166:, pursuant to executive orders by Trump, ordered an end to so-called "catch-and-release" policies. However, by June 2017, thousands of people apprehended by U.S. authorities were still released from detention while they await immigration hearings, in part due to limited spaces available in immigration detention and legal limits on who may be detained and for how long. For example, a court ruling prohibits detaining women and children for more than 21 days.
118:.) Chertoff said that more immigration detention had helped deter illegal immigration; advocates for immigrant rights "questioned whether the border crackdown actually deters people from sneaking into the U.S., noting that some illegal immigrants may just be shifting entry points to cross at more remote and dangerous areas."
240:
Commissioner Kevin McAleenan announced on June 25, 2018, that the agency would cease referring every person accused of crossing the border illegally for prosecution, effectively ending the "zero tolerance" policy. McAleenan said that the policy presented enormous operational and logistical challenges
109:
immediately returned almost 900,000 Mexicans apprehended entering the U.S. to Mexico, but that of the 160,000 non-Mexican nationals apprehended, about 30,000 were removed from the U.S. Chertoff said that most others were released pending immigration hearings and that few appeared for the hearings. He
227:
upheld this requirement while saying that this did not that imply that the adults accompanying such children must be released. The Obama administration had complied with the ruling by detaining and releasing the parents together with the children, while the "zero tolerance" directive led in practice
209:
policy for all offenses" related to the misdemeanor of improper entry into the United States, and that this "zero-tolerance policy shall supersede any existing policies". This would aim to criminally convict first-time offenders that would previously have faced civil and administrative proceedings,
176:
In April 2018, Trump signed an executive memorandum directs federal officials to report to him on measures to "expeditiously end 'catch and release' practices"; the memorandum directed officials to produce reports on facilities (such as military bases) that could be used for immigration detention.
257:
upheld the ruling, saying that even though
Congress has barred lower courts from issuing injunctions restraining the operation of immigration removal proceedings "other than with respect ... to an individual alien", individual alien just means it cannot be an organization, and the class is filled
155:
in 2016, said that "Under my administration, anyone who illegally crosses the border will be detained until they are removed out of our country and back to the country from which they came." As president, Trump has blamed "liberal
Democrats" for what he called "laws like Catch & Release"; in
235:
On June 20, 2018, Trump bowed to intense political pressure and signed an executive order to reverse the policy while still maintaining "zero tolerance" border control by detaining entire families together. When it became clear that this could not be sustained within the scope of court rulings,
113:
In August 2006, Chertoff said that the "'catch-and-release' practice that for years helped many illegal immigrants stay in the United States unhindered" had ended and that DHS detained 99% of apprehended non-Mexican border-crossers. (Mexican border-crossers could be subject to
241:
for Border Patrol agents, including overcrowding of children in Border Patrol holding cells while their parents were processed in court and held in immigration detention; federal agents complained of spending "more time processing immigrants than guarding the border".
173:, legislation to aid victims of human trafficking, "includes a catch-and-release loophole" because "unaccompanied children 'are exempt from prompt return to their home country' unless they come from Canada or Mexico, according to the Department of Homeland Security."
110:
called for more beds in immigration detention. In July 2006, Chertoff indicated in House committee testimony that an infusion of funding for more immigration detention had allowed DHS to detain almost all non-Mexican illegal immigrants.
827:
Fresco also said the impetus for the change is the Flores v. Lynch court case, which held that the government is required to release minors from detention expeditiously even if they are accompanied by their parents, not just if they're
42:. Rather, the phrase refers to a "collection of policies, court precedents, executive actions and federal statutes spanning more than 20 years, cobbled together throughout Democratic and Republican administrations." The
252:
issued a class-wide ruling to require bond hearings for noncitizens who have showed a credible fear of persecution in their home country and are currently held separate from their families. On March 27, 2020, the
156:
fact, the phrase refers to a "collection of policies, court precedents, executive actions and federal statutes spanning more than 20 years, cobbled together throughout
Democratic and Republican administrations."
