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sterile organisms, viruses and viroids. 'Modern biotechnology' is defined in the
Protocol to mean the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques, or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection. 'Living modified organism (LMO) Products' are defined as processed material that are of living modified organism origin, containing detectable novel combinations of replicable genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology. Common LMOs include agricultural crops that have been genetically modified for greater productivity or for resistance to pests or diseases. Examples of modified crops include tomatoes, cassava, corn, cotton and soybeans. 'Living modified organism intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing (LMO-FFP)' are agricultural commodities from GM crops. Overall the term 'living modified organisms' is equivalent to
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notification by the Party of import, the decision procedure, and opportunity for review of decisions. The purpose of this procedure is to ensure that importing countries have both the opportunity and the capacity to assess risks that may be associated with the LMO before agreeing to its import. The Party of import must indicate the reasons on which its decisions are based (unless consent is unconditional). A Party of import may, at any time, in light of new scientific information, review and change a decision. A Party of export or a notifier may also request the Party of import to review its decisions.
850:(BCH), in order to facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical, environmental and legal information on, and experience with, living modified organisms; and to assist Parties to implement the Protocol (Article 20 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000). It was established in a phased manner, and the first meeting of the Parties approved the transition from the pilot phase to the fully operational phase, and adopted modalities for its operations (Decision BS-I/3, SCBD 2004).
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596:, the objective of the Protocol is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of 'living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology' that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements (Article 1 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000).
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Conference of the
Parties at its first extraordinary meeting, which was convened for the express purpose of adopting a protocol on biosafety to the CBD. After a few delays, the Cartagena Protocol was eventually adopted on 29 January 2000 The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.
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625:, Principle 15 states that "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent
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identification by setting out what information must be provided in documentation that should accompany transboundary shipments of LMOs. It also leaves room for possible future development of standards for handling, packaging, transport and identification of LMOs by the meeting of the
Parties to the Protocol.
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To facilitate its implementation, the
Protocol establishes a Biosafety Clearing-House for Parties to exchange information, and contains a number of important provisions, including capacity-building, a financial mechanism, compliance procedures, and requirements for public awareness and participation.
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The
Protocol promotes biosafety by establishing rules and procedures for the safe transfer, handling, and use of LMOs, with specific focus on transboundary movements of LMOs. It features a set of procedures including one for LMOs that are to be intentionally introduced into the environment called the
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specifying, among other things, identity of LMOs and contact point for further information. These procedures and requirements are designed to provide importing
Parties with the necessary information needed for making informed decisions about whether or not to accept LMO imports and for handling them
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The
Protocol addresses the obligations of Parties in relation to the transboundary movements of LMOs to and from non-Parties to the Protocol. The transboundary movements between Parties and non-Parties must be carried out in a manner that is consistent with the objective of the Protocol. Parties are
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Each Party is required to take measures ensuring that LMOs subject to intentional transboundary movement are accompanied by documentation identifying the LMOs and providing contact details of persons responsible for such movement. The details of these requirements vary according to the intended use
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The governing body of the
Protocol is called the Conference of the Parties to the Convention serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol (also the COP-MOP). The main function of this body is to review the implementation of the Protocol and make decisions necessary to promote its effective
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The "Advance
Informed Agreement" (AIA) procedure applies to the first intentional transboundary movement of LMOs for intentional introduction into the environment of the Party of import. It includes four components: notification by the Party of export or the exporter, acknowledgment of receipt of
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Article 10.6 and 11.8, which states "Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects of an LMO on biodiversity, taking into account risks to human health, shall not prevent a Party of import from
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LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed, or processing (LMOs-FFP) represent a large category of agricultural commodities. The
Protocol, instead of using the AIA procedure, establishes a more simplified procedure for the transboundary movement of LMOs-FFP. Under this procedure, A Party must
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The protocol defines a 'living modified organism' as any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology, and 'living organism' means any biological entity capable of transferring or replicating genetic material, including
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The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000, after a CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety had met six times between July 1996 and February 1999. The Working Group submitted a draft text of the Protocol, for consideration by
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The required number of 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by countries was reached in May 2003. In accordance with the provisions of its Article 37, the Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003. As of July 2020, the Protocol had 173 parties, which includes 170
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The Protocol applies to the transboundary movement, transit, handling and use of all living modified organisms that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health (Article 4 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000).
