376:
256:
612:
624:
36:
2853:
2834:
93:
655:, assigned his senior year undergraduate students to build the operational unit. This MHD submarine operated on batteries delivering power to electrodes and electromagnets, which produced a magnetic field of 0.015 tesla. The cruise speed was about 0.4 meter per second (15 inches per second) during the test in the bay of
1173:, especially pulsed inductive ones. The rapid ablation of electrodes under the intense thermal flow is also a concern. For these reasons, studies remain largely theoretical and experiments are still conducted in the laboratory, although over 60 years have passed since the first research in this kind of thrusters.
1382:
1115:
to improve its electrical conductivity. All charged species within the plasma, from positive and negative ions to free electrons, as well as neutral atoms by the effect of collisions, are accelerated in the same direction by the
Lorentz "body" force, which results from the combination of a magnetic
643:
by an engine. Problems with current technologies include expense and slow speed compared to a propeller driven by an engine. The extra expense is from the large generator that must be driven by an engine. Such a large generator is not required when an engine directly drives a propeller.
868:
Shock wave mitigation for thermal control and reduction of the wave drag and form drag. Some theoretical studies suggest the flow velocity could be controlled everywhere on the wetted area of an aircraft, so shock waves could be totally cancelled when using enough
1839:
A. Iwata, Y. Saji and S. Sato, "Construction of Model Ship ST-500 with
Superconducting Electromagnetic Thrust System", in Proceedings of the 8th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference (ICEC 8), edited by C. Rizzuto (IPC Science and Technology, 1980), pp.
1232:. In reality, the current traveling through the water would create gases and noise, and the magnetic fields would induce a detectable magnetic signature. In the film, it was suggested that this sound could be confused with geological activity. In
2600:
533:
from electrolysis) but need much more intense peak magnetic fields to operate. Since one of the biggest issues with such thrusters is the limited energy available on-board, induction MHD drives have not been developed out of the laboratory.
752:
by a "magnetic shield". Hypersonic ionized flow interacts with the magnetic field, inducing eddy currents in the plasma. The current combines with the magnetic field to give
Lorentz forces that oppose the flow and detach the
443:
875:
Airflow velocity reduction upstream to feed a scramjet by the use of an MHD generator section combined with an MHD accelerator downstream at the exhaust nozzle, powered by the generator through an MHD bypass
694:
Small-scale ship models were later built and studied extensively in the laboratory, leading to successful comparisons between the measurements and the theoretical prediction of ship terminal speeds.
977:. As external flow systems can control the flow over the whole wetted area, limiting thermal issues at high speeds, ambient air would be ionized and radially accelerated by Lorentz forces around an
1116:
field with an orthogonal electric field (hence the name of "cross-field accelerator"), these fields not being in the direction of the acceleration. This is a fundamental difference with
599:
characteristics. External field systems on the contrary have the ability to act on a very large expanse of surrounding water volume with higher efficiency and the ability to decrease
1080:
are based on magnetohydrodynamics. As this kind of MHD propulsion involves compressible fluids in the form of plasmas (ionized gases) it is also referred to as magnetogasdynamics or
635:
MHD has no moving parts, which means that a good design might be silent, reliable, and efficient. Additionally, the MHD design eliminates many of the wear and friction pieces of the
317:, positive and negative species (in opposite directions). If either positive or negative species dominate the vehicle is put in motion in the opposite direction from the net charge.
748:. As low-pressure air is naturally ionized at such very high velocities and altitude, it was thought to use the effect of a magnetic field produced by an electromagnet to replace
2109:"Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Two-dimensional steady non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows"
1366:
Way, S. (15 October 1958). Examination of
Bipolar Electric and Magnetic Fields for Submarine Propulsion (Report). US Navy Bureau of Ships. Preliminary Memorandum Communication.
2796:
Roy, Subrata; Arnold, David; Lin, Jenshan; Schmidt, Tony; Lind, Rick; et al. (20 December 2011). Air Force Office of
Scientific Research; University of Florida (eds.).
1029:
would have been replaced by a "purely electromagnetic rotor" with no moving part, sucking the air downward. Such concepts of flying MHD disks have been developed in the
900:. These projects aim to develop MHD generators feeding MHD accelerators for a new generation of high-speed vehicles. Such MHD bypass systems are often designed around a
1638:
Weier, Tom; Shatrov, Victor; Gerbeth, Gunter (2007). "Flow
Control and Propulsion in Poor Conductors". In Molokov, Sergei S.; Moreau, R.; Moffatt, H. Keith (eds.).
