1280:, where he died that same afternoon. The cause of death was initially reported as having been a heart attack, but was later referred to as "respiratory failure". It later emerged that Blanca Rodríguez and Pérez's four daughters and son learned of Pérez's death from a news website, as neither Matos nor her daughters notified them of the loss. Chávez offered condolences, but commented that he hopes Pérez's way of governing would not return to the country: "May he rest in peace. But with him ... may the form of politics that he personified rest in peace and leave here forever." Pérez's relatives in Miami said that Pérez would be buried in Miami and that they have no intention of returning his remains to Venezuela until Chávez was no longer in office. Less than 24 hours before the burial, legal representatives for Blanca Rodríguez obtained a court order to stop the ceremony. The order was based on Blanca Rodríguez's legal right as Pérez's widow to determine where he would be buried. It was reported that Miami relatives agreed to her wish to return Pérez's body to Venezuela but later they denied having reached to an agreement. On 4 October 2011, the remains of Carlos Andrés Pérez were brought back to Venezuela, nine months after his death. The casket arrived in a flight originated from Atlanta, Georgia, escorted by Mayor of Caracas
793:
1252:. He also had two daughters with Cecilia, María Francia and Cecilia Victoria Pérez, while married to Blanca Rodríguez. Matos became a notorious figure in Venezuelan politics beginning in the 1970s and through the 1990s, the result of rumours of corruption and trafficking of influence centred around her role as the President's mistress. Such allegations of corruption were damaging to Pérez's political standing. Although Pérez initiated divorce proceedings against his wife in 1998, the action failed and was discontinued. Until his death (see below), Pérez remained legally married to Blanca Rodríguez although he had been living in exile since 1998 with Matos, dividing his time between his homes in Miami, the Dominican Republic and New York. In 2003, he suffered a debilitating stroke that seriously affected his mental and physical abilities. On 31 March 2008, the secretary general of
132:
1115:. The privatization ended Venezuela's monopoly over telecommunications and surpassed predictions, selling over US$ 1 billion above the base price and US$ 500 million more than the bid offered by its next competitor. By the end of the year, inflation had dropped to 31%, Venezuela's international reserves were now worth US$ 14 billion and there was an economic growth of 9% (called as an "Asian growth"), the largest in Latin America at the time. Overall, the results of liberalization policies were mixed; by 1992 many of the achievements were reversed, inflation remained between thirty and forty percent and Venezuela did not become macro-economically stable. The main accomplishment during this period was that Venezuela was finally able to pay international debtors.
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882:, there was a sense among many citizens that the influx of petrodollars after 1973 had not been properly managed. The country was importing 80% of all foodstuffs consumed. Agricultural production was stagnant. The national debt had skyrocketed. And whilst per capita income had increased and prosperity was evident in Caracas and other major cities, the country was also more expensive and a significant minority of Venezuelans were still mired in poverty. This malaise led to the defeat of AD at the polls by the opposition
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755:) for a decade. He temporarily returned to Venezuela secretly in 1952 to complete special missions in his fight against the new dictatorial government. He was imprisoned on various occasions and spent more than two years in jail in total. In Costa Rica, he was active in Venezuelan political refugee circles, worked as Editor in Chief of the newspaper
1126:, who was later elected president. With the attempt having clearly failed, Chávez was catapulted into the national spotlight when he was allowed to appear live on national television to call for all remaining rebel detachments in Venezuela to cease hostilities. When he did so, Chávez famously quipped on national television that he had only failed "
805:
visited nearly all the villages and cities of
Venezuela by foot and walked more than 5800 kilometers. He was elected in December of that year, receiving 48.7% of the vote against the 36.7% of his main rival. Turnout in these elections reached an unprecedented 97% of all eligible voters, a level which has not been achieved since.
1525:
649:. His childhood was spent between the family home in town, a rambling Spanish colonial-style house, and the coffee haciendas owned by his father and maternal grandfather. Influenced by his grandfather, an avid book collector, Pérez read voraciously from an early age, including French and Spanish classics by
1130:"—"for now". The second, and much bloodier, insurrection took place on 27 November 1992, with many more deaths than in the first case. Multiple reports of political opponents, grassroots activists and students being tortured occurred during the period when the Pérez suspended constitutional guarantees.
1177:
considered the accusation valid, and the following day the Senate voted to strip Pérez of his immunity. Many of those in the Senate who supported Pérez's impeachment were members of AD. Pérez refused to resign, but after the maximum 90 days temporary leave available to the
President under Article 188
833:
was created. He also promoted investment in large state-owned industrial projects for the production of aluminium and hydroelectric energy, infrastructure improvements and the funding of social welfare and scholarship programmes, were ambitious and involved massive government spending, to the tune of
804:
In 1973, Carlos Andrés Pérez was nominated to run for the presidency for AD. Youthful and energetic, Pérez ran a vibrant and triumphalist campaign, one of the first to use the services of
American advertising gurus and political consultants in the country's history. During the run up to elections, he
1091:
was common according to
Amnesty international, with the group saying that while the government and its laws condemned human rights abuses, authorities still performed torture methods that were "simple but sophisticated: they are designed to cause maximum pain with the minimum of marks." The human
1086:
deteriorated during Pérez's administration, with the latter human rights groups writing in 1993 that his "tenure was marked by an increase in human rights violations, including arbitrary detentions, torture, extrajudicial executions, the violent repression of popular demonstrations and protests."