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The Protocol provides for practical requirements that are deemed to contribute to the safe movement of LMOs. Parties are required to take measures for the safe handling, packaging and transportation of LMOs that are subject to transboundary movement. The Protocol specifies requirements on
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While the Protocol's AIA procedure does not apply to certain categories of LMOs, Parties have the right to regulate the importation on the basis of domestic legislation. There are also allowances in the Protocol to declare certain LMOs exempt from application of the AIA procedure.
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The Party of import makes its decisions in accordance with scientifically sound risk assessments. The Protocol sets out principles and methodologies on how to conduct a risk assessment. In case of insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge, the Party of import
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The first meeting of the Parties adopted decisions outlining identification requirements for different categories of LMOs (Decision BS-I/6, SCBD 2004). However, the second meeting of the Parties failed to reach agreement on the detailed requirements to identify
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operation. Decisions under the Protocol can only be taken by Parties to the Protocol. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Protocol may only participate as observers in the proceedings of meetings of the COP-MOP.
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Global Biosafety – From concepts to action: Decisions adopted by the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on
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Annex III on risk assessment, which notes that "Lack of scientific knowledge or scientific consensus should not necessarily be interpreted as indicating a particular level of risk, an absence of risk, or an acceptable
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in making their decisions on import. Parties may also take into account, consistent with their international obligations, socio-economic considerations in reaching decisions on import of LMOs.
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One of the outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (also known as the Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, was the adoption of the
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of the LMOs, and, in the case of LMOs for food, feed or for processing, they should be further addressed by the governing body of the Protocol. (Article 18 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000).
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Parties must also adopt measures for managing any risks identified by the risk assessment, and they must take necessary steps in the event of accidental release of LMOs.
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that its decisions on the first import of LMOs-FFP will be taken in accordance with risk assessment as set out in the Protocol and time frame for decision-making.
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Decisions by the Party of import on whether or not to accept the import of LMOs-FFP are taken under its domestic regulatory framework that is consistent with the
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taking a decision, as appropriate, with regard to the import of the LMO in question, in order to avoid or minimize such potential adverse effects."; and
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813:. A developing country Party or a Party with an economy in transition may, in the absence of a domestic regulatory framework, declare through the
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Article 1, indicating that the objective of the Protocol is "in accordance with the precautionary approach contained in Principle 15 of the
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The preamble, reaffirming "the precautionary approach contained in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on environment and Development";
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that the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered commodities such as corn or cotton.
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Emphasize that the Protocol is not interpreted as implying a change in the rights and obligations under any existing agreements; and
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under conditions of safety. Furthermore, the shipment of LMOs subject to transboundary movement must be accompanied by appropriate
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and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits. It will for example let countries ban imports of
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required to encourage non-Parties to adhere to the Protocol and to contribute information to the Biosafety Clearing-House.
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609:– the Protocol did not make any distinction between these terms and did not use the term 'genetically modified organism.'
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698:(TRIPs), contain provisions that are relevant to the Protocol. This Protocol states in its preamble that parties:
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806:, within 15 days, of its decision regarding domestic use of LMOs that may be subject to transboundary movement.
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Understand that the above recital is not intended to subordinate the Protocol to other international agreements.
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Elements of the precautionary approach are reflected in a number of the provisions of the Protocol, such as:
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Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material
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The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity: text and annexes
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However, the Protocol's AIA procedure does not apply to certain categories of LMOs:
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Map showing the state of the ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
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Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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Recognize that trade and environment agreements should be mutually supportive;
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2012:
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1403:
1398:
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LMOs that are intended to be used directly as food or feed or for processing
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1007:"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity"
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and will need to reconsider this issue at its third meeting in March 2006.
