829:
938:, with the headline finding that "personal carbon trading has potential to engage individuals in taking action to combat climate change, but is essentially ahead of its time and expected costs for implementation are high". Based on this DEFRA announced that "the (UK) Government remains interested in the concept of personal carbon trading and, although it will not be continuing its research programme at this stage, it will monitor the wealth of research focusing on this area and may introduce personal carbon trading if the value of carbon savings and cost implications change".
3725:
3713:
740:, with the economic recovery of COVID-19 and new technical capacity having opened a favorable window of opportunity for initial test runs of such in appropriate regions, while many questions remain largely unaddressed. However, carbon rationing could have a larger effect on poorer households as "people in the low-income groups may have an above-average energy use, because they live in inefficient homes".
1009:
3749:
3737:
733:. Individuals then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals wanting or needing to emit at a level above that permitted by their initial allocation would be able to purchase additional credits in the personal carbon market from those using less, creating a profit for those individuals who emit at a level below that permitted by their initial allocation.
53:
958:
demonstrate the benefits of to be far greater than was acknowledged in the
Government's research. Accordingly, it urged them to move quickly to fund moves towards potential implementation in the near future. A 2018 European Commission debate on TEQs also concluded positively, but failed to create significant momentum towards implementation.
909:-, service-, labor- and lifestyle-decisions, requirements for the design and maintenance of anonymized accurate data, international enforcement, scope and loopholes of evaluations, adoption by major emitters in a landscape of globalized economic competition, public acceptance and the availability and prices of products and services.
957:
In
January 2011, the UK's All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil published a report into TEQs, garnering significant media coverage. This report highlights the significant research from a number of research centres produced since the Government's feasibility study, and argues that these studies
953:
A 2010 paper into attitudes towards personal carbon trading suggests a general ambivalence, however the researchers noted that "In fact, moderate support was the commonest view". A four-week consumer trial on
Personal Carbon Allowances carried out in London in June 2011 reported that "Participants
945:
produced their report on the subject, which concluded that ”personal carbon trading could be essential in helping to reduce our national carbon footprint" and rebuked the
Government for delaying a full feasibility study, stating that "although we commend the Government for its intention to maintain
848:
and ensure fair access to fuel and energy. They also believe it would increase ‘carbon literacy’ among the public, while encouraging more localised economies. For example, in the UK, the city of
Manchester claims it is "the first city to undertake to empower all its citizens with carbon literacy."
824:
Individuals who exceed their allocation (i.e. those who want to use more emissions credits than they have been given) would be able to purchase additional credits from those who use less, so individuals that are under allocation would profit from their small carbon footprint. There are two types of
949:
Analysts have noted that to implement any effective carbon rationing system, "the government must convince the public that rationing levels are fair, that the system is administered transparently and fairly, and that evaders are few in number, likely to be detected and liable to stiff penalties if
852:
Personal carbon trading has been criticised for its possible complexity and high implementation costs. As yet, there is minimal reliable data on these issues. There is also the fear that personal "rationing" and trading of allowances will be politically unacceptable, especially if those allowances
905:. Issues may include privacy, the evaluation of emissions from individuals that e.g. co-run multinational companies, the evaluation of offsets by inducing reductions of emissions by others or overall, accuracy of and requirements for the design of mechanisms to assess environmental impacts of
808:
Individuals would most likely hold their emissions credits in electronic accounts, and would surrender them when they make carbon-related purchases, such as electricity, heating fuel and petroleum. PCAs could also require individuals to use credits for public transport.
896:
technology and "smarter home and transport options make it possible to easily track and manage a large share of individuals' emissions" and that feedback effective in engaging individuals to reduce their energy-related emissions and relevant new personalized
2139:
767:
892:– credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels – aligned with calculated regional maximum emissions for emission-target achievement – of per capita emissions allowances. The researchers find that recent advances in
1089:
1281:
1339:
1494:
Joshua Thumim and Vicki White, Centre for
Sustainable Energy (2008). Distributional Impacts of Personal Carbon Trading: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Defra, London
1512:
1130:
3449:
1496:
3625:
888:
and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first trial implementations in climate-conscious technologically advanced countries. PCAs would consist of – e.g.
