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when heated to 1000–1200 °C under ambient conditions; when heated to such a high temperature within a carbon nanotube, they instead merge in an ordered manner to form another SWNT, thus creating a double-wall carbon nanotube. Owing to the ease with which fullerenes can encapsulate or be doped
131:
and form a chain inside the tube. Controlled production of carbon peapods allow for greater variety in both the nanotube structure and the fullerene composition. Varying elements can be incorporated into a carbon peapod through doping and will dramatically affect the resulting thermal and electrical
126:
fullerene impurities are formed during the annealing treatment and acid purification, and enter the nanotubes through defects or vapor-phase diffusion. Fullerenes within a nanotube are only stabilized at a diameter difference of 0.34 nm or less, and when the diameters are
205:
covalently bound, one-dimensional polymer chain with metallic conductivity. Overall, the doping of SWNTs and peapods by alkali metal atoms actively enhances the conductivity of the molecule since the charge is relocated from the metal ions to the nanotubes. Doping carbon nanotubes with oxidized
232:
Gorantla, Sandeep; Börrnert, Felix; Bachmatiuk, Alicja; Dimitrakopoulou, Maria; Schönfelder, Ronny; Schäffel, Franziska; Thomas, Jürgen; Gemming, Thomas; Borowiak-Palen, Ewa; Warner, Jamie H.; Yakobson, Boris I.; Eckert, Jürgen; Büchner, Bernd; Rümmeli, Mark H. (2010). "In situ observations of
83:. It is named due to their resemblance to the seedpod of the pea plant. Since the properties of carbon peapods differ from those of nanotubes and fullerenes, the carbon peapod can be recognized as a new type of a self-assembled graphitic structure. Possible applications of nano-peapods include
149:
with other molecules and the transparency of nanotubes to electron beams, carbon peapods can also serve as nano-scale test tubes. After fullerenes containing reactants diffuse into an SWNT, a high-energy electron beam can be used to induce high reactivity, thus triggering formation of C
20:
127:
nearly identical, the interacting energy heightens to such a degree (comparable to 0.1 GPa) that the fullerenes become unable to be extracted from the SWNT even under high vacuum. The encapsulated fullerenes have diameters close to that of C
210:
is significantly reduced. A good application would be the introduction of silicon dioxide to carbon nanotubes. It constructs memory effect as some research group has invented ways to create memory devices based on carbon peapods grown on
193:
and ropes of SWNTs are superconductors, unfortunately, the critical temperatures for the superconducting phase transition in these materials are low. There are hopes that carbon nano-peapods could be superconducting at room temperature.
197:
With chemical doping, the electronic characteristics of peapods can be further adjusted. When carbon peapod is doped with alkali metal atoms like potassium, the dopants will react with the C
21:
22:
276:
Gimenez-Lopez, Maria del Carmen; Chuvilin, Andrey; Kaiser, Ute; Khlobystov, Andrei N. (2011). "Functionalised endohedral fullerenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes".
24:
107:
sheet. In 1998, the first peapod was observed by Brian Smith, Marc
Monthioux and David Luzzi. The idea of peapods came from the structure that was produced inside a
140:
The existence of carbon peapods demonstrates further properties of carbon nanotubes, such as potential to be a stringently controlled environment for reactions. C
153:
dimers and merging of their contents. Additionally, due to the enclosed fullerenes being limited to only a one-dimensional degree of mobility, phenomena such as
173:
sizes and nanotube structures can lead to various electric conductivity property of carbon peapods due to orientation of rotations. For example, the C
111:
in 2000. They were first recognized in fragments obtained by a pulsed-laser vaporization synthesis followed by treatment with an acid and annealing.
688:
Smith, Brian W.; Luzzi, David E. (2000). "Formation mechanism of fullerene peapods and coaxial tubes: A path to large scale synthesis".
23:
830:
Chen, Jiangwei; Dong, Jinming (2004). "Electronic properties of peapods: Effects of fullerene rotation and different types of tube".
108:
52:
peapods. Metal atoms (M = Ho or Sc) are seen as dark spots inside the fullerene molecules; they are doubly encapsulated in the C
1000:
Krive, I. V.; Shekhter, R. I.; Jonson, M. (2006). "Carbon "peapods"—a new tunable nanoscale graphitic structure (Review)".
206:
metal is another way to adjust conductivity. It creates a very interesting high temperature superconducting state as the
768:"Time-Resolved Imaging of Stochastic Cascade Reactions over a Submillisecond to Second Time Range at the Angstrom Level"
321:
Barzegar, Hamid Reza; Gracia-Espino, Eduardo; Yan, Aiming; Ojeda-Aristizabal, Claudia; Dunn, Gabriel; Wågberg, Thomas;
88:
91:, spin-qubit arrays for quantum computing, nanopipettes, and data storage devices thanks to the memory effects and
916:
Yoon, Young-Gui; Mazzoni, Mario S. C.; Louie, Steven G. (2003). "Quantum conductance of carbon nanotube peapods".
