479:. Carbon monoxide is oxidized at one electrode to carbon dioxide while oxygen is consumed at the other electrode. For carbon monoxide detection, the electrochemical cell has advantages over other technologies in that it has a highly accurate and linear output to carbon monoxide concentration, requires minimal power as it is operated at room temperature, and has a long lifetime, which typically is five years to ten years. This technology has become the dominant technology in the United States and Europe. Test buttons only indicate the operational effectiveness of the battery, circuit, and buzzer. The only way to fully test the operation of a CO alarm using an electrochemical cell is with a known source of calibrated test gas delivered in a shroud to maintain the concentration level for the test period.
603:
digital displays. The most recent standards also require the alarm to sound at higher levels of CO than with previous editions of the standard. The reasoning behind these changes is to reduce calls to fire stations, utilities and emergency response teams when the levels of CO are not life threatening. This change will also reduce the number of calls to these agencies due to detector inaccuracy or the presence of other gases. Consequently, new alarms will not sound at CO concentrations up to 70 ppm. Note that these concentrations are significantly in excess of the
Canadian health guidelines," (and also in excess of US
1387:
110:
427:. Battery lifespan is usually two to three years with conventional alkaline, but a lithium battery will last the life of the product. The biotechnology-based sensors have a useful operational life of six years. These products were the first to enter the mass market, but because they cost more than other sensors they are mostly used in higher-end areas and RVs. The technology has been improved and is the most reliable technology, according to a report from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
458:
446:
50:
118:
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allowed to have battery-powered alarms, homes built after that date must have hard-wired alarms. In addition, New York State contractors must install a carbon monoxide detector when replacing a fuel-burning water heater or furnace if the home is without an alarm. The law is named for Amanda Hansen, a teenager who died from carbon monoxide poisoning from a defective boiler while at a sleepover at a friend's house.
2068:
517:
The models with display have the advantages of indicating levels below the alarm threshold, reporting levels that may have occurred during an absence, and assessing the degree of hazard if the alarm sounds. They may also aid emergency responders in evaluating the level of past or ongoing exposure or
494:
on an insulating ceramic base provide a sensor monitored by an integrated circuit. This sensing element must be heated to approximately 400 °C for operation. Oxygen increases the resistance of the tin dioxide while carbon monoxide reduces it. The integrated circuit monitors the resistance of the
534:
Portable meters which display CO concentration down to a few ppm are more sensitive than home safety CO detectors and correspondingly much more expensive. They are used by industrial hygienists and first responders, and for maintenance and tracing a CO leak. These devices measure low levels of CO in
242:
The detector consists of a pad of a colored chemical which changes color upon reaction with carbon monoxide. They only provide a qualitative warning of the gas, however. The main advantage of these detectors is that they are the lowest cost, but the downside is that they also offer the lowest level
168:
CO detectors are designed to measure CO levels over time and sound an alarm before dangerous levels of CO accumulate in an environment, giving people adequate warning to safely ventilate the area or evacuate. Some system-connected detectors also alert a monitoring service that can dispatch emergency
230:
The alarm points on carbon monoxide detectors are not a simple alarm level (as in smoke detectors) but are a concentration-time function. At lower concentrations, e.g. 100 parts per million (PPM), the detector does not sound an alarm for many tens of minutes. At 400 PPM, the alarm sounds within a
160:
CO is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. It is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it is virtually undetectable by humans. In a study by
Underwriters Laboratories, "Sixty percent of Americans could not identify any
586:
In July 2011, California required the installation of carbon monoxide detectors in existing single-family homes, with multifamily homes following in 2013. CA Law 2015 require all new installation of smoke and CO alarms to be 10-year non-serviceable type. Existing alarms may not need to be replaced
185:
The devices can either be battery-operated or AC-powered (with or without a battery backup). Battery-powered devices advertise a battery lifetime of up to 10 years. The gas sensors in CO alarms have a limited life span, typically two to five years. Newer models are designed to signal a need to be
474:
to generate an electrical current when the gas to be detected undergoes a chemical reaction. The generated current is precisely related to the amount of carbon monoxide in the immediate environment close to the sensor. Essentially, the electrochemical cell consists of a container, two electrodes,
602:
The
Canadian Mortgage and Housing Association reports, "The standards organizations of Canada (CSA) and the United States (Underwriters Laboratories or UL) have coordinated the writing of CO standards and product testing. The standards as of 2010 prohibit showing CO levels of less than 30 ppm on
578:
In New York State "Amanda's Law" (A6093A/C.367) requires one- and two-family residences that have fuel-burning appliances to have at least one carbon monoxide alarm installed on the lowest story having a sleeping area, effective
February 22, 2010. Although homes built before January 1, 2008 are
204:
The primary purpose of CO detectors is to sound an alarm to warn occupants of an enclosed space of a dangerous level of carbon monoxide. The alarm should normally sound after 40 to 165 minutes if the concentration rises to 100ppm, and in 4 to 15 minutes at 400ppm. The alarm should not sound too
226:
Early designs used a chemical detector consisting of a white pad that faded to a brownish or blackish color in the presence of carbon monoxide. Such detectors are cheap but only give a visual warning. As carbon monoxide-related deaths increased during the 1990s, audible alarms became standard.