1593:
1135:
First experimental studies involving cross-field plasma accelerators (square channels and rocket nozzles) date back to the late 1950s. Such systems provide greater
647:
The first prototype, a 3-meter (10-feet) long submarine called EMS-1, was designed and tested in 1966 by
Stewart Way, a professor of mechanical engineering at the
570:
of the vehicle, the electromagnetic fields extending around the body of the vehicle. The propulsion force results from the pressure distribution on the shell (as
930:
gases, making the development of demonstrators much more difficult to realize than for MHD in liquids. "Cold plasmas" with magnetic fields are subject to the
2322:
1891:
529:
As induction MHD accelerators are electrodeless, they do not exhibit the common issues related to conduction systems (especially Joule heating, bubbles and
3120:
1850:
Takezawa, Setsuo; Tamama, Hiroshi; Sugawawa, Kazumi; Sakai, Hiroshi; Matsuyama, Chiaki; Morita, Hiroaki; Suzuki, Hiromi; Ueyama, Yoshihiro (March 1995).
1088:
220:
397:
2851:, Subrata Roy, "Wingless hovering of micro air vehicle", issued 2015-02-24, assigned to University of Florida Research Foundation Inc.
973:), one could imagine future aircraft of a new kind silently powered by MHD accelerators, able to ionize and direct enough air downward to lift several
942:
MHD propulsion has been considered as the main propulsion system for both marine and space ships since there is no need to produce lift to counter the
2832:, Subrata Roy, "Wingless hovering of micro air vehicle", issued 2013-02-26, assigned to University of Florida Research Foundation Inc
1851:
893:
648:
130:
781:, modifying its velocity, direction, pressure, friction, heat flux parameters, in order to preserve materials and engines from stress, allowing
777:
Active flow control by MHD force fields on the contrary involves a direct and imperious action of forces to locally accelerate or slow down the
1784:
2406:
1655:
379:
Crossed-field magnetohydrodynamic converters (linear
Faraday type with segmented electrodes). A: MHD generator mode. B: MHD accelerator mode.
3125:
1046:
884:(Ajax) is an example of MHD-controlled hypersonic aircraft concept. A US program also exists to design a hypersonic MHD bypass system, the
702:
1693:
1194:, has a magnetohydrodynamic drive. This allows the ship to turn very sharply and brake instantly, instead of gliding for a few miles. In
1005:. In order to maximize such pressure difference between the two opposite sides, and since the most efficient MHD converters (with a high
2780:
79:
1161:
Even today, these systems are not ready to be launched in space as they still lack a suitable compact power source offering enough
800:
Air ionization is achieved at high altitude (electrical conductivity of air increases as atmospheric pressure reduces according to
46:
2812:
1216:
190:, and increasing the magnetic field strength is limited by the cost, size and weight (as well as technological limitations) of
885:
1052:
These futuristic visions have been advertised in the media although they still remain beyond the reach of modern technology.
2713:"Experimental investigation of a 2-D MHD slipstream generator and accelerator with freestream Mach = 7.6 and T(0) = 4100 K"
1151:
1067:
897:
706:
369:
250:
198:
launched the PUMP program to build a marine engine using superconducting magnets expected to reach a field strength of 20
1674:
1244:
of the so-called "tunnel drive" type (the tunnels provided acoustic camouflage for the cavitation from the propellers).
652:
383:
As the
Lorentz force in an MHD converter does not act on a single isolated charged particle nor on electrons in a solid
2502:. 17th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. San Francisco, California.
2083:"Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flow. Quasi one dimensional steady analysis and thermal blockage"
684:
259:
Illustration of the right-hand rule for the
Lorentz force, cross product of an electric current with a magnetic field.
61:
2952:
Wilson, T.A. (December 1958). "Remarks on Rocket and Aerodynamic Applications of Magnetohydrodynamic Channel Flow".
2848:
2829:
2595:
797:, as the working fluid is the air (a gas instead of a liquid) ionized to become electrically conductive (a plasma).
3110:
2037:"The convective instability of the boundary-layer flow over a rotating cone in and out of a uniform magnetic field"
1813:
1253:
931:
375:
255:
57:
2339:
1906:
1155:
1071:
680:
656:
518:
687:). The ship successfully carried a crew of ten plus passengers at speeds of up to 15 km/h (8.1 kn) in
2152:. AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonics Systems and Technologies Conference. Capua, Italy.
1553:
Overduin, James; Polyak, Viktor; Rutah, Anjalee; Sebastian, Thomas; Selway, Jim; Zile, Daniel (November 2017).
1233:
1061:
920:
754:
676:
549:
212:
3115:
1594:"DARPA Works to Make A Practical Ultraquiet Superconducting Magnet Drive for Submarines | NextBigFuture.com"
1196:
1042:
1018:
167:
1866:
507:
flows in the fluid due to an applied voltage between pairs of electrodes, the magnetic field being steady.
345:
2891:
662:
Later, a Japanese prototype, the 3.6-meter long "ST-500", achieved speeds of up to 0.6 m/s in 1979.
2563:"Theoretical Performance of a Magnetohydrodynamic-Bypass Scramjet Engine with Nonequilibrium Ionization"
2492:
1931:
1077:
496:
MHD thrusters are classified in two categories according to the way the electromagnetic fields operate:
2531:
Chase, R. L.; Boyd, R.; Czysz, P.; Froning, Jr., H. D.; Lewis, Mark; McKinney, L. E. (September 1998).