770:
from 1959 to 1964 and made his mark as a tough minister and canny politician who worked to neutralize small, disruptive and radical right-wing and left-wing insurrections, the latter Cuban-influenced and Cuban-financed, that were being staged around the country. This was an important step in the
841:
In the international arena, Pérez supported democratic and progressive causes in Latin
America and the world. He reestablished diplomatic relations with Cuba and submitted a resolution to the Organization of American States (OAS) that would have lifted economic sanctions against the country. He
778:, Pérez left government temporarily and dedicated himself to consolidating his support in the party. During this time, he served as head of the AD in Congress and was elected to the position of Secretary General of AD, a role that was crucial in laying the ground for his presidential ambitions.
873:
Towards the end of his first term in office, Pérez's faced criticism for excessive government spending. His administration was often referred to as Saudi
Venezuela for its grandiose and extravagant ambitions. In addition, there were allegations of corruption and trafficking of influence, often
1284:, friend of Pérez and member of Democratic Action (AD). Once in Caracas it was transported to the Headquarters of AD, where over 5,000 people waited to see the hearse and the casket covered with the Venezuelan flag. Pérez remains were interred on Thursday 6 October 2011. Cecilia Matos died in
680:, in 1939, where two of Pérez's eldest brothers had gone to attend university. The death of his father had a profound impact on the young Pérez, bolstering his convictions that democratic freedoms and rights were the only guarantees against the arbitrary, and tyrannical, use of state power.
1210:, Pérez lost his seat. In 1999 he ran again for the National Assembly, but did not gain a seat. On 20 December 2001, while in Dominican Republic, a court in Caracas ordered his detention, on charges of embezzlement of public funds. On 3 February 2002 he was formally asked in extradition.
637:
ancestry who emigrated to
Venezuela during the last years of the 19th century. His mother, Julia Rodríguez, was the daughter of a prominent landowner in the town of Rubio and the granddaughter of Venezuelan refugees who had fled to the Andes and Colombia in the wake of the
808:
One of the most radical aspects of Pérez's program for government was the notion that petroleum oil was a tool for developing countries like
Venezuela to attain first world status and usher a fairer, more equitable international order. International events, including the
2770:«Chávez ha rechazado todas las salidas pacíficas que se le han presentado. De manera que ya no queda sino el último recurso: la violencia», agregó Pérez, tras insistir en que «no es que yo sea partidario de la violencia, sino que no hay otro camino para salir de Chávez».
1626:, 1983 began with an exchange rate of roughly 81 bolívars to a US dollar and ended at roughly 107 to the US dollar. Thus, 250 million bolívars would have been worth roughly 3.1 million dollars on 1 January and 2.3 million on 31 December, averaging roughly 2.7 million.
1189:
In 1998 he was prosecuted again, this time on charges of embezzlement on public funds, accused of having secret joint bank accounts held in New York with his mistress, Cecilia Matos. Before the trial, he was elected to the Senate of
Venezuela for his native State of
1225:, Pérez said that the plot was a hoax but that Chávez had to be forcibly removed, saying that "Chávez has rejected all the peaceful exits that have been presented to him" and "it is not that I am in favor of violence, but that there is no other way out of Chavez".
1288:, Colombia, of "kidney and respiratory problems," one of her daughters told Efe. She was 66. The death of Cecilia Matos came 25 days after Pérez was buried in Venezuela, following a prolonged family dispute about where his final resting place should be.
711:
The political life of Carlos Andrés Pérez began at the age of 15, when he became a founding member of the
Venezuelan Youth Association and a member of the National Democratic Party, both of which were opposed to the repressive administration of General
1067:
and led to a large number of deaths, ranging from the official estimate of 277 dead to extraofficial estimates of up to 5,000, the most violent period of unrest in Venezuela's democratic history. The deaths were attributed to Pérez's implementation of
1040:, or US$ 0.4). The increase was supposed to be implemented on 1 March 1989, but bus drivers decided to apply the price rise on 27 February, a day before payday in Venezuela. In response, protests and rioting began on the morning of 27 February 1989 in
1033:). Pérez implemented such reforms without the support of political groups, including his own AD party, resulting with the AD blocking his future policies in Congress and pulling its support, with many perceiving the package as an act of betrayal.
988:
and initially rejected liberalization policies. Venezuela's international reserves were only US$ 300 million at the time of Pérez' election into the presidency; Pérez decided to respond to the debt, public spending, economic restrictions and
938:, expanded the activities of the Socialist International from Europe to Latin America. In 1988, he became a Member of the Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government, established by the former President of the United States,
771:
pacification of the country in the mid-to-late 1960s, the consolidation of democracy and the integration of radical parties into the political process. Pérez was accused, however, of human rights violations during his tenure.
792:
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En Venezuela «no se presentará un nuevo caracazo», pero «inevitablemente habrá muertos, como en toda acción armada», advirtió el ex presidente venezolano en declaraciones desde Miami a la privada radio Caracol de
2322:
In this regard, the Caracazo was not such a spontaneous outburst as is commonly believed. We have found that anti-neoliberal student protest had been building in the previous days in Merida as well as other
2138:
In this regard, the Caracazo was not such a spontaneous outburst as is commonly believed. We have found that anti-neoliberal student protest had been building in the previous days in Merida as well as other
918:
Carlos Andrés Pérez maintained a high profile in international affairs. In 1980, he was elected president of the Latin American Association of Human Rights. He collaborated with Tanzanian President
1623:
2905:
676:, led to the financial ruin and physical deterioration of Antonio Pérez, who died of a heart attack in 1936. This episode would force the widow Julia and her sons to move to Venezuela's capital,
3181:
870:(PSOE). Additionally, he negotiated a treaty with the USSR that called for the USSR to supply oil to Venezuela's Spanish market in exchange for Venezuela supplying the Soviet market in Cuba.
