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359:. Further, its parts may or may not have relative positions to each other. All medieval discussions about the nature of the continuum, of the infinite and the infinitely divisible, are a long footnote to this text. It is of great importance in the development of mathematical ideas in the medieval and late Scholastic period. Examples: two cubits long, number, space, (length of) time.
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Next, he distinguishes between what is said "of" a subject and what is "in" a subject. What is said "of" a subject describes the kind of thing that it is as a whole, answering the question "what is it?" What is said to be "in" a subject is a predicate that does not describe it as a whole but cannot
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The first four are given a detailed treatment in four chapters, doing and being-affected are discussed briefly in a single small chapter, the remaining four are passed over lightly, as being clear in themselves. Later texts by scholastic philosophers also reflect this disparity of treatment.
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may be taken as the end point for the corresponding action. The term is, however, frequently taken to mean the relative position of the parts of an object (usually a living object), given that the position of the parts is inseparable from the state of rest
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to another, followed by a short section on simultaneity. Six forms of movement are then defined: generation, destruction, increase, diminution, alteration, and change of place. The work ends with a brief consideration of the word 'have' and its usage.
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Some are in a subject, but cannot be predicated of any subject. Thus, a certain individual point of grammatical knowledge is in me as in a subject, but it cannot be predicated of any subject; because it is an individual
486:
The term is, however, frequently taken to mean the determination arising from the physical accoutrements of an object: one's shoes, one's arms, etc. Traditionally, this category is also called a
93:). Aristotle intended them to enumerate everything that can be expressed without composition or structure, thus anything that can be either the subject or the predicate of a proposition.
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for this category has traditionally been translated into
English as "affection" and "passion" (also "passivity"), easily misinterpreted to refer only or mainly to
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68:. They are "perhaps the single most heavily discussed of all Aristotelian notions". The work is brief enough to be divided not into books, as is usual with
379:, of what kind or quality). This determination characterizes the nature of an object. Examples: white, black, grammatical, hot, sweet, curved, straight.
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In this part, Aristotle sets forth four ways things can be said to be opposed. Next, the work discusses five senses wherein a thing may be considered
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Note, however, that although
Aristotle has apparently distinguished between “being in a subject”, and “being predicated truly of a subject”, in the
482:, to have or be). The examples Aristotle gives indicate that he meant a condition of rest resulting from an affection (i.e. being acted on):
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themselves, whose definitions depend upon these four forms of predication. Aristotle's own text in
Ackrill's standard English version is:
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are substances. Later in the text, Aristotle calls these particulars “primary substances”, to distinguish them from
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453:, to lie). The examples Aristotle gives indicate that he meant a condition of rest resulting from an action:
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415:, where). Position in relation to the surrounding environment. Examples: in a marketplace, in the Lyceum.
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these are treated as synonymous. This has led some to suspect that
Aristotle was not the author of the
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His examples make clear that action is to affection as the active voice is to the passive voice — as
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is predicated of
Socrates, and therefore all that is predicated of man is predicated of Socrates.
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Last, some things neither can be in any subject nor can be predicated of any subject. These are
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exist without the subject, such as the shape of something. The latter has come to be known as
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may be predicated of James or John (one may say "John is a man"), but is not in any subject.
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be predicated. Hence, Socrates is a primary substance, while man is a secondary substance.
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is ambiguous between 'essence' and substance' there is a close link between them. See his
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This part was probably not part of the original text, but added by some unknown editor,
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is that which cannot be predicated of anything or be said to be in anything. Hence,
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Either simple, without composition or structure, such as "man", "horse", "fights".
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Some are both in a subject and able to be predicated of a subject, for example
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Some may be predicated (that is, said) of a subject, but are in no subject; as
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Or having composition and structure, such as "a man argued", "the horse runs".
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under one of ten categories (known to medieval writers as the Latin term
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A brief explanation (with some alternative translations) is as follows:
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The text begins with an explication of what
Aristotle means by "
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that enumerates all the possible kinds of things that can be the
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Of things said without any combination, each signifies either
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The forms of predication were called by the medieval
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Only composite forms of speech can be true or false.
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960:1963 translation by J. L. Ackrill, Chapters 1-5
729:Thomasson, Amie (2019), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
671:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 55.