2058:
1377:
3066:
2918:
2655:
2287:
2187:
2123:
1701:
1566:
1502:
1279:
927:
916:
766:
722:
145:
2243:
Bityurin, V. A.; Lineberry, J.; Potebnia, V.; Alferov, V.; Kuranov, A.; Sheikin, E. G. (June 1997).
1794:
1380:, Warren A. Rice, "Propulsion System", issued 1961-08-22, assigned to Carl E. Grebe
2967:
Wood, G.P.; Carter, A.F. (1960). "Considerations in the Design of a Steady D.C. Plasma Generator".
2472:. 12th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies. Norfolk, Virginia.
1852:"Operation of the thruster for superconducting electromagnetohydrodynamic propulsion ship YAMATO-1"
1455:
Doragh, R.A. (November 1963). "Magnetohydrodynamic Ship Propulsion using Superconducting Magnets".
978:
858:
514:
206:
2356:
1983:. 9th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. Norfolk, VA.
611:
2934:
2331:
2303:
2005:
Lineberry, John T.; Rosa, R. J.; Bityurin, V. A.; Botcharov, A. N.; Potebnya, V. G. (July 2000).
1898:
1492:
1225:
836:
596:
357:
153:
2382:
1555:"The Hunt for Red October II: A magnetohydrodynamic boat demonstration for introductory physics"
1479:
Cébron, David; Viroulet, Sylvain; Vidal, Jérémie; Masson, Jean-Paul; Viroulet, Philippe (2017).
2062:
1717:
2804:
2776:
1651:
1530:
1229:
924:
840:
782:
749:
745:
737:
545:
384:
314:
216:
160:
2431:
Adamovich, Igor V.; Rich, J. William; Schneider, Steven J.; Blankson, Isaiah M. (June 2003).
2330:. 3rd workshop on Thermochemical processes in plasma aerodynamics. Saint Petersburg, Russia.
3074:
3032:
2998:
2926:
2753:
2723:
2693:
2663:
2577:
2543:
2511:
2503:
2473:
2443:
2295:
2253:
2225:
2195:
2153:
2017:
1984:
1948:
1760:
1709:
1643:
1574:
1520:
1510:
1412:
1207:
1140:
1026:
1002:
943:
801:
762:
733:
337:
329:
291:
279:
228:
623:
1789:
1009:) are disk-shaped, such MHD aircraft would be preferably flattened to take the shape of a
889:
812:
477:
175:
2868:
2108:
2082:
2016:. 35th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit. Las Vegas, NV.
3095:
3070:
2922:
2659:
2291:
2191:
2127:
1705:
1570:
1506:
1021:, it would share no similarities with conventional aircraft, but it would behave like a
2797:
1525:
1480:
1416:
1162:
1121:
966:
951:
934:
occurring at a critical Hall parameter, which makes full-scale developments difficult.
820:
600:
504:
485:
469:
461:
388:
361:
321:
310:
299:
295:
122:
118:
2172:
1974:"Influence of EM discharges on hypersonic vehicle lift, drag, and airbreathing thrust"
1713:
595:
Internal flow systems concentrate the MHD interaction in a limited volume, preserving
3104:
2969:
Dynamics of Conducting Gases (Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Gas Dynamics Symposium)
2307:
2216:
1554:
1284:
1263:
1191:
1170:
1144:
1125:
1010:
741:
619:
at the Ship Science Museum in Tokyo. The electrode plates are visible top and bottom.
582:
553:
341:
307:
287:
283:
244:
232:
191:
179:
3018:"Constant-Electric-Field and Constant-Magnetic-Field Magnetogasdynamic Channel Flow"
2938:
2773:
Lightcraft Flight Handbook LTI-20: Hypersonic Flight Transport for an Era Beyond Oil
2692:. 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Los Angeles, CA.
2335:
2036:
1902:
1266:
was feasible and potentially profitable, had a magnetohydrodynamic drive mated to a
1154:
sometimes referred to as the Lorentz force accelerator (LFA), and the electrodeless
969:
solved (for example with the availability of a still missing multi-megawatt compact
205:
Stronger technical limitations apply to air-breathing MHD propulsion (where ambient
2752:. 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Huntsville, AL.
1267:
1202:
1186:
1166:
1129:
1117:
970:
808:
805:
571:
522:
325:
199:
183:
126:
2070:. 8th International Conference on MHD Electrical Power Generation. Moscow, Russia.
438:{\displaystyle \mathbf {f} =\rho \mathbf {E} +\mathbf {J} \times \mathbf {B} \,\!}
1515:
209:
is ionized) that is still limited to theoretical concepts and early experiments.
17:
2636:
2200:
1825:
Way, S.; Devlin, C. (July 1967). "Prospects for the Electromagnetic Submarine".
1436:
Phillips, O.M. (1962). "The prospects for magnetohydrodynamic ship propulsion".