1248:
with whom he had six children: Sonia, Thais, Martha, Carlos Manuel, María de Los Angeles and María Carolina. In the late 1960s, he began an extramarital relationship with his then secretary
838:. His measures to protect the environment and foster sustainable development earned the Earth Care award in 1975, the first time a Latin American leader had received this recognition.
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by subsidizing prices, increasing wages and tripling public spending. His policies, including the nationalization of the iron and petroleum industries. Following the establishment of
4518:
4503:
3629:
1866: R. Guy, Emerson (2011). "A Bolivarian People: Identity politics in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela". Humanities Research. Canberra: Australian National University. 17 (1): 87–111.
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862:, created to foster economic cooperation and scientific exchange between the nations of Latin America. He also supported the democratization process in Spain, as he brought
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involving members of Pérez's intimate circle, such as his mistress Cecilia Matos, or financiers and businessmen who donated to his election campaign, known as the "
3744:
633:, the 11th of 12 children in a middle-class family. His father, Antonio Pérez Lemus, was a Colombian-born coffee planter and pharmacist of Spanish Peninsular and
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959:
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878:". A well-publicized rift with his former mentor Betancourt and disgruntled members of AD all pointed to the fading of Pérez's political standing. By the
518:
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By late 1991, Carlos Andrés Pérez' administration received a total of US$ 2.287 billion due to privatization reforms. The most notable auction was
584:
2593:
Kada, Naoko (2003), "Impeachment as a punishment for corruption? The cases of Brazil and Venezuela", in Jody C. Baumgartner, Naoko Kada (eds, 2003),
1063:, led to the protests and rioting quickly spreading to the capital and other towns across the country. The response resulted in the declaration of a
716:, who had succeeded the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez in 1935. He also co-operated with the first labour unions in his region. When he moved to
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739:, and became Cabinet Secretary in 1946. However, in 1948, when the military staged a coup against the democratically elected government of
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602:(roughly 2.7 million US dollars) belonging to a presidential discretionary fund, whose money was used to support the electoral process in
64:
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31:
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Among the policies there was the reduction of fuel subsidies and the increase of public transportation fares by thirty percent (VEB 16
817:
led to an economic bonanza for the country just as Pérez started his term. Using high oil prices, Pérez bolstered his support, buying
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86:
687:, where he graduated in 1944 with a major in Philosophy and Letters. In 1944, he enrolled for three years in the Law School of the
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1103:'s, a telecommunications company, which was sold at the price of US$ 1.885 billion to the consortium composed of American
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The Rise and Fall of Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez: An Historical Examination, Volume 2: The Later Years 1973–2004
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The Rise and Fall of Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez: An Historical Examination, Volume 1: The Early Years 1936-1973
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1221:. On 23 October 2003, at 80 years old, he suffered a stroke that left him partially disabled. While in Miami, following the
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721:
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López Maya, Margarita (February 2003). "The Venezuelan "Caracazo" of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness".
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López Maya, Margarita (February 2003). "The Venezuelan "Caracazo" of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness".
1955:
1256:, Henry Ramos Allup, announced that Pérez wanted to return to Venezuela from exile, to spend his last years in Caracas.
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The combination of falling coffee prices, business disputes, and harassment orchestrated by henchmen allied to dictator
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In October 1945, a group of civilians and young army officers plotted the overthrow of the government run by General
724:(AD) party, in which he would play an important role during the 20th century, first as a close ally to party founder
57:
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3056:"ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas"
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1169:, and during the process it was revealed that the money was used to support and hire bodyguards for President
3646:
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Pérez aseguró que «en estos momentos no hay algún complot contra Chávez, pero hay que sacarlo por la fuerza».
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saw a continuation of the economic crisis of the 1980s, a series of social crises, widespread riots known as
575:
due to its economic and social prosperity thanks to enormous income from petroleum exportation. However, his
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Velasco, Alejandro (24 July 2015). "7. Killing Democracy's Promise: A Massacre of People and Expectations".
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of 1973, contributed to the implementation of this vision. Drastic increases in petroleum prices during the
255:
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Margarita López Maya, 2003. "The Venezuelan Caracazo of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness",
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rights group further reported that poor citizens, including minors, were often victims of police raids and
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Romero, Anibal (1997). "Rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic: The agony of democracy in Venezuela".
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1326:(CAP Unedited), featuring including previously unpublished material and from a private point of view.
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of the 1961 constitution, the National Congress removed Pérez from office permanently on 31 August.
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942:. He was elected Chairman of the Harvard University Conference on Foreign Debt in Latin America, in
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dictatorships and played a crucial role in the finalizing of the agreement for the transfer of the
814:
766:, Pérez returned to Venezuela and participated in the reorganization of the AD Party. He served as
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2705:"El ex presidente venezolano Carlos Andrés Pérez, hospitalizado por un accidente cardiovascular"
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McCoy, Jennifer L; Smith, William C. (Summer 1995). "Democratic disequilibrium in Venezuela".
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2014:
552:, the dominant political party in Venezuela during the second half of the twentieth century.
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and Luis A. Caraballo Vivas. "Administrative Corruption: The Case of Carlos Andres Perez."
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between 1959 to 1964, when he became known for his tough response against guerrillas. His
328:
1198:(Apertura), thus gaining immunity from prosecutions. However, as the newly approved 1999
926:, where he served as vice-president for three consecutive terms, under the presidency of
720:, in 1939, he started an ascendant political career as a youth leader and founder of the
544:(due to his Andean origins), was a Venezuelan politician who served as the 47th and 50th
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Strønen, Iselin Åsedotter (2017), "Understanding the Bolivarian Revolution from Below",
890:, famously stated in his inaugural speech that he was "inheriting a mortgaged country."