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
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1960:
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514:
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
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1932:
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524:(CBD) effective since 2003. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect
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Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
3113:
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2396:
2328:
2226:
2118:
1710:
890:
696:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
392:
3088:
2209:
2197:
2113:
1121:
956:
564:
1985:
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787:
LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed or for processing
29:
1106:
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2004)
1092:
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000)
1055:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the Cartagena Protocol"
1016:. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2000
1981:
836:
LMOs intended for direct use as food, feed or for processing
4010:
Treaties of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia
1061:. United Nations Environment Programme. 29 February 2012
61:
189:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
1132:
1245:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
3585:
Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia
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1031:
872:, another supplementary protocol adopted by the CBD
185:
175:
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159:
151:
136:
128:
120:
112:
107:
4045:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
821:Handling, transport, packaging and identification
797:LMOs intended for food or feed, or for processing
3535:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
50:, potentially preventing the article from being
641:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
619:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
594:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1997:
1176:
493:
8:
4040:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
732:
102:
4175:Treaties entered into by the European Union
1818:Detection of genetically modified organisms
749:
143:, Canada (originally scheduled for 1999 at
3480:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
2004:
1990:
1982:
1675:
1585:
1442:
1217:
1208:
1183:
1169:
1161:
500:
486:
194:
101:
70:reliable, independent, third-party sources
763:Procedures for moving LMOs across borders
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:2003 international agreement on biosafety
3470:Treaties of the Central African Republic
692:Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
64:by replacing them with more appropriate
3145:Pollutant release and transfer register
1133:Biosafety Clearing-House Central Portal
882:
449:Genetically modified food controversies
440:
407:
340:
305:
229:
206:
180:Secretary-General of the United Nations
47:too closely associated with the subject
3760:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3495:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
957:"The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety"
7:
4130:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3235:
2476:Electromagnetic radiation and health
955:Unit, Biosafety (13 November 2019).
3320:Treaties entered into force in 2003
3251:
3243:
2334:Radium and radon in the environment
1081:"WHO 20 Questions on biotechnology"
592:, contained in Principle 15 of the
4200:Convention on Biological Diversity
3905:Treaties of the State of Palestine
3555:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3425:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1848:Genetic use restriction technology
1059:Convention on Biological Diversity
986:Convention on Biological Diversity
961:The Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH)
930:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
528:from the potential risks posed by
522:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
4030:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3985:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
802:inform other Parties through the
737:handled, packaged and transported
682:A number of agreements under the
547:if they feel there is not enough
516:is an international agreement on
3805:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