1150:
Some devices also studied nowadays besides cross-field accelerators include the
1034:
1030:
1006:
854:
828:
567:
537:
Both systems can put the working fluid in motion according to two main designs:
365:
769:
studies are still ongoing, but a large-scale demonstrator has yet to be built.
736:
around vehicles date back to the late 1950s, with the concept of a new kind of
2743:"Experimental Investigation of a 2-D MHD Slipstream Accelerator and Generator"
2272:
1892:
Sea-water magnetohydrodynamic propulsion for next-generation undersea vehicles
1807:
1647:
1038:
1022:
959:
636:
587:
557:
333:
272:
263:
The working principle involves the acceleration of an electrically conductive
133:
2683:"MHD slipstream accelerator investigation in the RPI hypersonic shock tunnel"
2432:
2006:
1147:
and even modern ion drives, at the cost of a higher required energy density.
865:
Action on the boundary layer to prevent laminar flow from becoming turbulent.
2516:
2462:
2433:"Magnetogasdynamic Power Extraction and Flow Conditioning for a Gas Turbine"
2244:
1457:
Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME)
1221:
1108:
1092:
816:
758:
710:
640:
353:
303:
187:
3051:
2142:
1973:
1534:
2598:, "Propelling device", published 1936-01-15, issued 1938-02-16
1306:
2983:
2532:
1338:
1248:
1241:
998:
994:
982:
947:
905:
901:
832:
667:
171:
97:
2757:
2697:
2562:
2547:
2507:
2477:
2463:"Hypersonic Engine using MHD Energy Bypass with a Conventional Turbojet"
2447:
2257:
2229:
2157:
2021:
888:(HVEPS). A working prototype was completed in 2017 under development by
2930:
2808:
2727:
1988:
1932:
Interactions of spacecraft and other moving bodies with natural plasmas
1481:"Experimental and Theoretical Study of Magnetohydrodynamic Ship Models"
1220:
popularized the magnetohydrodynamic drive as a "caterpillar drive" for
1112:
1100:
847:
778:
698:
579:
552:, the MHD interaction being concentrated within the pipe (similarly to
391:
in motion, it is a "volumetric" (body) force, a force per unit volume:
349:
2742:
2712:
2615:
2299:
1897:(Report). Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University.
1617:
1578:
697:
Military research about underwater MHD propulsion included high-speed
166:
Few large-scale marine prototypes have been built, limited by the low
92:
2909:
Resler, E.L.; Sears, W.R. (1958). "Magneto-Gasdynamic Channel Flow".
2682:
2640:
1397:
1136:
1104:
990:
955:
909:
843:
268:
224:
137:
3078:
3017:
2667:
2442:. 34th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference. Orlando, Florida.
1764:
997:
being the engine. Lift and thrust would arise as a consequence of a
231:
at the same time, and the propellant would last much longer than in
64:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3036:
3002:
2581:
2271:
Fraĭshtadt, V. L.; Kuranov, A. L.; Sheĭkin, E. G. (November 1998).
1829:. AIAA 3rd Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference. Washington, D.C.
1497:
1745:
1096:
974:
881:
824:
672:
622:
610:
530:
374:
264:
254:
195:
149:
91:
2984:"Electrode Boundary Layers in Direct-Current Plasma Accelerators"
544:
when the fluid is accelerated within and propelled back out of a
1014:
1001:
difference between the upper and lower surfaces, induced by the
986:
688:
575:
102:
2561:
Park, Chul; Bogdanoff, David W.; Mehta, Unmeel B. (July 2003).
2224:. 27th Plasma Dynamics and Lasers Conference. New Orleans, LA.
2215:
Bityurin, V. A.; Zeigarnik, V. A.; Kuranov, A. L. (June 1996).
275:
141:
29:
2616:"Flying saucers R&D: The Coanda effect (English version)"
2461:
Blankson, Isaiah M.; Schneider, Stephen J. (December 2003).
2218:
On a perspective of MHD technology in aerospace applications
2892:"The World's First Flying Saucer: Made Right Here on Earth"
1224:, a nearly undetectable "silent drive" intended to achieve
761:
which is due to the brutal recompression of air behind the
2252:. 28th Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference. Atlanta, GA.
1890:
Lin, T. F.; Gilbert, J. B; Kossowsky, R. (February 1990).
1287:, relates electric and magnetic fields to propulsion force
1103:. Depending on the propellant used, it can be seeded with
340:
devices, an MHD accelerator is reversible: if the ambient
2722:. 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV.
1937:(Report). NASA. 19660007777. NASA-CR-70362. JPLAI/LS-541.
1809:"EMS-1 electromagnetic submarine on US television (1966)"
1611:
1609:
1201:
Clive Cussler writes the same drive into the powering of
2798:
Demonstration of a Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle
1905:. US Navy/ONR Annual Report AD-A218 318. Archived from
53:
3096:
Demonstrate Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion in a Minute
1236:
from which the film was adapted, the caterpillar that
3052:"Rocket motor with electric accelerationin tehthroat"
1642:. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 295–312.