3293:
2750:
774:
project. The system has been the subject of a UK government funded feasibility study in 2008, an All Party
Parliamentary Group report in 2011, and a European Commission debate in 2018.
864:
policy instrument – redistributing money from the rich to the poor – as the rich use more energy than the poor, and so would need to buy allowances from them. This is in contrast to a
2039:
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828:
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2723:
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2007:
1052:
931:
2765:
2033:
696:
2027:
1097:
2697:
1922:
Personal carbon budgeting: What people need to know, learn and have in order to manage and live within a carbon budget, and the policies that could support them?
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2013:
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1317:
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763:
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1983:
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for the UK Government to undertake a full-scale pilot and risk assessment of introducing personal carbon trading for individuals and small businesses.
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engagement in academic work on the topic, we urge it to undertake a stronger role, leading and shaping debate and coordinating research".
3164:
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1977:
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are used to buy from industries who are already passing on costs from their participation in carbon levy or trading schemes such as the
2161:
2003:
3593:
3454:
3411:
2907:
1941:
788:, Oxford, UK. The title "PCAs" or "PCA scheme" is sometimes used generically to refer to any proposed form of personal carbon trading.
730:
610:
268:
1970:
3790:
3520:
3396:
3213:
2411:
2021:
1921:
832:
Survey results from 2022 - 2023 show that
Southern Europeans are more favourable to carbon rationing than people in Northern Europe.
800:– preliminary proposal in an article by Suryapratim Roy and Edwin Woerdman which analyses some of the legal and policy nuances of a
1774:
794:– originally proposed in an article by Dr. Kirk Barrett in 1995 and applicable to any form of pollution, including carbon dioxide.
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3391:
3371:
3318:
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2327:
1667:
927:
also grants powers allowing the UK Government to introduce a personal carbon trading scheme without further primary legislation.
682:
36:
1997:
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1948:
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2614:
1223:
785:
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464:
387:
163:
1824:
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2872:
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2201:
638:
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1993:
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881:
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2000:(11 July 2006) announces study looking at personal carbon trading and other approaches to mobilising individuals
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2892:
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2745:
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2513:
2342:
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1842:"Living with a carbon allowance: The experiences of Carbon Rationing Action Groups and implications for policy"
1721:
1482:
1260:
1022:
580:
479:
412:
258:
248:
223:
178:
3605:
2182:
Domestic
Tradable Quotas (Climate Change) Bill – a Private Members Bill submitted to the UK Parliament in 2004
1956:
967:
Carbon
Rationing Action Groups – groups in the UK and US that voluntarily cap their greenhouse gas emissions
3729:
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3303:
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1693:"What is the progress towards seeing TEQs implemented in the UK?", from TEQs website - accessed 23 Jan 2011
3328:
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2426:
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117:
762:, who first published the idea in 1996 under its former name Domestic Tradable Quotas (DTQs). The UK's
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3125:
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2142:(links to full reports broken, but they are available to be downloaded in full from the TEQs website
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1800:
Media coverage of All Party Parliamentary report into TEQs, from www.teqs.net, accessed 23 Jan 2011
1474:
1471:
The Distributional Impacts of Economic Instruments to Limit Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport
1470:
725:
schemes under which emissions credits would be allocated to adult individuals on a (broadly) equal
575:
519:
474:
243:
238:
1538:"Pandemic and digitalization set stage for revival of a cast-off idea: Personal carbon allowances"
1156:"Pandemic and digitalization set stage for revival of a cast-off idea: Personal carbon allowances"
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3100:
3065:
3022:
3017:
3012:
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1453:
615:
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499:
469:
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825:
carbon credits, Certified Emission Reduction credits EUAs and CERs and Verified Carbon Credits.