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with the condition of the application of austerity measures. Carlos Andrés announced a
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866:, who was living in exile, back to Spain in a private flight and thus strengthened the
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The Political Economy of Anti-Politics and Social Polarization in Venezuela, 1998-2004
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James D. Henderson, Helen Delpar, Maurice Philip Brungardt, Richard N. Weldon (2000),
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in the organization of the South-South Commission. He actively participated in the
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17:
1122:. The first attempt took place 4 February 1992, and was led by Lieutenant-Colonel
1008:
cabinet and a group of economic policies to fix macroeconomic imbalances known as
735:. At the age of 23, Pérez was appointed Private Secretary to the Junta President,
1186:
Pérez' trial concluded in May 1996, and he was sentenced to 28 months in prison.
3960:
2723:
2227:"Neoliberalism, the erosion of consensus and the rise of a new popular movement"
1005:
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639:
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Checking executive power: presidential impeachment in comparative perspective
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from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1989 to 1993. He was one of the founders of
1982:
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1001:
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666:
657:. As he grew older, Pérez also became politically aware and managed to read
603:
1317:, focuses on the two non-consecutive presidential tenures of Andrés Pérez.
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from West Germany. Willy Brandt and Carlos Andrés Pérez, together with the
591:
he became the first Venezuelan president to be forced out of office by the
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Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela
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946:, and received the Henry and Nancy Bartels World Affairs Fellowship at
717:
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106:
3495:
2719:"Ex presidente y líder de oposición llaman a la rebelión en Venezuela"
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from American to Panamanian control. In 1975, with Mexican President
843:
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3106:"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan"
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Pérez was educated at the María Inmaculada School in Rubio, run by
2964:"Body Carlos Andres Perez, Former President, Returns To Venezuela"
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ordered the extradition of Pérez due to his implementation of the
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Torture in Venezuela during the Carlos Andrés Pérez administration
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2881:"Venezuelan ex-president Carlos Andres Perez dies - Politics AP"
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and kept in close contact with Betancourt and other AD leaders.
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CAP: entre la historia y la polémica - Lo afirmativo venezolano
1624:
es:Anexo:Cotización histórica del bolívar con respecto al dólar
1107:
International, General Telephone Electronic and the Venezuelan
2839:"Ex presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez desea regresar a Venezuela"
1157:. The issue had originally been brought to public scrutiny in
36:
2375:"The Impact of Neoliberal Adjustment in Venezuela, 1989-1993"
2015:"The Impact of Neoliberal Adjustment in Venezuela, 1989-1993"
3239:; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018). "La democracia pierde energía".
2088:
2086:
1153:
bolivars belonging to a presidential discretionary fund, or
2215:, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, accessed 1 May 2007
669:
without the knowledge of his deeply conservative parents.
2336:"Chávez's Bolivarian Republic Viewed With a Quality Lens"
2096:, Vol.35, No.1 (2003), pp 120-121 (See #Further reading).
1743:"Chávez's Bolivarian Republic Viewed With a Quality Lens"
1165:. The money was used to support the electoral process in
27:
President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and 1989 to 1993
2908:. The Associated Press. 27 December 2010. Archived from
1149:
introduced action against Pérez for the embezzlement of
2946:"Row over Venezuela ex-leader Perez's burial rekindled"
2426:"Hugo Chavez fails to overthrow Venezuela's government"
1048:. a lack of timely intervention by authorities, as the
774:
After the end of the Betancourt administration and the
3003:"Documental sobre Carlos Andrés Pérez llega a YouTube"
2783:"Extradition of Former Venezuelan President Requested"
1072:, which resulted with authorities killing protesters.
625:, on the Venezuelan-Colombian border near the town of
1987:"A beacon of hope for the rebirth of Bolívar's dream"
1654:"Prospects for Democratic Governability in Venezuela"
2482:"Del plan Ávila al plan Zamora, por Beltrán Vallejo"
2231:
Venezuela: The Revolution Unfolding in Latin America
4003:
3885:
3846:
3829:
3809:
3788:
3762:
3755:
3686:
3543:
2924:"Feud over former Venezuelan president's body ends"
2664:. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Alfa. p. 109.
2611:. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Alfa. p. 361.
968:President Carlos Andrés Pérez next to US President
707:
Carlos Andrés Pérez during his first term in office
642:, a civil war that ravaged Venezuela in the 1860s.
534:(27 October 1922 – 25 December 2010) also known as
513:
497:
489:
481:
471:
461:
440:
409:
404:
392:
373:
352:
334:
322:
310:
300:
282:
272:
254:
225:
213:
201:
176:
164:
145:
122:
3335:Carlos Andrés Pérez biography at venezuelatuya.com
2906:"Chavez bids critical farewell to adversary Perez"
1703:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
1662:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
1577:List of governors of Federal District of Venezuela
4413:Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in
3340:Pérez first period review at venezuelavirtual.com
1096:, being subsequently tortured on many occasions.
728:and then as a political leader in his own right.
3630:United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty
1917:Grassroots Politics and Oil Culture in Venezuela
1779:Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies,
1217:, from where he became an opponent of President
914:at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, 1989
2858:"Falleció el ex presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez"
2693:Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez' biography, CIDOB
2062:
1805:
1196:Movimiento de Apertura y Participación Nacional
113: and the second or maternal family name is
4514:Venezuelan politicians convicted of corruption
2373:Lander, Edgardo; Fierro, Luis A. (July 1996).