249:
31:. The migrants whom U.S. immigration enforcement agencies have allowed to remain in the community pending immigrant hearings have been those deemed low risk, such as children, families, and those
683:
170:
254:
309:
140:
decision, allowing DHS to detain "non-removable immigrants" (those whose home countries will not accept their return) for more than six months under certain circumstances.
337:
195:
said that the directive was "more show, more salesmanship, than anything else" since congressional approval would be needed to pay for expanding detention capabilities.
841:
177:
The memorandum did not establish any concrete policy changes. The memo did not provide a way to fund additional detentions; appropriations would have to be made by
217:, the children of detained parents charged with immigration violations could not be held in immigration detention for more than 20 days, and a 2016 ruling by the
638:
62:
over a century ago. It originally referred to releasing fish after capture. The phrase "entered the political lexicon during the George W. Bush administration."
272:
229:
657:
160:
95:
999:
1047:
28:
1023:
1082:
152:
912:
24:
1087:
615:
199:
887:
237:
46:
has used the phrase as a catch-all term for laws or policies preventing the holding of apprehended migrants in immigration detention.
105:
would "Return every single illegal entrant – no exceptions." In his testimony, Chertoff said that in the previous fiscal year, the
941:
862:
186:
131:
102:
729:
218:
395:
210:
with criminal convictions previously usually reserved for those who committed the felony of illegal re-entry after removal.
134:
senators introduced legislation to close what they called a "catch-and-release loophole"; the legislation would reverse the
483:
503:
560:
378:
182:
91:
533:
603:
As of August 2006, all removable aliens caught at the border are detained until returned to their home countries.
431:"Catch-and-release Trout: Every year, more anglers are abandoning creel weight as a measure of the day's success"
587:
754:
711:
66:
1055:
781:
430:
178:
288:
258:
with individual aliens. A dissenting opinion said that such a reading renders "individual" superfluous.
967:
358:
809:
277:
59:
43:
565:
189:
23:" refers to a practice of releasing a migrant to the community while he or she awaits hearings in
106:
975:
435:
136:
115:
70:
55:
733:
507:
282:
267:
232:. No system was established for reuniting families or keeping track of family associations.
98:
1024:"Federal Appeals Court Upholds Block on Trump Policy That Arbitrarily Jails Asylum Seekers"
223:
782:"Exclusive: Trump administration considering separating women, children at Mexico border"
248:
to asylum seekers in an effort to end the catch and release policy. On July 2, 2019, the
1000:"Federal Court Blocks Trump Administration Policy of Arbitrarily Jailing Asylum Seekers"
684:"Despite Trump vow to end catch and release, he is still freeing thousands of migrants"
214:
206:
127:
1076:
202:
192:
163:
32:
458:
Border Walls: Security and the War on Terror in the United States, India, and Israel
412:
148:
74:
658:"DHS secretary orders immigration agent hiring surge, end to 'catch-and-release'"
359:
Trump vowed to end 'catch and release,' but on the border, it's business as usual
942:"Overwhelmed Customs And Border Protection Halts 'Zero Tolerance' For Migrants"
310:
Fact-checking immigration spin on separating families and 1,500 'lost' children
863:"Trump Retreats on Separating Families, Signing Order to Detain Them Together"
39:
979:
38:
There is no "hard-and-fast definition" of the phrase, which can be used as a
338:
President Trump's claim that
Democrats created 'catch and release’ policies
846:
842:"Trump admin ran 'pilot program' for separating migrant families in 2017"
755:"Did President Trump Order Detained Immigrants to Wear Yellow Bracelets?"