2105:
1656:
Media release: Norfolk Island to trial world first Personal Carbon Trading program - 27/10/2010
1436:
Parag, Yael; Eyre, Nick (2010). "Barriers for Personal Carbon Trading in the UK policy arena".
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Some forms of personal carbon trading (carbon rationing) could be an effective component of
564:
362:
300:
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135:
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330:
285:
173:
2167:
2040:
UK Government-commissioned scoping study, by the Centre for Sustainable Energy (Nov 2006)
2056:
Article outlining personal carbon credit trading from home energy reductions (July 2009)
1860:
1722:
Environmental Audit Committee - Personal Carbon Trading: Fifth Report of Session 2007–08
1626:
1577:
1190:
3583:
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3376:
3218:
3107:
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2017:
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397:
340:
305:
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868:, under which all lower income people are worse off, prior to revenue redistribution.
836:
Proponents of personal carbon trading claim that it is an equitable way of addressing
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The EIB Climate Survey: Government action, personal choices and the green transition
920:
is trialling the world's first personal carbon trading programme, starting in 2011.
3541:
3338:
2982:
2972:
2624:
2508:
2421:
1892:
1361:
1293:
The reports from the UK government feasibility study can be downloaded in full here
717:
emissions to contain climate change, could take any of several forms. One of them,
605:
320:
198:
112:
1763:
Public attitudes to personal carbon allowances: findings from a mixed-method study
1560:
Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (16 August 2021).
1173:
Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (16 August 2021).
2140:
UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs feasibility study into TEQs
2092:"Beyond carbon pricing to TEQs – reconciling scientific reality with realpolitik"
1988:
report supporting implementation of a UK Personal Carbon Trading scheme from 2013
1318:
Molly Scott Cato MEP chairs European Commission debate on TEQs, 19 September 2018
3568:
3085:
3077:
2332:
1868:
1703:
1634:
17:
2067:
1586:
1561:
1199:
1174:
3600:
2977:
2609:
1912:
1882:
Brendan Barrett, "Better than Star Wars: The Age of Stupid", 25 September 2009
1821:
1478:
1004:
898:
865:
818:
726:
145:
92:
1642:
1595:
1208:
2550:
1881:
1008:
988:
710:
536:
325:
2126:
1449:
52:
2115:
2072:
2061:
TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas) – formerly known as Domestic Tradable Quotas
2119:
880:
concluded that personal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component of
841:
183:
860:
Research in this area has shown that personal carbon trading would be a
844:, as it could guarantee that a national economy lives within its agreed
768:
Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce
2528:
1513:"Analysis | We Need Cap-and-Trade For Individuals As Well As Companies"
1131:"Analysis | We Need Cap-and-Trade For Individuals As Well As Companies"
1118:
3536:
2150:
Domestic Tradable Quotas: Fancy buying and selling your dirty habits?
954:
engaged with the personal carbon allowance concept with enthusiasm".
902:
854:
1350:
766:
has been researching this scheme since 2003, and more recently the
2538:
2048:
889:
827:
2186:
1411:
1077:"Any way you slice it: The past, present and future of rationing"
2106:
The All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil's report into TEQs
1400:
David Fleming (2007), Energy and the Common Purpose, 3rd edition
935:
3487:
3192:
2928:
2483:
2395:
2276:
2228:
2190:
2030:(19 July 2006) with over 80 comments from members of the public
2175:
2109:
1971:
A persuasive climate: Personal trading and changing lifestyles
1810:
3450:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2143:
2075:
Lean Logic: A Dictionary for the Future and How to Survive It
1781:: Carbon Trust Advisory and The Coca-Cola Company. April 2012
1555:
1553:
1551:
1303:
1292:
2094:
Popular peer-reviewed paper advocating for TEQs, edited by
1244:
1328:
3626:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
1668:"Norfolk Island Carbon/Health Evaluation (NICHE) website"
804:
scheme for individuals, for instance on an EU-wide scale.