1640:
Magnetohydrodynamics: Historical Evolution and Trends
400:
2681:
Myrabo, L. N.; Kerl, J.M.; et al. (June 1999).
965:
Nonetheless, considering the current problem of the
785:. It is a field of magnetohydrodynamics also called
2141:Sheikin, Evgeniy G.; Kuranov, Alexander L. (2005).
1405:
Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers
1033:literature from the mid 1970s mainly by physicists
2383:"Hypersonic Vehicle Electric Power System (HVEPS)"
1262:built to prove that exploration and mining of the
437:
2641:"MHD propulsion by absorption of laser radiation"
2533:"An AJAX technology advanced SSTO design concept"
2064:Is supersonic flight without shock wave possible?
2000:
1998:
1949:"Magnetohydrodynamic flow control during reentry"
1746:"Electromagnetic propulsion for cargo submarines"
732:First studies of the interaction of plasmas with
434:
2911:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik
2803:(Report). Defense Technical Information Center.
2542:. AIAA and SAE, 1998 World Aviation Conference.
2407:"Scramjet MHD System Generates Electrical Power"
1091:, the working fluid is most of the time ionized
332:is replaced by the fluid acting directly as the
328:) except that in an MHD drive, the solid moving
2493:"Annular MHD Physics for Turbojet Energy Bypas"
2357:"General Atomics Scores Power Production First"
2321:Sheikin, E. G.; Kuranov, A. L. (October 2003).
2007:"Prospects of MHD flow control for hypersonics"
1859:Bulletin of Marine Engineering Society of Japan
665:In 1991, the world's first full-size prototype
566:when the fluid is accelerated around the whole
117:is a method for propelling vehicles using only
105:, Japan. The first working full-scale MHD ship.
27:Vehicle propulsion using electromagnetic fields
1972:Froning, H. D.; Roach, R. L. (November 1999).
1258:the ship where some of the action took place,
659:, in accordance with theoretical predictions.
194:and the power available to feed them. In 2023
1332:
1330:
8:
2771:Myrabo, Leik N.; Lewis, John S. (May 2009).
1700:. Vol. 30, no. 2. pp. 58–65.
627:A view of the end of the thruster unit from
344:is moving relatively to the magnetic field,
2711:Myrabo, L. N.; et al. (January 2000).
2387:The University of Tennessee Space Institute
2273:"Use of MHD systems in hypersonic aircraft"
1739:
1737:
1124:to accelerate only positive ions using the
757:further ahead of the vehicle, lowering the
2879:(in French). No. 702. pp. 42–49.
603:, increasing the efficiency even further.
525:. No electrodes are required in this case.
2515:
2199:
1524:
1514:
1496:
908:are also considered, as well as subsonic
615:A view through a tube in the thruster of
433:
428:
420:
412:
401:
399:
320:This is the same working principle as an
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2741:Myrabo, L. N.; et al. (July 2000).
2173:"MHD flow-control for hypersonic flight"
2035:Ullah, L.; Samad, A.; Nawaz, A. (2021).
886:Hypersonic Vehicle Electric Power System
521:by a rapidly varying magnetic field, as
219:have also been actively studied as such
2171:Petit, J.-P.; Geffray, J. (June 2009).
1297:
894:University of Tennessee Space Institute
857:try to extend the domain of hypersonic
649:University of California, Santa Barbara
360:with no moving parts, transforming the
2041:European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids
1669:
1667:
1474:
1472:
1470:
159:Studies examining MHD in the field of
2246:Assessment of hypersonic MHD concepts
1675:"What is the Russian Ayaks aircraft?"
1548:
1546:
1544:
1348:. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 80–85
954:), which is ruled out in the case of
703:remotely operated underwater vehicles
7:
2324:Analysis of Scramjet with MHD bypass
2143:"Scramjet with MHD Controlled Inlet"
1692:Choueiri, Edgar Y. (February 2009).
1076:A number of experimental methods of
1047:Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle
313:. The Lorentz force accelerates all
2982:Kerrebrock, Jack L. (August 1961).
2871:[A plasma engine for UFOs]
1930:Sterkin, Carol K. (December 1965).
1616:Pope, Gregory T. (September 1995).
631:at the Ship Science Museum in Tokyo
156:, the vehicle accelerates forward.
3121:Plasma technology and applications
2890:Greenemeier, Larry (7 July 2008).
2818:from the original on May 17, 2013.
1417:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1961.tb02428.x
25:
3059:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
3025:Journal of the Aerospace Sciences
2991:Journal of the Aerospace Sciences
2867:Petit, Jean-Pierre (March 1976).
2648:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
2107:Petit, J.-P.; Lebrun, B. (1989).
2081:Petit, J.-P.; Lebrun, B. (1989).
1785:"Run Silent, Run Electromagnetic"
1714:10.1038/scientificamerican0209-58
1398:"Electromagnetic ship propulsion"
1337:Normile, Dennis (November 1992).