511:
968:"In New Effort to Deter Migrants, Barr Withholds Bail to Asylum Seekers"
888:"Trump Ends Family Separations by Detaining Whole Families Indefinitely"
730:"Sessions Announces 'Zero-Tolerance' Policy on Illegal Border Crossings"
639:"Here's what Donald Trump said in his big immigration speech, annotated"
244:
On April 16, 2019, Attorney
General Barr announced a new policy to deny
786:
712:
Trump Signs Memo
Ordering End to 'Catch and Release' Immigration Policy
618:(Press release). Senator Chuck Grassley's Senate website. June 11, 2014
379:"Catch and release," explained: the heart of Trump's new border agenda
861:
Shear, Michael D.; Goodnough, Abby; Haberman, Maggie (20 June 2018).
810:"DHS considering proposal to separate children from adults at border"
758:
245:
945:
916:
814:
616:"Senators Introduce Bill to Close Catch-and-Release Loophole"
840:
Lisa
Riordan Seville & Hannah Rappleye (June 29, 2018).
185:
think tank estimated a cost of $ 9 billion over a decade).
181:
and mandatory detention at the border would be costly (the
171:
Victims of
Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000
69:, media studies scholar Hector Amaya, and commentator
205:
directed federal prosecutors "to adopt immediately a
65:
A number of scholars and writers, such as geographer
471:
Citizenship Excess: Latino/as, Media, and the Nation
169:
Trump administration officials have argued that the
911:Wagner M, Rocha V, Ries B, Wills A (22 June 2018).
16:Practice in United States immigration enforcement
1048:"Padilla v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement"
396:The Border Patrol Was Primed for President Trump
332:
330:
328:
326:
324:
322:
966:Shear, Michael D.; Benner, Katie (2019-04-16).
230:separation of these children from their parents
935:
933:
504:"Chertoff: End 'Catch and Release' at Borders"
588:"Testimony of The Honorable Michael Chertoff"
273:Trump administration family separation policy
8:
706:
704:
484:The Trump Apologists and the Crying Children
354:
352:
350:
19:In United States immigration enforcement, "
677:
675:
473:(New York University Press, 2013), p. 102.
561:"U.S. Ends 'Catch-And-Release' at Border"
498:
496:
77:because it likens human beings to fish.
301:
27:, as an alternative to holding them in
682:Julia Edwards Ainsley (June 6, 2017).
559:Jordan, Lara Jakes (August 23, 2006).
373:
371:
213:Under a 1997 settlement agreement and
534:"Chertoff hails end of let-go policy"
7:
913:"What's Happening at the US Border?"
656:Berger, Judson (February 21, 2017).
250:Western District Court of Washington
14:
1083:Immigration to the United States
808:Mallonee, Mary (March 3, 2017).
780:Ainsley, Julia (March 3, 2017).
637:Bump, Philip (August 31, 2016).
1028:American Civil Liberties Union
1004:American Civil Liberties Union
940:Burnett, John (26 June 2018).
255:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
219:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
161:Secretary of Homeland Security
96:Secretary of Homeland Security
1:
1088:American political neologisms
429:Geurink, Denny (April 1991).
238:Customs and Border Protection
183:Center for American Progress
1104:
92:Senate Judiciary Committee
460:(Zed Books, 2012), p. 42.
710:Julie Hirschfeld Davis,
73:, regard the phrase as
50:Etymology and criticism
153:presidential candidate
1052:Institute for Justice
289:Jennings v. Rodriguez
29:immigration detention
402:(February 17, 2017).
278:Operation Streamline
90:In testimony to the
86:Under George W. Bush
60:recreational fishing
44:Trump administration
593:. February 28, 2007
566:The Washington Post
482:Michelle Goldberg,
365:(February 6, 2017).
190:U.S. Representative
972:The New York Times
867:The New York Times
514:. October 18, 2005
436:Field & Stream
394:Jonathan Blitzer,
198:On April 6, 2018,
159:In February 2017,
144:Under Donald Trump
122:Under Barack Obama
107:U.S. Border Patrol
728:Farivar, Masood.