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quickly, as brief false alarms may prompt users to disable the alarm, leaving them unprotected. Alarm devices may display the CO level. There are also measuring instruments designed to display CO concentrations down to low, non-dangerous levels, rather than detect and warn of dangerous levels.
574:
are required to install carbon monoxide detectors in new homes by a bill signed into law in March 2009. House Bill 1091 requires the installation of the detectors in new and resold homes near bedrooms as well as rented apartments and homes. It took effect on July 1, 2009. The legislation was
161:
potential signs of a CO leak in the home". Elevated levels of CO can be dangerous to humans depending on the amount present and length of exposure. Smaller concentrations can be harmful over longer periods while increasing concentrations require diminishing exposure times to be harmful.
231:
few minutes. This concentration-time function is intended to mimic the uptake of carbon monoxide in the body while also preventing false alarms due to brief bursts of carbon monoxide from relatively common sources such as cigarette smoke.
575:
introduced after the death of Denver investment banker Parker
Lofgren and his family. Lofgren, along with his wife and children were found dead in their home near Aspen, Colorado on Nov. 27, 2008, victims of carbon-monoxide poisoning.
514:(ppm). Typically, they can display both the current reading and a peak reading from memory of the highest level measured over some time. These advanced models cost somewhat more but are otherwise similar to the basic models.
501:
This technology is widely used in Japan and elsewhere in the Far East, with some market penetration in the USA. However, the superior performance of electrochemical cell technology is beginning to displace this technology.
692:
NFPA 720: Standard for the
Installation of Household Carbon Monoxide (CO) Warning Equipment, 2005 Edition, Annex B Dangers of Carbon Monoxide, B.1 Carbon Monoxide, Table B.1 Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Exposure Based on
587:
for homeowners, see local codes. Required alarm locations also vary per local enforcing agencies. In Maine all rental units must have carbon monoxide detectors. In nonrental homes they are recommended but not required.
193:, CO detectors should be installed in each sleeping area in a dwelling, and each detector should be located "on the wall, ceiling or other location as specified in the installation instructions that accompany the unit".
582:
Alaska House Bill 351 requires a carbon monoxide detector to be installed in dwelling units that contain or are serviced by a carbon-based fuel appliance or other device that produces by-products of combustion.
386:
176:
and vice versa, combined smoke/CO detectors are also sold. In the home, some common sources of CO include open flames, space heaters, water heaters, blocked chimneys or running a car or grill inside a garage.
164:
Those living in all-electric homes don’t need CO detectors unless there is an attached garage with a non-electric car, or if a backup generator is used too close to your living quarters during a power outage.
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replaced after a set period. CO detectors all have "test" buttons like smoke detectors, but the test buttons only test the battery, electronic circuit, and buzzer, not the alarm’s ability to sense gas.
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1903:
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A biomimetic sensor works in a fashion similar to hemoglobin which darkens in the presence of CO proportional to the amount of carbon monoxide in the surrounding environment. It uses
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In the US (As of
January 2017) 32 states have enacted statutes regarding carbon monoxide detectors, and another 11 have promulgated regulations on CO detectors, as well as in
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In some instances, it's worth noting that a red flashing without accompanying sounds could indicate a different condition or simply inform the user about a malfunction.
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seconds, rather than minutes or hours like residential alarms. Like other test equipment, professional CO meters must be tested and recalibrated periodically.