1329:
Environmental Change Institute (ECI) – Oxford University
780:– described in the book "How we can save the planet" by
1611:"Personal carbon trading: A policy ahead of its time?"
3467:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1094:
journal, Volume 10, Number 4, Sept 2010, pp. 329-338"
962:
Related emissions reduction proposals and initiatives
3644:
3529:
3498:
3427:
3362:
3284:
3206:
3157:
3074:
3031:
2941:
2848:
2706:
2653:
2496:
2320:
2289:
2125:Official responses to the feasibility study by i)
2008:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1735:"Rationing returns: a solution to global warming?"
1053:International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance
2004:Government to consider personal carbon allowances
1224:"Can rationing carbon help fight climate change?"
784:and Tina Fawcett. Work on PCAs is ongoing at the
3667:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2028:David Miliband's blog on personal carbon trading
1949:RSA project on personal carbon trading – Carbon
1928:Carbon rationing and personal carbon allowances
1090:""An introduction to personal carbon trading",
813:would bring all other sectors of society (e.g.
721:, is the generic term for a number of proposed
27:Type of greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
2135:House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee
2407:History of climate change policy and politics
2202:
1313:
1311:
690:
8:
2034:Commentary: Your Own Personal Carbon Credits
2024:in which he mentions personal carbon trading
2524:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2158:– a detailed report on DTQs (December 2005)
1257:"RSA CarbonLimited Partners and Supporters"
3748:
3736:
3495:
3484:
3203:
3189:
2938:
2925:
2493:
2480:
2392:
2286:
2273:
2225:
2209:
2195:
2187:
1893:Release dates for The Age of Stupid - IMDb
1245:Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
941:Later that same month the UK Parliament's
764:Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
697:
683:
31:
3294:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2432:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1585:
1373:Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023).
1282:UK Government feasibility study into TEQs
1198:
2998:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1811:All Party Parliamentary report into TEQs
1775:"Personal Carbon Allowances White Paper"
1304:All Party Parliamentary report into TEQs
3354:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3143:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2127:David Fleming's Lean Economy Connection
2066:The Fleming Policy Centre's website on
1068:
821:) within the scope of a single scheme.
43:
3003:Economics of climate change mitigation
2966:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2312:Scientific consensus on climate change
2162:Tyndall Centre summary of DTQ research
1562:"Personal carbon allowances revisited"
1340:Personal Pollution Allowance Proposal:
1175:"Personal carbon allowances revisited"
792:Tradable Personal Pollution Allowances
3662:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
1119:How would TEQs work?, on www.teqs.net
7:
3684:Representative Concentration Pathway
2630:Tipping points in the climate system
2306:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
2082:The European Commission debates TEQs
2036:– Berkeley Daily Planet (1 Sep 2006)
976:Heat: How to Stop the Planet Burning
3455:Nationally determined contributions
3165:Individual action on climate change
2375:World energy supply and consumption
2045:Personal mobility emissions trading
1938:On The Move: SDC Annual Review 2005
1924:. By Parag & Strickland (2009).
1048:Emissions Reduction Currency System
934:completed a feasibility study into
3594:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1978:What we must do to save the planet
1942:Sustainable Development Commission
991:is considered in the feature film
758:– devised by environmental writer
611:Renewable energy commercialization
25:
3521:Satellite temperature measurement
3126:forestry for carbon sequestration
2412:History of climate change science
2131:the Centre for Sustainable Energy
2073:The entry on TEQs from Fleming's
1609:Fawcett, Tina (1 November 2010).
778:Personal Carbon Allowances (PCAs)
3747:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3372:Climate Change Performance Index
2751:Destruction of cultural heritage
1704:DEFRA press release - 8 May 2008
1007:
51:
3511:Instrumental temperature record
3462:Sustainable Development Goal 13
913:Progress towards implementation
886:economic recovery from COVID-19
3579:Climate variability and change
2615:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2152:– Financial Times (9 Oct 2006)
1733:Roodhouse, Mark (March 2007).