363:Los Angeles Times
137:Zadvydas v. Davis
116:expedited removal
94:in October 2005,
71:Michelle Goldberg
56:catch and release
25:immigration court
21:catch and release
1095:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1054:. Archived from
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734:Voice of America
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538:Washington Times
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508:Associated Press
500:
491:
490:(June 18, 2018).
480:
474:
467:
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454:
448:
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445:
443:
426:
420:
409:
403:
392:
386:
385:(April 9, 2018).
375:
366:
356:
345:
344:(April 4, 2018).
336:Salvador Rizzo,
334:
317:
308:Salvador Rizzo,
306:
283:Family detention
268:Own recognizance
200:Attorney General
99:Michael Chertoff
1103:
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764:
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753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
727:
726:
722:
718:(April 6, 2018)
709:
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692:
690:
681:
680:
673:
663:
661:
655:
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650:
643:Washington Post
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571:
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541:
540:. July 28, 2006
532:
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441:
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369:
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348:
342:Washington Post
335:
320:
316:(May 30, 2018).
314:Washington Post
307:
303:
298:
264:
224:Flores v. Lynch
146:
124:
88:
83:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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716:New York Times
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648:
629:
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579:
551:
525:
492:
488:New York Times
475:
469:Hector Amaya,
462:
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411:S. C. Gwynne,
404:
400:New York Times
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318:
300:
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215:consent decree
207:zero tolerance
145:
142:
128:Chuck Grassley
123:
120:
101:said that the
87:
84:
82:
79:
58:originated in
51:
48:
33:seeking asylum
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1058:on 2020-08-01
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1005:
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868:
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849:
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836:
833:
829:
828:unaccompanied
817:
816:
811:
804:
801:
789:
788:
783:
776:
773:
761:. 28 May 2018
760:
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459:
456:Reece Jones,
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418:
417:Texas Monthly
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203:Jeff Sessions
201:
196:
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193:Henry Cuellar
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1060:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1051:
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1031:. Retrieved
1027:
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1007:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
983:. Retrieved
971:
961:
949:. Retrieved
920:. Retrieved
906:
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870:. Retrieved
866:
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826:
819:. Retrieved
813:
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791:. Retrieved
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687:
662:. Retrieved
651:
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632:
620:. Retrieved
610:
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595:. Retrieved
582:
570:. Retrieved
564:
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542:. Retrieved
537:
528:
516:. Retrieved
487:
478:
470:
465:
457:
452:
440:. Retrieved
434:
424:
416:
407:
399:
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382:
362:
341:
313:
304:
287:
243:
234:
222:
221:in the case
212:
197:
175:
168:
158:
149:Donald Trump
147:
135:
125:
112:
89:
75:dehumanizing
64:
53:
37:
20:
18:
419:(May 2006).
377:Dara Lind,
67:Reece Jones
54:The phrase
1077:Categories
1062:2020-05-14
1033:2020-05-14
1009:2020-05-14
985:2020-05-14
897:2018-06-20
660:. Fox News
413:Walled Off
296:References
187:Democratic
164:John Kelly
132:Republican
130:and other
40:pejorative
980:0362-4331
126:In 2014,
892:Truthout
847:NBC News
821:June 26,
793:June 26,
765:June 19,
739:June 19,
693:April 2,
664:April 1,
622:July 18,
597:July 18,
572:June 17,
544:July 18,
518:July 18,
512:Fox News
442:June 20,
262:See also
179:Congress
951:26 June
922:26 June
872:20 June
787:Reuters
688:Reuters
151:, as a
81:History
978:
759:Snopes
591:(PDF)
976:ISSN
953:2018
924:2018
874:2018
823:2018
795:2018
767:2018
741:2018
695:2018
666:2018
624:2015
599:2015
574:2015
546:2015
520:2015
510:via
444:2018
246:bail
946:NPR
917:CNN
815:CNN
383:Vox
228:to
103:DHS
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