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Due to the large power demand of this sensor, it is usually powered from the mains. A battery-powered, pulsed sensor is available with a lifetime of months.
811:
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EN 50291:2001 should emit an audible alarm after about 3 minutes of exposure to 300 ppm CO, or 10 to 40 minutes at 100 ppm, or 60 to 90 minutes at 50 ppm.
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Although all home detectors use an audible alarm signal as the primary indicator, some versions also offer a digital readout of the CO concentration, in
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Wireless home safety devices are available that link carbon monoxide detectors to vibrating pillow pads, strobes, or a remote warning handset.
31:
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sensing element. Lifespans are approximately five years and alarms need testing on installation and at least annually with a test gas.
234:
Four types of sensors are available, varying in cost, accuracy, and speed of response. Most detectors do not have replaceable sensors.
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that meet UL 2034 standard; however for passive indicators and system devices that meet UL 2075, UL refers to these as
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CO detectors are available as stand-alone models, or system-connected devices which can be monitored remotely.
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Portable detectors are designed for aircraft, cars and trucks. They warn vehicle occupants of any CO hazard.
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38:
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One reaction used for carbon monoxide detection is potassium disulfitopalladate (II) catalytic oxidation:
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NFPA 720: Standard for the
Installation of Household Carbon Monoxide (CO) Warning Equipment, 2005 Edition
2036:
2010:
1963:
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1466:
1446:
1075:
1063:
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certification have been found not to sound at the specified threshold, or to sound within seconds.
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1683:
157:. Most CO detectors use a sensor with a defined, limited lifespan, and will not work indefinitely.
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Electrochemical Carbon
Monoxide sensors. Both sensors and alarms are from different companies.
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2015:
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956:"Carbon monoxide safety advocate to lobby Alberta to make detectors mandatory in Alberta"
1046:(Report). February 12, 2015. California State Fire Marshal Information Bulletin 14-006.
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879:(Technical report). Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LBNL-40556
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More and more states are legislating for their installation as a mandatory feature.
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changed the definition of a single station CO detector with a sound device to
812:"3 Carbon Monoxide Alarms Named 'Don't Buy: Safety Risk' by Consumer Reports"
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1628:
1608:
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471:
392:
556:. In Canada, CO alarm requirements came into effect on October 15, 2014 in
1953:
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1618:
1341:
1331:
1230:
873:
Carbon
Monoxide Detector Technology Comparison: Response to Various Gases
571:
416:
30:
This article is about monitors of ambient air. For biometry devices, see
1017:. New York State Office of Fire Prevention & Control. Archived from
704:"Consumer Reports buying guide for smoke, carbon monoxide detectors"
381:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO + K2Pd(SO3)2 -> Pd + CO2 + SO2 + K2SO3}}}
831:"15 Reasons Why Carbon Monoxide Detector Flashing Red But No Sound"
769:"9 Reasons Why Your Carbon Monoxide Detector Went Off Then Stopped"
1994:
1948:
1174:
395:
release causes the color to change from yellow to brown to black.
116:
643:"Standard for Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms"
1943:
870:
Gundel, Lara A.; Michael G. Apte; Albert R. Nematollahi (1998).
1178:
797:"Top 5 Things to Know About CO," LifeSafety magazine, Fall 2006
742:
Carbon Monoxide Detectors Can Save Lives (CPSC Document #5010)
420:
43:
899:"Carbon Monoxide Detector Requirements, Laws and Regulations"
59:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1904:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1146:"Carbon Monoxide Alarm Considerations for Code Authorities"
113:
Carbon monoxide detector connected to an electrical outlet
374:
361:
345:
329:
307:
294:
273:
415:. This can either be seen directly or connected to an
68:
929:
Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services
470:
The electrochemical detector uses the principle of a
255:
1001:
Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services
2024:
2003:
1931:
1884:
1820:
1747:
1556:
1394:
1212:
189:According to the carbon monoxide guidelines of the
380:
1699:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1066:Environmental & Occupational Health Programs.
621:In the UK a domestic/Type-B alarm compliant with
475:connection wires, and an electrolyte, typically
1190:
925:"Carbon Monoxide Alarm Questions and Answers"
605:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
564:to make CO detectors mandatory in all homes.