876:In 2021, a study published in
786:Environmental Change Institute
1:
3689:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3224:Climate emergency declaration
2170:Energy and the Common Purpose
2078:(published online April 2020)
997:, released in February 2009.
943:Environmental Audit Committee
388:Socially responsible business
164:Bright green environmentalism
3672:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2898:Middle East and North Africa
1379:. European Investment Bank.
639:Environmental pricing reform
2156:Tyndall Technical Report 39
1919:UK Energy Research Council.
1869:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.10.044
1635:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.001
1043:Contraction and Convergence
713:, as a means of reducing CO
393:Social return on investment
3807:
3506:Global surface temperature
3397:Popular culture depictions
3309:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3039:Carbon capture and storage
2961:Carbon offsets and credits
2118:– 12 minute discussion of
2006:– press release by the UK
1840:Howell, Rachel A. (2012).
1587:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w
1351:End-user Emissions Trading
1200:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w
798:End-user Emissions Trading
378:Pollution haven hypothesis
373:Natural resource economics
358:High-performance buildings
3718:Climate change portal
3705:
3611:Extreme event attribution
3494:
3483:
3234:School Strike for Climate
3202:
3188:
3113:Climate-smart agriculture
2937:
2924:
2492:
2479:
2402:
2391:
2285:
2272:
2255:Climate change adaptation
2250:Climate change mitigation
2245:Effects of climate change
2235:
2224:
882:climate change mitigation
738:climate change mitigation
141:Climate change mitigation
3791:Environmental technology
3621:Global warming potential
3428:International agreements
3075:Preserving and enhancing
2514:Arctic methane emissions
2436:Years in climate change
2343:Greenhouse gas emissions
2240:Causes of climate change
2168:David Fleming's seminal
1932:climate change education
1827:30 November 2006 at the
1483:Policy Studies Institute
1023:Carbon emissions trading
872:Research and development
802:carbon emissions trading
770:(RSA) through its Carbon
723:carbon emissions trading
581:Environmental technology
224:Ecological modernization
179:Corporate sustainability
3652:Climate change scenario
3304:Disaster risk reduction
2956:Carbon emission trading
2766:U.S. insurance industry
2741:Civilizational collapse
2588:sea surface temperature
2054:Personal Carbon Credits
1913:Personal Carbon Trading
1416:Carbon Literacy Project
1362:Types of Carbon Credits
1058:Personal carbon credits
970:"Icecaps" – devised by
925:Climate Change Act 2008
729:basis, within national
719:personal carbon trading
654:Green industrial policy
368:Marginal abatement cost
291:Fiscal environmentalism
108:Personal carbon trading
78:Carbon fee and dividend
73:Carbon emission trading
45:Environmental economics
3645:Research and modelling
3329:Nature-based solutions
3149:Nature-based solutions
3091:Carbon dioxide removal
3008:Fossil fuel divestment
2993:Climate risk insurance
2903:Small island countries
2519:Arctic sea ice decline
2068:Tradable Energy Quotas
2020:(19 July 2006) to the
1450:10.3763/cpol.2009.0009
833:
811:Tradable Energy Quotas
754:Tradable Energy Quotas
591:Fossil fuel divestment
3776:Climate change policy
3606:Earth's energy budget
3489:Background and theory
3377:Climate crisis (term)
3049:Fossil fuel phase-out
2943:Economics and finance
2908:by individual country
2850:By country and region
2825:Security and conflict
2820:Psychological impacts
2504:Abrupt climate change
2427:Charles David Keeling
2260:By country and region
2098:and lead-authored by
1940:– proposal by the UK
1915:policy? a short video
1566:Nature Sustainability
1179:Nature Sustainability
1038:Clean Air Conservancy
884:. They find that the
878:Nature Sustainability
831:
649:Free public transport
596:Fossil fuel phase-out
118:Social cost of carbon
3435:Glasgow Climate Pact
3096:Carbon sequestration
2666:Mass mortality event
2122:and TEQs (Sept 2008)
2108:, downloadable as a
2086:Molly Scott Cato MEP
1976:RSA Journal article
1739:History & Policy
1499:26 July 2008 at the
644:Environmental tariff
269:full-cost accounting
234:Efficient energy use
219:Ecological footprint
214:Ecological economics
3574:Climate sensitivity
3349:The Adaptation Fund
2805:Infectious diseases
2707:Social and economic
1996:of UK government's
1947:Description of the
1861:2012EnPol..41..250H
1709:18 May 2008 at the
1674:on 28 December 2012
1627:2010EnPol..38.6868F
1578:2021NatSu...4.1025F
1191:2021NatSu...4.1025F
748:Proposals include:
576:Carbon-neutral fuel
239:Energy conservation
3145:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3117:Forest management
3101:Direct air capture
3066:Sustainable energy
3023:Net zero emissions
3018:Low-carbon economy
3013:Green Climate Fund
2800:Indigenous peoples
2698:Plant biodiversity
2486:Effects and issues
1930:CarbonEquity is a
1079:. New Press Books.