2206:El Caracazo Case, Judgment of 11 November 1999
2013:Lander, Edgardo; Fierro, Luis A. (July 1996).
1602:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 150.
743:, Pérez was forced to go into exile (going to
559:and returning from exile, Pérez served as the
336:Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Venezuela
4519:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
4504:Members of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies
3976:
3511:
3182:"Идеје Симона Боливара имају трајну вредност"
2812:"Corrupción y faldas en la cúpula venezolana"
2058:
2056:
1862:
1860:
1244:At the age of 26 he married his first cousin
256:Vice President of the Socialist International
8:
3206:. "Memorias Proscritas". Caracas: Editorial
2560:
2558:
2258:Almeida, Paul; Pérez Martín, Amalia (2022).
2073:
2071:
1801:
1799:
1194:, on the ticket of his newly founded party,
985:
3241:Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro
3031:"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana"
1637:A reference guide to Latin American history
1320:Oteyza later released another documentary,
683:In Caracas, Pérez enrolled in the renowned
3983:
3969:
3961:
3759:
3518:
3504:
3496:
3344:
3300:Volume 37 Number 6 (December 1994): 75–97.
2747:"EU rechaza patrocine golpe contra Chávez"
1572:List of ministers of interior of Venezuela
1389:Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
388:5 January 1947 – 24 November 1948
268:30 January 1976 – 30 January 1992
130:
119:
4499:Democratic Action (Venezuela) politicians
2340:Journal of Management Policy and Practice
1747:Journal of Management Policy and Practice
1272:On 25 December 2010, Pérez was rushed to
1268:Funeral of Carlos Andrés Pérez in Caracas
369:5 January 1958 – 2 February 1960
284:Minister of Interior Affairs of Venezuela
239:12 February 1999 – 28 March 2000
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
4489:Impeached presidents removed from office
2810:Vinogradoff, Ludmila (26 October 1992).
2707:(in Spanish). El Mundo. 26 October 2003.
2685:
2683:
2681:
2635:(2018). "La democracia pierde energía".
2517:"Venezuela: The Eclipse of Human Rights"
1263:
960:Second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez
800:and Carlos Andrés Pérez in Caracas, 1978
348:5 January 1964 – 5 January 1968
250:11 March 1979 – 2 February 1994
50:This article includes a list of general
2589:
2587:
2585:
1945:
1943:
1596:Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2011).
1588:
902:Helmut Haussmann, Carlos Andrés Pérez,
788:First presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez
296:12 March 1962 – 12 August 1963
4474:Central University of Venezuela alumni
2576:
2564:
2446:
2411:
2260:Collective Resistance to Neoliberalism
2077:
1845:from the original on 29 September 2021
1818:
1816:
1814:
1361:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1359:Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the
984:in his legacy of abundance during his
691:and one year in the Law School of the
197:11 March 1974 – 11 March 1979
160:2 February 1989 – 21 May 1993
3625:Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty
3322:Carlos Andrés Pérez funeral on Flickr
3081:"BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1978-23372"
2900:
2898:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2480:TalCual, Opinión (15 November 2021).
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1228:In 2009, Venezuelan attorney general
7:
4524:Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela
4484:Venezuelan people of Spanish descent
1737:
1735:
1733:
1647:
1645:
762:In 1958, after the fall of dictator
618:Carlos Andrés Pérez was born at the
3570:Petróleos de Venezuela subsidiaries
3553:Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho
3243:(1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas.
2982:"Ganadores del premio Algo de Cine"
1823:Fastenberg, Dan (10 January 2011).
1138:On 20 March 1993, Attorney General
997:(IMF) offered Venezuela a loan for
595:on charges for the embezzlement of
4494:Ministers of interior of Venezuela
4479:Free University of Colombia alumni
4422:as "interim president" during the
3647:Killing of Jorge Antonio Rodríguez
3482:2 February 1989–21 May 1993
3455:12 March 1974–12 March 1979
2158:DiJohn, Jonathan (December 2005).
1785:Past Bartels World Affairs Fellows
606:and hire bodyguards for President
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2856:El Universal (25 December 2010).
2639:. Gráficas Pedraza. p. 142.
2424:Branford, Sue (5 February 1992).
2293:Journal of Latin American Studies
2278:Caracazo anti-neoliberal uprising
2109:Journal of Latin American Studies
2094:Journal of Latin American Studies
1921:Springer International Publishing
1652:Coppedge, Michael (Summer 1994).
1118:In 1992, his government survived
993:by liberalizing the economy. The
4402:
3944:
3943:
3677:
3669:1978 Venezuelan general election
3659:Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra
2237:: Resistance Books. p. 10.
1963:from the original on 17 May 2022
1935:the el Caracazo massacre in 1989
1599:Britannica Book of the Year 2011
1551:
1537:
1523:
1509:
1495:Order of the Yugoslav Great Star
1489:
1477:
1463:
1450:
1435:
1425:
1410:
1397:
1382:
1369:
1354:
1341:
1044:, a town near Caracas, known as
982:1988 Venezuelan general election
976:during his second term in office
768:Minister of Interior and Justice
517:
41:
1567:List of presidents of Venezuela
1442:Order of the Crown of the Realm
886:. The newly elected president,
868:Spanish Socialist Workers Party
689:Central University of Venezuela
504:Central University of Venezuela
4424:Venezuelan presidential crisis
3170:(41): 1272. 17 September 1976.
2459:Nelson, Brian A. (Fall 2007).