133:is a device that detects the presence of the
57:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
985:http://artclesgalore.com/article.php?id=2879
1507:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1197:
1183:
1175:
1099:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
850:Guide to Prevent Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
1892:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1076:Canadian Mortgage and Housing Association
903:National Conference of State Legislatures
739:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,
451:The metal cylinder with yellow tape on it
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95:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Device that measures carbon monoxide (CO)
1225:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
718:"Carbon Monoxide Detectors Buying Guide"
108:
1871:Listing and approval use and compliance
805:
803:
634:
32:Diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning
1916:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
7:
2067:
1910:National Fire Protection Association
191:National Fire Protection Association
391:As the reaction progresses, atomic
172:While CO detectors do not serve as
1412:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
829:Otieno, Tyron (October 30, 2023).
463:The brown cylinder with text on it
25:
1787:Fire alarm notification appliance
1053:from the original on May 6, 2016.
997:"Carbon Monoxide Virtual Toolbox"
720:. ranky10.com. September 22, 2017
2066:
2055:
2054:
1385:
954:Eva Ferguson (January 6, 2017).
767:Sorenson, Ida (April 16, 2022).
560:, there is a strong movement in
456:
444:
419:source of photons such as an IR
48:
1548:Vehicle fire suppression system
1236:Combustibility and flammability
1124:Mike Busch (November 9, 2003).
1044:Updated Smoke Alarm Requirement
310:
297:
281:
1:
1898:Institution of Fire Engineers
1855:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1527:Personal protective equipment
810:Hope, Paul (March 14, 2017).
1969:GHS precautionary statements
1807:Manual fire alarm activation
1840:Fire protection engineering
1772:Explosive gas leak detector
1589:Electromagnetic door holder
1422:External water spray system
1128:. Avweb.com. Archived from
1126:"Carbon Monoxide Detectors"
609:Permissible exposure limits
423:and then monitored using a
71:, discuss the issue on the
2151:
2016:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1407:Automatic fire suppression
1347:K-factor (fire protection)
530:CO measurement instruments
149:. This applies to all CO
147:carbon monoxide (CO) alarm
36:
29:
2050:
1922:Underwriters Laboratories
1757:Aspirating smoke detector
1417:Detonation flame arrester
1383:
155:carbon monoxide detectors
143:Underwriters Laboratories
139:carbon monoxide poisoning
2120:Fire detection and alarm
1866:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1782:Fire alarm control panel
1762:Carbon monoxide detector
1739:Standpipe (firefighting)
1502:Gaseous fire suppression
1267:Enthalpy of vaporization
411:, and a number of metal
127:carbon monoxide detector
37:Not to be confused with
1709:Pressurisation ductwork
1674:Firewall (construction)
1522:Passive fire protection
1472:Fire suppression system
1155:. 2014 . Archived from
1081:April 11, 2013, at the
668:"UL Mobile | News"
208:Some detectors without
169:services if necessary.
39:Carbon dioxide detector
1885:Industry organizations
1850:Fire-resistance rating
1729:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1704:Penetration (firestop)
1694:Packing (firestopping)
1402:Active fire protection
1362:Spontaneous combustion
382:
122:
114:
18:Carbon monoxide sensor
2037:Template:Firefighting
2011:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1964:GHS hazard statements
1467:Fire sprinkler system
1447:Fire-retardant fabric
1101:(CDC). April 11, 2016
506:Concentration readout
383:
121:Carbon monoxide alarm
120:
112:
2135:Indoor air pollution
1821:Professions, trades,
1734:Smokeproof enclosure
1594:Electromagnetic lock
1302:Flammability diagram
1213:Fundamental concepts
1132:on February 11, 2004
611:, which is 50 ppm).
431:Electrochemical type
253:
141:. In the late 1990s
137:(CO) gas to prevent
77:create a new article
69:improve this article
2095:American inventions
1777:Fire alarm call box
1684:Heat and smoke vent
1162:on October 17, 2017
1003:. November 7, 2014.