1075:Cox, Stan (2013).
834:
616:Sustainable energy
601:Low-carbon economy
440:consumer behaviour
3781:Emissions trading
3763:
3762:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3636:Radiative forcing
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3299:Adaptive capacity
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3044:Energy transition
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2635:Tropical cyclones
2561:Urban heat island
2475:
2474:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2348:Carbon accounting
2302:Greenhouse effect
2268:
2267:
2172:, downloadable as
1934:and advocacy NGO.
1621:(11): 6868–6876.
1572:(12): 1025–1031.
1386:978-92-861-5535-2
1185:(12): 1025–1031.
994:The Age of Stupid
866:direct carbon tax
707:
706:
571:Carbon neutrality
560:2000-watt society
554:Energy transition
465:development goals
383:Social accounting
103:Environmental tax
98:Emissions trading
16:(Redirected from
3798:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3679:Paleoclimatology
3496:
3485:
3246:Ecological grief
3229:Climate movement
3204:
3190:
3170:Plant-based diet
3061:Renewable energy
2939:
2926:
2761:Economic impacts
2688:Invasive species
2544:Coastal flooding
2494:
2481:
2417:Svante Arrhenius
2393:
2363:from agriculture
2353:Carbon footprint
2338:Greenhouse gases
2287:
2274:
2226:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2100:Shaun Chamberlin
2088:(September 2018)
2022:Audit Commission
1895:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1664:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:on 19 March 2008
1259:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1096:. Archived from
1086:
1080:
1073:
1033:Carbon footprint
1017:
1012:
1011:
894:machine learning
699:
692:
685:
565:Alternative fuel
455:design standards
363:Impact investing
169:Circular economy
136:Carbon footprint
55:
32:
21:
18:Carbon rationing
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3712:
3710:
3693:
3640:
3631:Orbital forcing
3525:
3490:
3471:
3445:Paris Agreement
3423:
3419:Warming stripes
3358:
3324:Managed retreat
3319:Loss and damage
3280:
3214:Business action
3198:
3176:
3153:
3076:
3070:
3027:
2988:Climate finance
2933:
2912:
2844:
2702:
2678:Extinction risk
2654:Flora and fauna
2649:
2610:Permafrost thaw
2605:Ozone depletion
2534:Extreme weather
2488:
2471:
2398:
2379:
2316:
2281:
2264:
2231:
2220:
2215:
2063:
1973:(December 2008)
1908:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1829:Wayback Machine
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1711:Wayback Machine
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1517:Washington Post
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:Wayback Machine
1492:
1488:
1469:
1465:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1135:Washington Post
1129:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1100:on 13 July 2011
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1013:
1006:
1003:
985:
964:
950:found guilty."