839:… with or without seeding of low
709:(AUV), up to larger ones such as
152:is directed to the rear and as a
3050:Rosciszewski, Jan (March 1965).
2775:. Collector's Guide Publishing.
685:Ocean Policy Research Foundation
651:. Way, on leave from his job at
429:
421:
413:
402:
34:
2869:"Un moteur à plasma pour ovnis"
2570:Journal of Propulsion and Power
2411:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
2116:European Journal of Mechanics B
2090:European Journal of Mechanics B
1339:"Superconductivity goes to sea"
915:Such studies covers a field of
215:using magnetohydrodynamics for
1396:Friauf, J.B. (February 1961).
707:autonomous underwater vehicles
1:
2381:Whorton, Mark (2 July 2017).
1694:"New dawn of electric rocket"
1152:magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
1068:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
904:engine, but easier to design
898:Air Force Research Laboratory
350:electric potential difference
251:Magnetohydrodynamic converter
2811:. AFRL-OSR-VA-TR-2012-0922.
2614:Petit, J.-P. (August 1974).
1793:. 1966-09-23. Archived from
1516:10.1371/journal.pone.0178599
804:) using various techniques:
480:(current per unit area) and
356:: the device then acts as a
3126:Magnetic propulsion devices
2201:10.12693/aphyspola.115.1149
1169:) to feed the power-greedy
681:Ship & Ocean Foundation
364:of the incoming fluid into
352:that can be harnessed with
60:the claims made and adding
3142:
1865:(1): 46–55. Archived from
1592:Wang, Brian (2023-05-25).
1190:series of books by author
1065:
1059:
932:electrothermal instability
795:magnetoplasma aerodynamics
720:
548:of tubular or ring-shaped
464:(charge per unit volume),
248:
242:
221:electromagnetic propulsion
163:began in the late 1950s.
3016:Oates, Gordon C. (1962).
2954:TN-58-1058, ASTIA 207 228
1648:10.1007/978-1-4020-4833-3
1305:Dane, Abe (August 1990).
1156:pulsed inductive thruster
1089:electromagnetic thrusters
1072:Pulsed inductive thruster
861:to higher Mach regimes:
738:thermal protection system
657:Santa Barbara, California
456:(force per unit volume),
213:Plasma propulsion engines
111:magnetohydrodynamic drive
1438:Journal of Ship Research
1217:The Hunt for Red October
1062:Plasma propulsion engine
1019:airbreathing jet engines
921:magnetic Reynolds number
750:thermal ablative shields
677:research and development
591:move water around them).
2180:Acta Physica Polonica A
1753:Journal of Hydronautics
1214:The film adaptation of
950:) nor in space (due to
853:MHD studies applied to
639:with a directly driven
168:electrical conductivity
131:electrically conductive
2491:Schneider, Stephen J.
1165:(such as hypothetical
896:, sponsored by the US
809:electric arc discharge
691:Harbour in June 1992.
632:
620:
439:
387:, but on a continuous
380:
260:
106:
2956:. Cornell University.
2849:US patent 8960595
2830:US patent 8382029
2596:US patent 2108652
1953:European Space Agency
1378:US patent 2997013
1082:magnetoplasmadynamics
1078:spacecraft propulsion
1056:Spacecraft propulsion
967:electric power source
653:Westinghouse Electric
626:
614:
440:
378:
286:, resulting from the
258:
95:
1797:on January 14, 2009.
1280:Electrohydrodynamics
1240:used was actually a
880:The Russian project
841:ionization potential
728:Passive flow control
723:Flow control (fluid)
683:(later known as the
515:alternating currents
398:
302:applied between two
146:magnetohydrodynamics
3071:1965JSpRo...2..278R
2923:1958ZaMP....9..509R
2896:Scientific American
2758:10.2514/6.2000-3486
2698:10.2514/6.1999-2842
2660:1976JSpRo..13..466M
2548:10.2514/6.1998-5527
2508:10.2514/6.2011-2230
2478:10.2514/6.2003-6922
2448:10.2514/6.2003-4289
2292:1998JTePh..43.1309F
2258:10.2514/6.1997-2393
2230:10.2514/6.1996-2355
2192:2009AcPPA.115.1149P
2158:10.2514/6.2005-3223
2128:1989EJMF....8..307L
2022:10.2514/6.2000-3057
1706:2009SciAm.300b..58C
1698:Scientific American
1679:North Atlantic Blog
1618:"Fly by microwaves"
1571:2017PhTea..55..460O
1559:The Physics Teacher
1507:2017PLoSO..1278599C
1307:"100 mph Jet Ships"
872:Inlet flow control.
791:magnetoaerodynamics
773:Active flow control
717:Aircraft propulsion
389:charge distribution
186:in the vicinity of
2931:10.1007/BF02424770
2728:10.2514/6.2000-446
2061:(September 1983).