3269:
3259:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3222:
3221:
932:. United Nations. Archived from
783:LMOs destined for contained use;
600:Living modified organisms (LMOs)
216:
45:may rely excessively on sources
34:
4100:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4005:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3350:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2048:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1866:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
331:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
103:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
4195:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
4190:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
4135:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3525:Treaties of the Czech Republic
810:
545:genetically modified organisms
530:genetically modified organisms
231:Genetically modified organisms
1:
3615:Treaties of Georgia (country)
2536:Electrical resistance heating
1628:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
835:
786:
728:
607:genetically modified organism
3915:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
2188:Persistent organic pollutant
1096:. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
557:United Nations member states
4085:Treaties of North Macedonia
3930:Treaties of the Philippines
3860:Treaties of the Netherlands
3198:Least polluted cities by PM
1122:Biosafety Protocol Homepage
1111:. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
846:The Protocol established a
4221:
3315:Treaties concluded in 2000
3140:Pollution haven hypothesis
3063:Brain health and pollution
2301:Ecological light pollution
2131:Internal combustion engine
768:Advance Informed Agreement
735:must ensure that LMOs are
725:advance informed agreement
416:Genetically modified crops
3650:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
3219:
2943:Nonpoint source pollution
2863:War and environmental law
2222:Volatile organic compound
2019:
1951:
1686:Genetically modified food
811:objective of the Protocol
740:
736:
694:(TBT Agreement), and the
678:Relationship with the WTO
627:environmental degradation
4115:Treaties of Turkmenistan
4015:Treaties of South Africa
3975:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
3790:Treaties of the Maldives
3445:Treaties of Burkina Faso
2402:Marine mammals and sonar
2313:Radio spectrum pollution
860:Biosafety Clearing-House
848:Biosafety Clearing-House
842:Biosafety Clearing-House
815:Biosafety Clearing-House
804:Biosafety Clearing-House
724:
690:(SPS Agreement) and the
684:World Trade Organization
4065:Treaties of Switzerland
4035:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3950:Treaties of South Korea
3865:Treaties of New Zealand
3570:Treaties of El Salvador
3530:Treaties of North Korea
3505:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3490:Treaties of the Comoros
3375:Treaties of the Bahamas
3330:Treaties of Afghanistan
3325:2003 in the environment
3310:United Nations treaties
3248:WikiProject Environment
3206:Most polluted countries
3150:Polluter pays principle
2881:Agricultural wastewater
865:Substantial equivalence
733:Parties to the Protocol
727:procedure, and one for
665:Parties and non-parties
623:precautionary principle
588:In accordance with the
541:precautionary principle
520:as a supplement to the
454:GMO conspiracy theories
326:Substantial equivalence
4075:Treaties of Tajikistan
3990:Treaties of Seychelles
3840:Treaties of Mozambique
3830:Treaties of Montenegro
3810:Treaties of Mauritania
3775:Treaties of Madagascar
3770:Treaties of Luxembourg
3730:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3715:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3610:Treaties of the Gambia
3500:Treaties of Costa Rica
3465:Treaties of Cape Verde
3385:Treaties of Bangladesh
3370:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3305:Environmental treaties
3266:Environment portal
2499:Agricultural pollution
613:Precautionary approach
590:precautionary approach
532:resulting from modern
306:History and regulation
4150:Treaties of Venezuela
4025:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3870:Treaties of Nicaragua
3815:Treaties of Mauritius
3765:Treaties of Lithuania
3675:Treaties of Indonesia
3640:Treaties of Guatemala
3355:Treaties of Argentina
2921:Industrial wastewater
2787:Clutter (advertising)
2695:Municipal solid waste
2541:Soil guideline values
2385:Sustainable transport
2278:Information pollution