966:on October 24, 2017
935:on October 23, 2017
376:
363:
347:
331:
309:
296:
275:
2110:Natural gas safety
1749:Fire alarm systems
1564:Annulus (firestop)
1492:Flashback arrestor
1457:Fire-safe polymers
1452:Fire retardant gel
1307:Flammability limit
570:House builders in
487:Thin wires of the
483:Semiconductor type
378:
364:
351:
335:
319:
284:
279:
263:
238:Opto-chemical type
123:
115:
2082:
2081:
1990:Safety data sheet
1985:List of S-phrases
1980:List of R-phrases
1876:Sprinkler fitting
1767:Circuit integrity
1639:Fire extinguisher
1477:Firefighting foam
1372:Thermal radiation
1095:"Carbon monoxide"
835:Home Safety Point
512:parts per million
367:
354:
338:
322:
315:
287:
278:
266:
259:
105:
104:
97:
79:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2142:
2115:Safety equipment
2070:
2069:
2058:
2057:
1974:Life Safety Code
1579:Compartmentation
1389:
1312:Flammable liquid
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1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
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1052:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1021:on May 21, 2010.
1011:
1005:
1004:
993:
987:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
962:. Archived from
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
931:. Archived from
921:
915:
914:
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910:
895:
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878:
867:
861:
860:
859:
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819:
816:Consumer Reports
807:
798:
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789:
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764:
758:
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749:on April 9, 2009
745:, archived from
736:
730:
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714:
708:
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700:
694:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
674:on March 6, 2016
670:. Archived from
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2130:Home automation
2125:Fire prevention
2100:Carbon monoxide
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2020:
1999:
1927:
1880:
1822:
1816:
1743:
1669:Firestop pillow
1604:Emergency light
1557:Building design
1552:
1543:Tank blanketing
1512:Inerting system
1487:Flame retardant
1437:Fire protection
1432:Fire prevention
1390:
1381:
1246:Dangerous goods
1208:
1206:Fire protection
1203:
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1083:Wayback Machine
1074:
1070:
1064:Carbon Monoxide
1062:
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1041:
1037:
1032:Senate Bill 183
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1008:
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906:
905:. April 3, 2017
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401:
399:Biomimetic type
251:
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243:of protection.
240:
224:
202:
183:
174:smoke detectors
135:carbon monoxide
101:
90:
84:
81:
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1959:Flame spread
1845:Fireproofing
1823:and services
1761:
1724:Smoke damper
1714:Safety glass
1649:Fire hydrant
1614:Fire curtain
1574:Booster pump
1533:Relief valve
1497:Fusible link
1287:Fire loading
1282:Fire control
1252:Deflagration
1164:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1134:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1103:. Retrieved
1089:
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741:
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712:
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678:February 28,
676:. Retrieved
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637:
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1679:Grease duct
1634:Fire escape
1624:Fire damper
1517:Intumescent
1462:Fire safety
1427:Fire bucket
1322:Flash point
1166:October 18,
1136:October 18,
970:October 22,
960:Calgary Sun
939:October 22,
909:October 22,
883:January 14,
774:October 14,
724:October 22,
652:October 22,
539:Legislation
492:tin dioxide
409:chromophore
131:CO detector
2089:Categories
1976:(NFPA 101)
1939:CE marking
1792:Fire drill
1395:Technology
1292:Fire point
1277:Fire class
1257:Detonation
629:References
425:photodiode
85:March 2017
2105:Detectors
1932:Standards
1861:Fire test
1689:Occupancy
1654:Fire pump
1644:Fire hose
1629:Fire door
1609:Exit sign
1584:Crash bar
1357:Pyrolysis
1352:Pool fire
1317:Flashover
1272:Explosive
1220:Backdraft
591:Standards
472:fuel cell
393:palladium
311:⟶
73:talk page
2061:Category
2025:See also
1954:EN 16034
1664:Firestop
1619:Fire cut
1342:Jet fire
1332:Gas leak
1248:(HAZMAT)
1231:Boilover
1079:Archived
1048:Archived
856:July 29,
753:July 29,
572:Colorado
522:Portable
518:danger.
417:infrared
200:Function
67:You may
2073:Commons
1906:(NCEES)
1227:(BLEVE)
1105:May 10,
607:(OSHA)
562:Alberta
558:Ontario
222:Sensors
2004:Awards
1918:(SFPE)
1912:(NFPA)
1894:(FEMA)
1857:(FSES)
1995:UL 94
1949:EN 54
1900:(IFE)
1529:(PPE)
1160:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
413:salts
75:, or
1944:EN 3
1924:(UL)
1168:2017
1138:2017
1107:2016
972:2017
941:2017
911:2017
885:2014
858:2007
776:2022
755:2007
726:2017
680:2016
654:2017
552:and
407:, a
421:LED
129:or
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