
2382:ISBN
2246:s.v.
2197:2017
2139:ISSN
2113:ISBN
1935:odor
1912:bole
1889:viz.
1840:any
1838:cite
1809:for
1782:for
1743:Peru
1669:debs
1654:Gaza
1589:and
1581:and
1579:wild
1569:and
1559:pulp
1557:The
1502:meal
1418:and
1416:Lent
1399:, a
1387:and
1356:pulp
1301:Food
1296:Uses
1288:for
1246:and
1193:spp.
1186:spp.
1112:and
1028:and
980:and
968:Peru
958:Cuba
866:חרוב
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757:and
658:for
654:, a
648:The
573:. '
466:The
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449:wind
369:for
346:and
291:KARR
258:The
4407:WFO
4399:236
4358:RHS
4237:NBN
4097:FoC
4071:FNA
4032:EoL
4006:CoL
3834:PMC
3816:doi
3501:doi
3470:doi
3439:doi
3435:100
3404:FAO
3339:doi
3300:hdl
3290:doi
3257:hdl
3247:doi
3133:PMC
3123:doi
2993:doi
2937:doi
2907:718
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2343:on
1851:by
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