2078:Open burning of waste
1299:Roundup ready soybean
4170:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4140:Treaties of Tanzania
4080:Treaties of Thailand
4055:Treaties of Eswatini
4050:Treaties of Suriname
4000:Treaties of Slovenia
3995:Treaties of Slovakia
3940:Treaties of Portugal
3920:Treaties of Paraguay
3895:Treaties of Pakistan
3825:Treaties of Mongolia
3785:Treaties of Malaysia
3725:Treaties of Kiribati
3660:Treaties of Honduras
3550:Treaties of Dominica
3545:Treaties of Djibouti
3485:Treaties of Colombia
3460:Treaties of Cameroon
3455:Treaties of Cambodia
3440:Treaties of Bulgaria
3430:Treaties of Botswana
3390:Treaties of Barbados
3193:Most polluted cities
2886:Biological pollution
2797:Overhead power lines
1838:Reverse transfection
1613:Genetic transduction
1138:Text of the Protocol
982:"About the Protocol"
718:Overview of features
526:biological diversity
469:StarLink corn recall
4155:Treaties of Vietnam
4145:Treaties of Uruguay
4125:Treaties of Ukraine
4105:Treaties of Tunisia
3980:Treaties of Senegal
3960:Treaties of Romania
3955:Treaties of Moldova
3880:Treaties of Nigeria
3850:Treaties of Namibia
3845:Treaties of Myanmar
3835:Treaties of Morocco
3755:Treaties of Liberia
3750:Treaties of Lesotho
3745:Treaties of Lebanon
3700:Treaties of Jamaica
3690:Treaties of Ireland
3665:Treaties of Hungary
3635:Treaties of Grenada
3620:Treaties of Germany
3595:Treaties of Finland
3580:Treaties of Estonia
3575:Treaties of Eritrea
3560:Treaties of Ecuador
3540:Treaties of Denmark
3510:Treaties of Croatia
3450:Treaties of Burundi
3420:Treaties of Bolivia
3400:Treaties of Belgium
3395:Treaties of Belarus
3380:Treaties of Bahrain
3365:Treaties of Austria
3360:Treaties of Armenia
3340:Treaties of Algeria
3335:Treaties of Albania
3256:WikiProject Ecology
2953:Ocean acidification
2858:Unexploded ordnance
2729:Post-consumer waste
2589:Foam food container
2567:Biodegradable waste
2141:Global distillation
1828:Genetics in fiction
1760:Genetic enhancement
1562:Hepatitis B vaccine
1192:Genetic engineering
686:(WTO), such as the
549:scientific evidence
209:Genetic engineering
145:Cartagena, Colombia
104:
4205:Treaties of Kuwait
4165:Treaties of Zambia
4120:Treaties of Uganda
4110:Treaties of Turkey
4060:Treaties of Sweden
3965:Treaties of Rwanda
3935:Treaties of Poland
3910:Treaties of Panama
3885:Treaties of Norway
3820:Treaties of Mexico
3780:Treaties of Malawi
3740:Treaties of Latvia
3710:Treaties of Jordan
3655:Treaties of Guyana
3645:Treaties of Guinea
3630:Treaties of Greece
3600:Treaties of France
3520:Treaties of Cyprus
3435:Treaties of Brazil
3415:Treaties of Bhutan
3405:Treaties of Belize
3345:Treaties of Angola
3276:Ecology portal
3160:Waste minimisation
3135:Industrial ecology
3130:Cleaner production
2948:Nutrient pollution
2825:Herbicidal warfare
2619:Construction waste
2255:Introduced species
2126:Indoor air quality
2053:Chlorofluorocarbon
1938:Stem cell research
1557:Ice-minus bacteria
750:may use precaution
744:in a safe manner.
561:State of Palestine
18:Cartagena Protocol
4160:Treaties of Yemen
4095:Treaties of Tonga
4070:Treaties of Syria
4020:Treaties of Spain
3970:Treaties of Samoa
3945:Treaties of Qatar
3900:Treaties of Palau
3875:Treaties of Niger
3855:Treaties of Nauru
3800:Treaties of Malta
3720:Treaties of Kenya
3705:Treaties of Japan
3695:Treaties of Italy
3670:Treaties of India
3625:Treaties of Ghana
3605:Treaties of Gabon
3565:Treaties of Egypt
3410:Treaties of Benin
3282:
3281:
3155:Pollution control
2835:Nuclear holocaust
2744:Thermal treatment
2712:Plastic pollution
2629:Mercury poisoning
2582:Battery recycling
2481:Radioactive waste
2250:Genetic pollution
2245:Biological hazard
2043:Air quality index
1979:
1978:
1943:Synthetic biology
1833:Human enhancement
1823:Genetic pollution
1799:
1798:
1667:
1666:
1575:
1574:
1538:
1537:
1432:
1431:
510:
509:
474:He Jiankui affair
354:Molecular cloning
193:
192:
155:11 September 2003
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
4212:
4180:Treaties of Niue
4090:Treaties of Togo
3925:Treaties of Peru
3890:Treaties of Oman
3795:Treaties of Mali
3735:Treaties of Laos
3685:Treaties of Iraq
3680:Treaties of Iran
3590:Treaties of Fiji
3515:Treaties of Cuba
3475:Treaties of Chad
3274:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3099:Legacy pollution
2958:Oil exploitation
2820:Chemical warfare
2734:Waste management
2641:Industrial waste
2609:Biomedical waste
2577:Electronic waste
2562:Advertising mail
2546:Phytoremediation
2521:Land degradation
2306:Overillumination
2260:Invasive species