2180:Latin American Research Review
1884:University of California Press
1213:After that, he self-exiled in
980:He based his campaign for the
860:Latin American Economic System
1:
4509:Exiled Venezuelan politicians
3635:Kidnapping of William Niehous
3538:(1974–1979) & (1989-1993)
2660:Rivero, Mirtha (2010). "10".
2607:Rivero, Mirtha (2010). "25".
1306:CAP 2 Attempts), directed by
532:Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez
414:Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez
4459:People from Rubio, Venezuela
3869:La rebelión de los náufragos
3219:La rebelión de los náufragos
3011:(in Spanish). 3 October 2023
2841:(in Spanish). Archived from
2837:Union Radio (1 April 2008).
2662:La Rebelión de los Náufragos
2609:La Rebelión de los Náufragos
2597:, Greenwood Publishing Group
2235:Chippendale, New South Wales
1956:Council on Foreign Relations
105:, the first or paternal
4529:Rómulo Betancourt ministers
3817:1998 parliamentary election
2540:"Human Rights in Venezuela"
2379:Latin American Perspectives
2346:(3): 2–3. 21 October 2021.
2063:Márquez & Sanabria 2018
2019:Latin American Perspectives
1806:Márquez & Sanabria 2018
1050:Caracas Metropolitan Police
1025:), called by detractors as
995:International Monetary Fund
693:Free University of Colombia
555:After the fall of dictator
508:Free University of Colombia
4545:
3876:Paper Tigers and Minotaurs
3723:November 1992 coup attempt
3718:February 1992 coup attempt
2391:10.1177/0094582X9602300304
2302:Cambridge University Press
2264:Cambridge University Press
2164:London School of Economics
2118:Cambridge University Press
2031:10.1177/0094582X9602300304
1671:Cambridge University Press
1440:Honorary Recipient of the
957:
785:
435:United States of Venezuela
100:
29:
4411:
4400:
3906:
3675:
3533:
3484:
3475:
3467:
3457:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3391:
3382:
3371:
3361:
3352:
3347:
3060:www.ordens.presidencia.pt
2727:(in Spanish). 12 May 2004
2466:Virginia Quarterly Review
2310:10.1017/S0022216X02006673
2193:10.1017/S002387910003764X
2126:10.1017/S0022216X02006673
1206:and created a unicameral
1200:Constitution of Venezuela
1084:human rights in Venezuela
1030:
1022:
986:first presidential period
936:José Francisco Peña Gómez
585:two coup attempts in 1992
561:Interior Affairs Minister
538:and often referred to as
525:
400:
381:
362:
341:
289:
261:
243:
232:
190:
153:
141:
129:
4454:Venezuelan life senators
3426:National Congress Deputy
3348:Party political offices
2352:10.33423/jmpp.v22i3.4679
1951:"Venezuela's Chavez Era"
1759:10.33423/jmpp.v22i3.4679
796:United States President
614:Early life and education
4449:Presidents of Venezuela
3396:presidential candidate
3366:presidential candidate
2637:Historieta de Venezuela
2225:Joquera, Jorge (2003).
1468:Honorary Member of the
1109:Electricidad de Caracas
924:Socialist International
858:, he founded SELA, the
827:corruption in Venezuela
714:Eleazar López Contreras
71:more precise citations.
3992:President of Venezuela
3919:Luis Herrera Campins →
3536:President of Venezuela
3478:President of Venezuela
3451:President of Venezuela
3221:(9th ed.). Alfa.
1753:(3). 21 October 2021.
1269:
1173:. On 21 May 1993, the
1027:El Paquetazo Económico
977:
915:
912:David Campbell Mulford
884:Social Christian Party
801:
733:Isaías Medina Angarita
708:
546:president of Venezuela
148:President of Venezuela
3801:1988 general election
3796:1973 general election
3780:1963 general election
3775:1958 general election
3770:1947 general election
3298:Current World Leaders
3202:Hernández, Ramón and
2525:Amnesty International
2211:June 4, 2016, at the
1892:10.1525/9780520959187
1825:"Carlos Andrés Pérez"
1296:The documentary film
1267:
1076:Amnesty International
967:
901:
795:
706:
3664:Sierra Nevada affair
3461:Luis Herrera Campíns
2912:on 30 December 2010.
1790:17 June 2011 at the
1417:Order of Charles III
1387:Grand Collar of the
1223:Daktari Ranch affair
1038:Venezuelan bolívares
1031:The Economic Package
888:Luis Herrera Campíns
764:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
557:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
220:Luis Herrera Campíns
30:For other uses, see
4444:Carlos Andrés Pérez
3763:Chamber of Deputies
3565:Oil nationalization
3527:Carlos Andrés Pérez
3188:: 1. 19 March 1976.
3008:Diario las Américas
2791:. 30 September 2009
1985:(9 November 2006).
1639:, M.E. Sharpe. p516
1163:José Vicente Rangel
1140:Ramón Escovar Salom
1094:arbitrary detention
815:1970s energy crisis
124:Carlos Andrés Pérez
18:Carlos Andres Perez
4418:Recognized by the
3413:Political offices
3375:Luis Piñerúa Ordaz
3314:Biography by CIDOB
3294:Tarver, H. Micheal
3288:Edwin Mellen Press
3284:Lewiston, New York
3276:Tarver, H. Micheal
3270:Edwin Mellen Press
3266:Lewiston, New York
3258:Tarver, H. Micheal
3164:Službeni list SFRJ
3132:"Order of Jamaica"
2926:. Associated Press
2788:Americas Quarterly
2567:, pp. 180–181
2548:Human Rights Watch
2461:"One Crowded Hour"
1923:, pp. 57–83,
1781:Cornell University
1419:(6 September 1978)
1363:(17 November 1976)
1292:In popular culture
1270:
1254:Acción Democrática
1080:Human Rights Watch
1065:state of emergency
978:
972:during a visit to
948:Cornell University
932:Dominican Republic
916:
802:
709:
685:Liceo Andrés Bello
674:Juan Vicente Gómez
550:Acción Democrática
466:Acción Democrática
317:Luis Augusto Dubuc
146:47th and 50th
4431:
4430:
4420:National Assembly
3958:
3957:
3825:
3824:
3756:Electoral history
3688:Second presidency
3494:
3493:
3485:Succeeded by
3458:Succeeded by
3433:Succeeded by
3402:Succeeded by
3372:Succeeded by
3250:978-1-7328777-1-9
3237:Márquez, Laureano
3228:978-980-354-295-5
2970:. 5 October 2011.