885:Categories; On Interpretation; Prior Analytics
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667:Smith, Robin 1995 "Logic". In J. Barnes (ed)
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883:(1938). H. P. Cooke, Hugh Tredennick (ed.).
797:Aristotle, Categories and De Interpretatione
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130:(sometimes translated "derivative") words.
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133:It then divides forms of speech as being:
262:: in the Lyceum, in the market-place; of
178:as of a subject ("Geometry is science").
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735:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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660:
863:Categoriae et Liber de Interpretatione
644:Vaisheshika#The Categories or Padārtha
7:
1588:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
669:The Cambridge companion to Aristotle
649:Nyaya#Sixteen categories (padārthas)
242:. To give a rough idea, examples of
1009:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
865:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
753:Note that while Aristotle's use of
560:‘to be lanced’, ‘to be cauterized.’
554:. For action he gave the example,
1949:Transmission of the Greek Classics
804:. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.
14:
1623:The Situations and Names of Winds
861:(1936). L. Minio-Paluello (ed.).
2009:
1999:
1998:
991:Aristotle's Theory of Categories
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1529:On Length and Shortness of Life
455:‘Lying’, ‘sitting’, ‘standing’.
274:: has-shoes-on, has-armour-on;
155:Of all the things that exist,
1119:Correspondence theory of truth
994:with an extensive bibliography
1:
1465:Constitution of the Athenians
940:1930 "Oxford" translation by
122:words, and what is meant by "
72:, but into fifteen chapters.
18:Text from Aristotle's Organon
1367:On Generation and Corruption
833:(One-Volume Digital Edition)
282:: being-cut, being-burned. (
976:public domain audiobook at
556:‘to lance’, ‘to cauterize’;
325:, which are universals and
266:: yesterday, last-year; of
258:: double, half, larger; of
254:: white, grammatical; of a
250:: four-foot, five-foot; of
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1608:On Marvellous Things Heard
1227:Potentiality and actuality
841:Princeton University Press
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474:
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427:
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309:, essence or substance).
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1971:Commentaries on Aristotle
822:(2014). "Categories". In
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629:Category (disambiguation)
542:other). Aristotle's name
114:words, what is meant by "
2047:Philosophical categories
1000:"Aristotle's Categories"
270:: is-lying, is-sitting;
1339:Sophistical Refutations
682:scholastic philosophers
548:affection as an emotion
278:: cutting, burning; of
1524:On Divination in Sleep
1210:Horror vacui (physics)
952:MIT Classical Archive
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2016:Philosophy portal
1638:Rhetoric to Alexander
908:Text and translations
634:Simplicius of Cilicia
579:The postpraedicamenta
443:, posture, attitude (
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183:individual substances
102:The antepraedicamenta
1727:Andronicus of Rhodes
1628:On Virtues and Vices
1583:On Indivisible Lines
1504:Sense and Sensibilia
1474:Rhetoric and poetics
1287:mathematical realism
323:secondary substances
319:that particular tree
194:Then we come to the
1697:Strato of Lampsacus
1329:Posterior Analytics
1081:Ideas and interests
315:this particular man
268:being-in-a-position
246:are man, horse; of
228:being-in-a-position
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1664:Peripatetic school
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1145:Future contingents
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1150:Genus–differentia
1107:Category of being
998:Studtmann, Paul.
920:Categories (Owen)
918:Works related to
686:antepraedicamenta
604:Category of being
552:emotional passion
440:Relative position
190:The praedicamenta
70:Aristotle's works
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31:Κατηγορίαι
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1387:On Animals
1314:Categories
1134:Eudaimonia
984:Commentary
973:Categories
936:Κατηγορίαι
932:Wikisource
835:. Transl.
811:0198720866
784:References
741:2020-01-17
705:Categories
468:or state,
357:continuous
196:categories
124:paronymous
116:homonymous
108:synonymous
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40:Categoriae
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24:Categories
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1914:MacIntyre
1776:Averroism
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1712:Critolaus
1656:Followers
1633:Economics
1613:Mechanics
1578:On Plants
1573:On Colors
1568:On Breath
1519:On Dreams
1509:On Memory
1272:Haecceity
1250:Syllogism
1221:Phronesis
1113:Catharsis
1062:Aristotle
881:Aristotle
859:Aristotle
820:Aristotle
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1243:ousia
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