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1716:Dow AgroSciences
1676:
1586:
1443:
1218:
1209:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
905:. Archived from
899:
893:
889:First signed by
887:
780:LMOs in transit;
502:
495:
488:
220:
195:
141:Montreal, Quebec
105:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
38:
30:
21:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3258:
3215:
3201:
3169:
3118:
3067:
3034:
2973:Pharmaceuticals
2963:Oil exploration
2867:
2839:Nuclear fallout
2806:
2768:
2750:
2724:Packaging waste
2678:Deep sea mining
2604:Hazardous waste
2550:
2531:Open defecation
2485:
2451:Nuclear fallout
2446:Nuclear fission
2422:
2348:
2317:
2288:Electromagnetic
2282:
2266:
2231:
2151:Ozone depletion
2024:
2015:
2010:
1980:
1975:
1947:
1916:
1870:
1852:
1805:
1795:
1769:
1765:Genetic testing
1747:
1737:
1663:
1649:Recombinant DNA
1637:
1608:Electroporation
1571:
1567:Oncolytic virus
1546:
1534:
1491:
1477:Herman the Bull
1428:
1362:
1344:
1326:
1308:
1285:
1267:
1249:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1118:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
954:
953:
949:
939:
937:
936:on 5 March 2014
928:
927:
923:
912:
910:
909:on 5 March 2014
901:
900:
896:
888:
884:
879:
870:Nagoya Protocol
856:
844:
823:
799:
770:
765:
720:
715:
680:
667:
658:
615:
602:
586:
577:
506:
464:Séralini affair
359:Recombinant DNA
124:29 January 2000
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4218:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:2000 in Canada
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:Law by country
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Surface runoff
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Eutrophication
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Scorched earth
2850:
2847:nuclear winter
2843:nuclear famine
2832:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:Uranium mining
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Surface mining
2670:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Lead poisoning
2621:
2616:
2614:Chemical waste
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Bioremediation
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Bioremediation
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:Transportation
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Global dimming
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:Diesel exhaust
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1921:Similar fields
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1791:Gene targeting
1788:
1786:Gene knockdown
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:DuPont Pioneer
1718:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1680:
1679:In agriculture
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Microinjection
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1460:Knockout mouse
1451:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1116:External links
1114:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1046:
1027:
998:
973:
947:
921:
894:
881:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
867:
862:
855:
852:
843:
840:
822:
819:
798:
795:
790:
789:
784:
781:
769:
766:
764:
761:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
703:
679:
676:
666:
663:
657:
654:
653:
652:
648:
644:
637:
614:
611:
601:
598:
585:
582:
576:
573:
569:European Union
508:
507:
505:
504:
497:
490:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Pusztai affair
456:
451:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
425:
424:
423:
410:
409:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
388:Genome editing
385:
384:
383:
378:
373:
371:Transformation
363:
362:
361:
351:
343:
342:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
317:
316:
308:
307:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
248:
247:
242:
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
204:
203:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4217:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
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713:Main features
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534:biotechnology
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441:Controversies
439:
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433:Designer baby
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366:Gene delivery
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78:December 2015
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3300:Biodiversity
3109:Point source