1989:10.2514/6.1999-487
1143:than conventional
981:body (shaped as a
837:radioactive source
819:) electromagnetic
787:magnetogasdynamics
744:during high-speed
633:
621:
501:Conduction devices
435:
381:
298:accelerated by an
261:
129:, accelerating an
107:
45:possibly contains
3111:Marine propulsion
2877:Science & Vie
2623:Science & Vie
2300:10.1134/1.1259189
2286:(11): 1309–1313.
2280:Technical Physics
1657:978-1-4020-4832-6
1627:. pp. 44–45.
1625:Popular Mechanics
1579:10.1119/1.5008337
1314:Popular Mechanics
1230:submarine warfare
946:in water (due to
850:) into the flow.
846:substances (like
783:hypersonic flight
679:(R&D) by the
675:after 6 years of
671:was completed in
607:Marine propulsion
511:Induction devices
346:charge separation
315:charged particles
217:space exploration
161:marine propulsion
90:
89:
82:
47:original research
18:Caterpillar drive
16:(Redirected from
3133:
3083:
3082:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2988:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2917:(5–6): 509–518.
2906:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2645:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:2060/20110016528
2497:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2338:. Archived from
2329:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2186:(6): 1149–1513.
2177:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1750:
1744:Way, S. (1968).
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1716:. Archived from
1689:
1683:
1682:
1681:. 30 March 2015.
1671:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1500:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:. pp. 60–62
1311:
1302:
1145:chemical rockets
1141:specific impulse
1132:electric field.
944:gravity of Earth
763:stagnation point
734:hypersonic flows
444:
442:
441:
436:
432:
424:
416:
405:
324:(more exactly a
292:electric current
267:(which can be a
233:chemical rockets
229:specific impulse
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
62:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3079:10.2514/3.28172
3054:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2668:10.2514/3.27919
2643:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2363:. 21 March 2017
2361:General Atomics
2355:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1765:10.2514/3.62773
1748:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1491:(6): e0178599.
1478:
1477:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1346:Popular Science
1341:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1276:
1197:Valhalla Rising
1179:
1167:fusion reactors
1074:
1064:
1058:
993:…), the entire
940:
890:General Atomics
775:
765:. Such passive
730:
725:
719:
609:
494:
478:current density
396:
395:
385:electrical wire
338:electromagnetic
296:charge carriers
253:
247:
241:
176:current density
123:magnetic fields
115:MHD accelerator
86:
75:
69:
66:
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Fluid dynamics
3113:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3090:External links
3088:
3085:
3084:
3065:(2): 278–280.
3042:
3037:10.2514/8.9372
3031:(2): 231–232.
3008:
3003:10.2514/8.9117
2997:(8): 631–644.
2974:
2959:
2944:
2901:
2882:
2859:
2840:
2821:
2788:
2782:978-1926592039
2781:
2763:
2733:
2703:
2690:AIAA-1999-2842
2673:
2654:(8): 466–472.
2628:
2606:
2587:
2582:10.2514/2.6156
2576:(4): 529–537.
2553:
2523:
2500:AIAA–2011–2230
2483:
2470:AIAA 2003-6922
2453:
2440:AIAA 2003-4289
2423:
2398:
2373:
2348:
2345:on 2018-04-12.
2313:
2263:
2235:
2207:
2163:
2150:AIAA 2005-3223
2133:
2122:(4): 307–326.
2099:
2073:
2050:
2027:
2014:AIAA 2000-3057
1994:
1964:
1940:
1922:
1882:
1842:
1832:
1817:
1800:
1776:
1733:
1684:
1663:
1656:
1630:
1605:
1584:
1565:(8): 460–466.
1540:
1466:
1447:
1428:
1411:(1): 139–142.
1388:
1369:
1358:
1326:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1184:a ship in the
1178:
1175:
1171:electromagnets
1163:energy density
1122:electrostatics
1120:which rely on
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
971:fusion reactor
952:weightlessness
939:
936:
928:weakly ionized
878:
877:
873:
870:
866:
821:glow discharge
774:
771:
755:bow shock wave
742:space capsules
729:
726:
718:
715:
608:
605:
593:
592:
583:microorganisms
561:
527:
526:
508:
505:direct current
493:
490:
486:magnetic field
470:electric field
462:charge density
446:
445:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
404:
362:kinetic energy
336:. As with all
322:electric motor
311:magnetic field
300:electric field
243:Main article:
240:
237:
192:electromagnets
178:is limited by
101:on display in
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3138:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2625:(683): 68–73.
2624:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2413:. 7 June 2017
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
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2358:
2352:
2349:
2341:
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2326:
2325:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2096:(2): 163–178.
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1912:on 2018-04-05
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1872:on 2017-12-15
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1723:on 2016-10-18
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
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1634:
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1619:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1595:
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1580:
1576:
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1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
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1486:
1482:
1475:
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1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1285:Lorentz force
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:Asteroid Belt
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:The Precipice
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:Clive Cussler
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1126:Coulomb force
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1118:ion thrusters
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2766:
2750:AIAA-00-3486
2749:
2736:
2720:AIAA-00-0446
2719:
2706:
2689:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2637:Myrabo, L.N.