915:
874:
746:
716:
703:
674:
673:
629:
621:
620:
555:
547:
546:
532:Thermoeconomics
286:Ethical banking
174:Climate finance
159:
151:
150:
131:
123:
122:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3584:Cloud feedback
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3440:Kyoto Protocol
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3392:Media coverage
3389:
3384:
3382:Climate spiral
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3271:Public opinion
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3219:Climate action
3216:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:REDD and REDD+
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3108:Carbon farming
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2840:Water security
2837:
2835:Water scarcity
2832:
2830:Urban flooding
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Forest dieback
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Sea level rise
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:stratification
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Carbon leakage
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2297:Climate system
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2218:Climate change
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2123:
2113:
2112:(January 2011)
2103:
2096:Kevin Anderson
2089:
2079:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2018:David Miliband
2011:
2010:(19 July 2006)
2001:
1994:Paragraph 2.84
1991:
1981:
1974:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:External links
1899:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1832:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1779:United Kingdom
1766:
1755:
1743:United Kingdom
1725:
1714:
1696:
1685:
1659:
1648:
1601:
1547:
1529:
1504:
1486:
1463:
1444:(4): 353–368.
1438:Climate Policy
1428:
1403:
1392:
1385:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1307:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1248:
1237:
1222:Swain, Frank.
1214:
1165:
1147:
1122:
1111:
1092:Climate Policy
1081:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1002:
999:
984:
981:
980:
979:
972:George Monbiot
968:
963:
960:
918:Norfolk Island
914:
911:
873:
870:
838:climate change
806:
805:
795:
789:
775:
745:
742:
731:carbon budgets
714:
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
669:Rail subsidies
666:
664:Green politics
661:
659:Green New Deal
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:Carbon leakage
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Feed-in tariff
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
542:Value of Earth
539:
534:
529:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
398:Sustainability
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
204:Eco-innovation
201:
196:
194:Eco-capitalism
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
132:
130:Climate change
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Carbon finance
80:
75:
70:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3803:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Climate model
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:Cloud forcing
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3364:Communication
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Vulnerability
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Flood control
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:reforestation
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:afforestation
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Nuclear power
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Carbon budget
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
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2798:
2796:
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2788:Mental health
2786:
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2724:United States
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2599:
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2579:
2578:deoxygenation
2576:
2574:
2573:acidification
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2373:
2369:
2368:from wetlands
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2354:
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2328:Deforestation
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2300:
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2132:
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2124:
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2097:
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2087:
2084:, chaired by
2083:
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2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:Energy Review
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:final report
1968:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1955:
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1946:
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1849:Energy Policy
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1615:Energy Policy
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1514:
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1480:
1476:
1475:Simon Dresner
1472:
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1028:Carbon offset
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:Energy portal
1010:
1005:
1000:
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982:
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846:carbon budget
843:
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830:
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782:Mayer Hillman
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760:David Fleming
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510:refurbishment
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274:impact design
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244:Environmental
242:
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229:Ecotechnology
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209:Eco-investing
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189:Disinvestment
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119:
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94:
91:
89:
88:Carbon offset
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
68:Carbon credit
66:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3709:
3542:Carbon cycle
3499:Measurements
3194:Society and
3078:carbon sinks
2983:Climate debt
2973:Carbon price
2795:Human rights
2625:Season creep
2583:heat content
2509:Anoxic event
2422:James Hansen
2169:
2146:) (May 2008)
2074:
1985:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1918:
1888:
1877:
1852:
1848:
1835:
1822:Home | CRAGs
1817:
1806:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1769:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1738:
1728:
1717:
1699:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1662:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1541:
1532:
1522:21 September
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1489:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1395:
1375:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:the original
1251:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1217:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1140:21 September
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1091:
1084:
1071:
992:
986:
975:
974:in his book
956:
952:
948:
940:
930:In May 2008
929:
922:
916:
877:
875:
859:
851:
835:
823:
807:
797:
791:
777:
771:
752:
747:
735:
718:
708:
606:Net metering
480:food systems
408:organization
199:Eco commerce
113:Pigovian tax
107:
62:Carbon price
29:
3569:Carbon sink
3547:atmospheric
3412:video games
3086:Blue carbon
2714:Agriculture
2693:Marine life
2640:Water cycle
2598:temperature
2333:Fossil fuel
2116:BBC Radio 4
2102:(July 2015)
1990:(Sept 2007)
1980:(June 2006)
1855:: 250–258.