189:@ (17,0) equals 0.1 eV. Research into their potential as semiconductors is still ongoing. Although both the doped
1041:
951:
Lee, C. H.; Kang, K. T.; Park, K. S.; Kim, M. S.; Kim, H. S.; Kim, H. G.; Fischer, J. E.; Johnson, A. T. (2003).
423:; Iijima, Sumio (1999). ""Bucky Shuttle" Memory Device: Synthetic Approach and Molecular Dynamics Simulations".
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Burteaux, Beatrice; Claye, Agnès; Smith, Brian W.; Monthioux, Marc; Luzzi, David E.; Fischer, John E. (1999).
953:"The Nano-Memory Devices of a Single Wall and Peapod Structural Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor"
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Carbon peapods can be naturally produced during carbon nanotube synthesis by pulsed laser vaporization.
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The diameter of carbon peapods range from ca. 1 to 50 nanometers. Various combinations of fullerene C
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Service, R. F. (2001). "SOLID-STATE PHYSICS: Nanotube 'Peapods' Show
Electrifying Promise".
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Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) were first seen in 1993 as cylinders rolled from a single
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Terrones, M (2010). "Transmission electron microscopy: Visualizing fullerene chemistry".
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Shimizu, Toshiki; Lungerich, Dominik; Harano, Koji; Nakamura, Eiichi (24 May 2022).
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Pichler, T.; Kuzmany, H.; Kataura, H.; Achiba, Y. (2001). "Metallic
Polymers of C
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646:"Carbon nanotube encapsulated fullerenes: A unique class of hybrid materials"
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Smith, Brian W.; Monthioux, Marc; Luzzi, David E. (1998). "Encapsulated C
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460:"Sub-Kelvin transport spectroscopy of fullerene peapod quantum dots"
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Utko, Pawel; Nygård, Jesper; Monthioux, Marc; Noé, Laure (2006).
327:"C60/Collapsed Carbon Nanotube Hybrids: A Variant of Peapods"
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Smith, Brian W.; Monthioux, Marc; Luzzi, David E. (1999).
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molecules inside the SWNT. It forms a negatively charged C
64:
TEM image of a wide double-wall CNT densely filled with C
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384:(2002). "Carbon nanotubes: Past, present, and future".
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fullerene fusion and ejection in carbon nanotubes".
181:@ (17,0) peapod is a semiconductor. The calculated
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transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation.
75:is a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of spheroidal
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177:@ (10,10) is a good superconductor and the C
28:Generation of fullerene molecules inside a
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772:Journal of the American Chemical Society
509:Inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes".
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832:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
957:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
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558:in single-wall carbon nanotubes"
109:transmission electron microscope
56:molecules and in the nanotubes.
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671:10.1016/S0009-2614(99)00896-9
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531:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.267401
406:10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00869-4
554:"Abundance of encapsulated C
887:10.1126/science.292.5514.45
445:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1470
386:Physica B: Condensed Matter
89:single electron transistors
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852:10.1088/0953-8984/16/8/021
132:conductivity properties.
690:Chemical Physics Letters
650:Chemical Physics Letters
562:Chemical Physics Letters
144:molecules normally form
115:Production and structure
1002:Low Temperature Physics
918:Applied Physics Letters
511:Physical Review Letters
464:Applied Physics Letters
425:Physical Review Letters
161:can easily be studied.
601:in carbon nanotubes".
79:encapsulated within a
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165:Electronic properties
159:phase transformations
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978:10.1143/JJAP.42.5392
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1014:2006LTP....32..887K
969:2003JaJAP..42.5392L
930:2003ApPhL..83.5217Y
844:2004JPCM...16.1401C
737:2010NatCh...2...82T
702:2000CPL...321..169S
662:1999CPL...315...31S
615:1998Natur.396R.323S
574:1999CPL...310...21B
523:2001PhRvL..87z7401P
476:2006ApPhL..89w3118U
437:1999PhRvL..82.1470K
398:2002PhyB..323....1I
343:2015NanoL..15..829B
247:2010Nanos...2.2077G
136:Chemical properties
16:Hybrid nanomaterial
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290:10.1039/C0CC02929G
255:10.1039/C0NR00426J
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323:Zettl, Alex
299:10347/32317
208:Fermi level
68:fullerenes.
1047:Fullerenes
1036:Categories
785:2202.13332
219:References
215:surfaces.
191:fullerides
77:fullerenes
860:250811298
810:247158917
492:120800423
235:Nanoscale
155:diffusion
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325:(2015).
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32:(CNT) –
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99:History
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