2952:. 4 January 2011.
2883:. MiamiHerald.com
2879:Salomon, Gisela.
2671:978-980-354-295-5
2633:Márquez, Laureano
2618:978-980-354-295-5
2166:. pp. 14–15.
1930:978-3-319-59506-1
1901:978-0-520-95918-7
1609:978-1-61535-500-6
1230:Luisa Ortega Díaz
1208:National Assembly
1120:two coup attempts
970:George H. W. Bush
954:Second presidency
737:Rómulo Betancourt
726:Rómulo Betancourt
722:Democratic Action
577:second presidency
571:was known as the
565:Rómulo Betancourt
529:
528:
305:Rómulo Betancourt
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
4536:
4406:
4291:Suárez Flamerich
4285:Delgado Chalbaud
3985:
3978:
3971:
3962:
3947:
3946:
3935:Rafael Caldera →
3928:← Jaime Lusinchi
3912:← Rafael Caldera
3837:Blanca Rodríguez
3760:
3748:
3736:
3728:Operation Orchid
3709:
3681:
3655:
3643:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3561:
3545:First presidency
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3468:Preceded by
3441:Preceded by
3418:Preceded by
3383:Preceded by
3353:Preceded by
3345:
3328:
3320:
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3178:
3172:
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3161:
3153:
3147:
3146:
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3142:
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3119:
3117:
3108:. Archived from
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
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3071:
3070:
3068:
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3052:
3046:
3045:
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3035:www.quirinale.it
3027:
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2845:on 5 April 2008.
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1246:Blanca Rodríguez
1171:Violeta Chamorro
1160:
1152:
1148:
1058:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1000:
945:
908:Michel Camdessus
848:Augusto Pinochet
837:
782:First presidency
647:Dominican friars
608:Violeta Chamorro
598:
590:
569:first presidency
521:
482:Domestic partner
476:Blanca Rodríguez
447:
444:25 December 2010
423:
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405:Personal details
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367:
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3112:on 19 July 2019
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1886:. p. 194.
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864:Felipe González
856:Luis Echeverría
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829:as a system of
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741:Rómulo Gallegos
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655:Alexandre Dumas
635:Canary Islander
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1202:dissolved the
1183:
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1023:The Great Turn
1011:El Gran Viraje
958:Main article:
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944:September 1989
920:Julius Nyerere
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880:1978 elections
831:patrimonialism
811:Yom Kippur War
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2753:. 11 May 2004
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2079:
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3789:Presidential
3696:Inauguration
3526:
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3392:
3362:
3327:(in Spanish)
3319:(in Spanish)
3311:(in Spanish)
3297:
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3197:Bibliography
3185:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3157:"Одликувања"
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:
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3013:. Retrieved
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2985:. Retrieved
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2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2918:
2910:the original
2885:. Retrieved
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2860:(in Spanish)
2851:
2843:the original
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2818:(in Spanish)
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2793:. Retrieved
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2729:. Retrieved
2722:
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2690:(in Spanish)
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2492:. Retrieved
2490:(in Spanish)
2485:
2475:
2464:
2454:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2419:
2407:
2385:(3): 50–73.
2382:
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2101:
2093:
2025:(3): 50–73.
2022:
2018:
1991:The Guardian
1990:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1954:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1878:
1871:
1847:. Retrieved
1828:
1775:
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1074:
1061:labor strike
1035:
1026:
1009:
1006:technocratic
979:
940:Jimmy Carter
928:Willy Brandt
917:
872:
852:Panama Canal
842:opposed the
840:
836:$ 53 billion
807:
803:
798:Jimmy Carter
773:
761:
757:La República
756:
730:
710:
684:
682:
671:
644:
623:La Argentina
622:
617:
572:
554:
539:
535:
531:
530:
446:(2010-12-25)
393:Constituency
383:
374:Constituency
364:
353:Constituency
343:
324:Succeeded by
291:
277:Willy Brandt
263:
245:
234:
215:Succeeded by
192:
178:Succeeded by
155:
114:
110:
103:Spanish name
98:
83:
74:
55:
32:Andrés Pérez
4469:2010 deaths
4464:1922 births
4237:Gil Fortoul
3862:CAP Inédito
3743: [
3740:Impeachment
3731: [
3704: [
3650: [
3638: [
3614: [
3602: [
3590: [
3578: [
3556: [
3399:1988 (won)
3369:1973 (won)
3208:El Nacional
3015:28 December
2930:30 December
2887:26 December
2864:25 December
2795:15 November
2757:28 December
2751:Hoy Digital
2731:28 December
2724:El Universo
2577:Rivero 2011
2565:Rivero 2011
2494:15 November
2447:Rivero 2011
2412:Rivero 2011
2304:: 117–137.
2187:(1): 7–36.