1421:14 February
1412:"Home Page"
862:progressive
505:procurement
460:development
445:consumption
430:agriculture
425:advertising
420:Sustainable
311:development
3770:Categories
3601:Cryosphere
3562:permafrost
3334:Resilience
3286:Adaptation
3261:Litigation
3251:Governance
3196:adaptation
2978:Carbon tax
2931:Mitigation
2868:Antarctica
2756:Disability
1984:RSA Carbon
1965:RSA Carbon
1957:RSA Carbon
1748:9 December
1678:31 October
1479:Paul Ekins
1230:2 December
1104:23 January
1064:References
819:government
727:per capita
495:management
490:livelihood
485:industries
435:capitalism
403:accounting
301:accounting
259:enterprise
249:accounting
146:Food miles
93:Carbon tax
3786:Rationing
3616:Feedbacks
3387:Education
2888:Caribbean
2883:Australia
2810:Migration
2773:Fisheries
2719:Livestock
2645:Wildfires
2551:Heat wave
2133:and iii)
1785:14 August
1643:0301-4215
1596:2398-9629
1209:2398-9629
989:rationing
901:could be
744:Proposals
711:rationing
537:Used good
525:transport
413:reporting
331:marketing
3742:Glossary
3730:Category
3552:biologic
3266:Politics
3158:Personal
2863:Americas
2731:Children
2497:Physical
2290:Overview
2230:Overview
2178:) (2005)
2120:peak oil
1911:What is
1825:Archived
1707:Archived
1542:phys.org
1497:Archived
1458:62882992
1160:phys.org
1001:See also
903:designed
890:monetary
842:peak oil
815:industry
628:Policies
515:sourcing
341:recovery
306:building
279:planning
184:Degrowth
158:Concepts
37:a series
35:Part of
3557:oceanic
3407:fiction
3256:Justice
3207:Society
2815:Poverty
2529:Drought
2397:History
2321:Sources
1986:Limited
1967:Limited
1961:website
1959:Limited
1951:Limited
1906:General
1857:Bibcode
1623:Bibcode
1574:Bibcode
1267:1 April
1187:Bibcode
987:Carbon
907:product
772:Limited
709:Carbon
520:tourism
475:finance
351:vehicle
346:trading
336:paradox
316:economy
264:finance
3537:Albedo
3530:Theory
3241:Denial
3032:Energy
2893:Europe
2873:Arctic
2858:Africa
2783:Health
2778:Gender
2736:Cities
2661:Biomes
2568:Oceans
2556:Marine
2279:Causes
2164:(2005)
2129:, ii)
2014:Speech
1641:
1594:
1456:
1383:
1207:
855:EU ETS
756:(TEQs)
500:market
470:energy
450:design
321:growth
254:design
3754:Index
3516:Proxy
3276:Women
2746:Crime
2673:Birds
2539:Flood
2049:Lahti
1845:(PDF)
1454:S2CID
1226:. BBC
983:Media
932:DEFRA
296:Green
39:about
3339:Risk
2878:Asia
2465:2024
2460:2023
2455:2022
2450:2021
2445:2020
2440:2019
2144:here
1787:2012
1750:2010
1680:2012
1639:ISSN
1592:ISSN
1524:2021
1477:and
1423:2017
1381:ISBN
1269:2008
1232:2021
1205:ISSN
1142:2021
1106:2011
936:TEQs
923:The
899:apps
840:and
3402:art
2176:PDF
2110:PDF
2047:in
2016:by
1865:doi
1631:doi
1582:doi
1446:doi
1195:doi
326:job
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