3051:Heavy metals
3025:Urban runoff
3005:Sulfur water
2983:Septic tanks
2829:Agent Orange
2683:Mining waste
2509:Manure waste
2339:Volcanic ash
2215:Black carbon
2171:Oil refining
2156:Particulates
2085:Construction
1865:
1755:Gene therapy
1654:Transgenesis
1633:Transfection
1598:Agrobacteria
1482:Knockout rat
1304:Vistive Gold
1200:Genetically
1151:
1107:
1093:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1058:
1049:
1018:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:
991:17 September
989:. Retrieved
985:
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:
950:
938:. Retrieved
934:the original
924:
911:. Retrieved
907:the original
897:
885:
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832:
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824:
808:
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771:
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721:
681:
672:
668:
659:
631:
616:
603:
587:
578:
553:
538:
513:
511:
428:Gene therapy
408:Applications
381:Transduction
376:Transfection
330:
207:
99:
84:
75:
60:Please help
44:
3295:Health risk
3079:Area source
2988:Pit latrine
2911:Groundwater
2668:Gold mining
2663:Coal mining
2634:Toxic waste
2599:Green waste
2572:Brown waste
2555:Solid waste
2102:Exhaust gas
1774:In research
1748:diagnostics
1618:Lipofection
1379:Arabidopsis
1281:Golden rice
1065:10 December
656:Application
160:Signatories
132:16 May 2000
3289:Categories
3231:by country
3227:Categories
3165:Zero waste
3046:Pollutants
3000:Stagnation
2938:Monitoring
2906:Freshwater
2782:Air travel
2594:Food waste
2514:Pesticides
2504:Herbicides
2408:Industrial
2237:Biological
2097:Demolition
2090:Renovation
2073:Joss paper
2058:Combustion
1858:Regulation
1702:Companies
1659:Cisgenesis
1603:Biolistics
1409:Sugar beet
1322:Flavr Savr
1222:Maize/corn
1041:"Glossary"
966:2 December
877:References
575:Background
567:, and the
349:Techniques
321:Regulation
281:Maize/corn
176:Depositary
62:improve it
52:verifiable
3123:Responses
3094:Garbology
3020:Turbidity
2968:Oil spill
2901:Firewater
2802:Vandalism
2764:Satellite
2461:Poisoning
2456:Plutonium
2436:Actinides
2428:Radiation
2176:Wood dust
2038:Acid rain
2013:Pollution
1971:Bioethics
1875:Geography
1813:Transgene
1581:Processes
1472:Enviropig
1465:Oncomouse
1404:SmartStax
1340:Bt cotton
1204:organisms
1109:Biosafety
584:Objective
518:biosafety
186:Languages
152:Effective
66:citations
3211:Treaties
3183:Diseases
2995:Shipping
2891:Diseases
2739:Landfill
2414:Abstract
2411:Military
2344:Wildfire
2193:Smelting
2161:Asbestos
1961:Genetics
1928:Eugenics
1806:articles
1731:Syngenta
1726:Monsanto
1698:Pharming
1544:Bacteria
1240:StarLink
1202:modified
854:See also
240:Bacteria
200:a series
198:Part of
137:Location
3240:Commons
3015:Thermal
2916:Hypoxia
2700:Garbage
2471:Uranium
2322:Natural
2271:Digital
2203:Aerosol
2181:Welding
2068:Biomass
2063:Biofuel
2022:History
1956:Biology
1933:Cloning
1912:Oceania
1804:Related
1549:viruses
1513:GloFish
1503:Insects
1447:Mammals
1438:Animals
1424:Mustard
1414:Tobacco
1384:Brinjal
1291:Soybean
1263:Amflora
1235:MON 863
1230:MON 810
1154:in the
1150:on the
1020:15 July
1014:cbd.int
940:24 July
913:4 March
341:Process
314:History
291:Soybean
267:Insects
257:Mammals
252:Animals
245:Viruses
168:Parties
121:Drafted
56:neutral
3104:Midden
3084:Debris
3039:Topics
2978:Sewage
2931:debris
2926:Marine
2774:Visual
2658:Mining
2653:Litter
2146:Mining
1887:Africa
1882:Europe
1744:humans
1518:Salmon
1487:Rabbit
1394:Papaya
1389:Canola
1332:Cotton
1314:Tomato
1255:Potato
1100:
903:"UNTC"
651:risk."
559:, the
398:CRISPR
296:Potato
276:Plants
225:
129:Signed
3175:Lists
3114:Waste
3056:Paint
2873:Water
2756:Space
2397:Sonar
2392:Urban
2370:Water
2354:Noise
2329:Ozone
2296:Light
2227:Waste
2119:Smoke
1711:Bayer
1642:Types
1530:Frogs
1525:Birds
1455:Mouse
1419:Trees
1374:Apple
1367:Other
1350:Wheat
1213:Crops
1010:(PDF)
891:Kenya
393:TALEN
3089:Dust
3072:Misc
2491:Soil
2380:Rail
2366:Land
2210:Soot
2198:Smog
2114:Haze
1892:Asia
1706:BASF
1672:Uses
1547:and
1508:Fish
1399:Rose
1273:Rice
1098:ISBN
1067:2017
1022:2020
993:2020
968:2019
942:2020
915:2014
565:Niue
512:The
421:food
286:Rice
262:Fish
113:Type
54:and
3200:2.5
2812:War
2375:Air
2030:Air
1746:and
1742:In
1358:HB4
629:."
171:173
163:103
68:to
3291::
3233:)
2845:-
2841:-
1901:US
1057:.
1030:^
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984:.
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563:,
536:.
202:on
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2831:)
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