2120:: 117–137.
2078:Rivero 2011
1323:CAP Inédito
1311: [
1219:Hugo Chávez
1151:250 million
1143: [
1134:Impeachment
1124:Hugo Chávez
1053: [
1046:El Caracazo
1014: [
999:4.5 billion
651:Jules Verne
640:Federal War
597:250 million
312:Preceded by
203:Preceded by
166:Preceded by
69:introducing
4438:Categories
4426:until 2023
4316:Betancourt
4303:Larrazábal
4275:Betancourt
4004:Since 1830
3430:1964–1973
3141:27 October
3136:jis.gov.jm
3090:27 October
3085:www.boe.es
3065:27 October
3040:27 October
2432:7 February
1983:Ali, Tariq
1710:(2): 113.
1583:References
1485:Yugoslavia
1432:Malaysia:
1234:Plan Ávila
1070:Plan Ávila
1029:(English:
1021:(English:
1002:US dollars
974:Washington
753:Costa Rica
499:Alma mater
420:1922-10-27
52:references
4359:Velásquez
4226:C. Castro
4093:J. Castro
4066:Soublette
4055:Soublette
2399:0094-582X
2360:1913-8067
2318:145292996
2134:145292996
2047:143947955
2039:0094-582X
1993:. London.
1839:0040-781X
1767:1913-8067
1673:: 39–64.
1167:Nicaragua
1128:por ahora
1059:was on a
819:patronage
604:Nicaragua
514:Signature
384:In office
365:In office
344:In office
301:President
292:In office
273:President
264:In office
246:In office
235:In office
193:In office
156:In office
115:Rodríguez
4346:C. Pérez
4341:Lusinchi
4331:C. Pérez
4310:Sanabria
4280:Gallegos
4255:J. Pérez
4203:Villegas
4186:H. López
4147:Villegas
4135:Villegas
4041:Narvarte
4017:Narvarte
3949:Category
3713:Caracazo
3587:Deltaven
3575:Corpoven
3217:(2011).
2987:3 August
2950:BBC News
2487:Tal Cual
2209:Archived
1961:Archived
1919:, Cham:
1843:Archived
1788:Archived
1503:See also
1377:Portugal
1304:English:
1105:AT&T
1042:Guarenas
663:Rousseau
659:Voltaire
620:hacienda
600:bolívars
589:May 1993
581:Caracazo
541:El Gocho
490:Children
186:(acting)
101:In this
4415:italics
4376:Cabello
4365:Caldera
4336:Herrera
4326:Caldera
4244:Márquez
4221:Andrade
4197:Andueza
4158:Linares
4128:Bruzual
4048:Carreño
4029:Carreño
3886:Related
3611:Maraven
3599:Lagoven
3290:, 2005.
3272:, 2001.
3116:15 June
2816:El País
2767:Bogotá.
2528:. 1993.
2323:cities.
2139:cities.
1967:9 April
1849:9 April
1458:Jamaica
1192:Táchira
834:almost
718:Caracas
678:Caracas
455:Florida
431:Táchira
396:Táchira
377:Táchira
357:Táchira
107:surname
65:improve
4393:Guaidó
4387:Maduro
4382:Chávez
4370:Chávez
4352:Lepage
4270:Medina
4216:Crespo
4180:Guzmán
4175:Crespo
4170:Guzmán
4164:Valera
4153:Guzmán
4122:Falcón
4035:Vargas
4023:Vargas
3839:(wife)
3830:Family
3810:Senate
3407:(1993)
3388:(1983)
3377:(1978)
3358:(1968)
3247:
3225:
3210:, 2006
2668:
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2615:
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1927:
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1724:166273
1722:
1687:166173
1685:
1606:
1482:
1455:
1444:(1990)
1430:
1402:
1374:
1346:
1330:Honour
1286:Bogotá
1204:Senate
844:Somoza
749:Panama
665:, and
472:Spouse
457:, U.S.
54:, but
4321:Leoni
4260:Gómez
4250:Gómez
4231:Gómez
4192:Rojas
4105:Tovar
3847:Image
3747:]
3735:]
3708:]
3654:]
3642:]
3618:]
3606:]
3594:]
3582:]
3560:]
3186:Borba
3168:XXXII
3160:(PDF)
2822:7 May
2543:(PDF)
2520:(PDF)
2314:S2CID
2300:(1).
2130:S2CID
2116:(1).
2043:S2CID
1720:JSTOR
1683:JSTOR
1669:(2).
1657:(PDF)
1405:Spain
1349:Italy
1315:]
1278:Miami
1260:Death
1147:]
1101:CANTV
1057:]
1018:]
823:PDVSA
627:Rubio
587:. In
451:Miami
427:Rubio
111:Pérez
4117:Páez
4111:Gual
4099:Gual
4087:Gual
4061:Páez
4011:Páez
3996:list
3245:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3143:2019
3118:2016
3092:2019
3067:2019
3042:2019
3017:2023
2989:2021
2932:2010
2889:2010
2866:2010
2824:2018
2797:2023
2759:2023
2733:2023
2666:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2496:2023
2434:2016
2395:ISSN
2356:ISSN
2268:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2035:ISSN
1969:2021
1925:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1851:2021
1835:ISSN
1830:Time
1763:ISSN
1604:ISBN
1111:and
1078:and
910:and
846:and
751:and
745:Cuba
667:Marx
653:and
583:and
563:for
441:Died
410:Born
2387:doi
2348:doi
2306:doi
2189:doi
2122:doi
2027:doi
1888:doi
1755:doi
1712:doi
1675:doi
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536:CAP
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