2631:
2622:
2609:
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2573:
2569:
2556:
2539:
2526:
2499:
2486:
2469:
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2426:
2415:. Retrieved
2410:
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2390:. Retrieved
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2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2340:the original
2323:
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2183:
2179:
2166:
2149:
2136:
2119:
2118:. B/Fluids.
2115:
2102:
2093:
2092:. B/Fluids.
2089:
2076:
2063:
2059:Petit, J.-P.
2053:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2013:
1981:AIAA-99-4878
1980:
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1862:
1858:
1845:
1835:
1827:Paper 67-432
1826:
1820:
1803:
1795:the original
1788:
1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1759:(2): 49–57.
1756:
1752:
1725:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1697:
1687:
1678:
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1597:. Retrieved
1587:
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1420:. Retrieved
1408:
1404:
1391:
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1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1318:. Retrieved
1313:
1300:
1268:fusion power
1260:Starpower 1,
1259:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1203:Captain Nemo
1195:
1187:Oregon Files
1185:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1149:
1134:
1130:high voltage
1086:
1081:
1075:
1051:
1027:rotor blades
1013:. Having no
979:axisymmetric
964:
941:
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852:
806:high voltage
799:
794:
790:
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767:flow control
731:
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382:
368:, called an
358:power source
326:linear motor
319:
262:
223:offers high
211:
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184:electrolysis
165:
158:
127:moving parts
114:
110:
108:
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76:
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2540:Anaheim, CA
1238:Red October
1139:and higher
1043:Subrata Roy
1035:Leik Myrabo
1031:peer review
1007:Hall effect
855:aeronautics
568:wetted area
558:jet engines
366:electricity
348:induces an
294:(motion of
3105:Categories
2809:B01IKW9SES
2417:2018-04-13
2392:2018-04-13
2367:2018-04-13
1958:2018-04-13
1916:2018-04-04
1876:2018-04-04
1770:2018-04-04
1727:2018-04-04
1599:2023-05-25
1498:1707.02743
1463:: 370–386.
1422:2018-04-04
1352:2018-04-04
1320:2018-04-04
1292:References
1222:submarines
1066:See also:
1039:Lightcraft
1023:helicopter
960:atmosphere
925:nonthermal
923:≪ 1 using
817:microwaves
721:See also:
711:submarines
637:drivetrain
588:Paramecium
354:electrodes
334:propellant
304:electrodes
249:See also:
188:electrodes
182:and water
134:propellant
70:April 2020
54:improve it
2308:122017083
1234:the novel
1109:potassium
1093:hydrazine
1049:(WEAV).
1045:with the
1037:with the
938:Prospects
906:turbojets
759:heat flux
699:torpedoes
641:propeller
629:Yamato I,
617:Yamato I,
578:, or how
426:×
410:ρ
306:) with a
282:) by the
278:called a
239:Principle
227:and high
58:verifying
2939:97266881
2813:Archived
2639:(1976).
2336:10143742
2047:: 12–23.
1903:35847351
1840:775–784.
1535:28665941
1485:PLOS ONE
1444:: 43–51.
1274:See also
1249:Ben Bova
1242:pump-jet
1208:Nautilus
1128:along a
1107:such as
1087:In such
999:pressure
995:airframe
983:cylinder
948:buoyancy
902:scramjet
892:and the
833:betatron
668:Yamato 1
585:such as
492:Typology
172:seawater
154:reaction
125:with no
119:electric
98:Yamato 1
3067:Bibcode
2919:Bibcode
2656:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2188:Bibcode
2124:Bibcode
1814:YouTube
1702:Bibcode
1567:Bibcode
1526:5493298
1503:Bibcode
1270:plant.
1247:In the
1226:stealth
1182:Oregon,
1177:Fiction
1158:(PIT).
1113:caesium
1101:lithium
958:in the
910:ramjets
876:system.
848:caesium
779:airflow
746:reentry
705:(ROV),
597:stealth
580:ciliate
519:induced
503:when a
452:is the
273:ionized
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1105:alkali
1041:, and
1025:whose
991:sphere
975:tonnes
956:flight
869:power.
859:planes
844:alkali
829:e-beam
554:rocket
546:nozzle
448:where
290:of an
280:plasma
271:or an
269:liquid
225:thrust
148:. The
138:liquid
3055:(PDF)
3021:(PDF)
2987:(PDF)
2935:S2CID
2873:(PDF)
2816:(PDF)
2801:(PDF)
2746:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2686:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
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2566:(PDF)
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2304:S2CID
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2250:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
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2010:(PDF)
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1493:arXiv
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882:Ayaks
825:laser
673:Japan
574:on a
531:redox
513:when
330:rotor
265:fluid
200:Tesla
196:DARPA
150:fluid
2805:ASIN
2777:ISBN
1790:Time
1652:ISBN
1531:PMID
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1017:nor
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