1340:
105:
1223:
632:. The perithecia are ordinally arranged and ovoid. The asci are cylindrical or slightly tapering at both ends, and may be straight or curved, with a capitate and hemispheroid apex, and may be two to four spored. Similarly, ascospores are hyaline, filiform, multiseptate at a length of 5–12 μm and subattenuated on both sides. Perithecial, ascus and ascospore characters in the fruiting bodies are the key identification characteristics of
80:
3043:
591:
53:
1123:
1195:
multihyphal structures that can remain dormant and then germinate to produce spores. After overwintering, the fungus ruptures the host body, forming the fruiting body, a sexual sporulating structure (a perithecial stroma) from the larval head that is connected to the sclerotia (dead larva) below ground and grows upward to emerge from the soil to complete the cycle.
1292:
3031:
441:
2922:
Winkler, D. 2005. Yartsa Gunbu – Cordyceps sinensis. Economy, Ecology & Ethno-mycology of a Fungus
Endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. In: A. BOESI & F. CARDI (eds.). Wildlife and plants in traditional and modern Tibet: Conceptions, Exploitation and Conservation. Memorie della Società Italiana di
1148:
at an altitude between 3,000 and 5,000 m (9,800 and 16,400 ft). The fungus is reported from the northern range of Nepal, Bhutan, and also from the northern states of India, apart from northern Yunnan, eastern
Qinghai, eastern Tibet, western Sichuan, southwestern Gansu provinces. Fifty-seven
1441:
Because of its high value, inter-village conflicts over access to its grassland habitats has become a headache for the local governing bodies and in several cases people were killed. In
November 2011, a court in Nepal convicted 19 villagers over the murder of a group of farmers during a fight over
1194:
The infected larvae tend to remain underground vertical to the soil surface with their heads up. After invading a host larva, the fungus ramifies throughout the host and eventually kills it. Gradually the host larvae become rigid because of the production of fungal sclerotia. Fungal sclerotia are
1327:
has become the most important source of cash income. The fungi contributed 40% of the annual cash income to local households and 8.5% to the GDP in 2004. Prices have increased continuously, especially since the late 1990s. In 2008, one kilogram traded for US$ 3,000 (lowest quality) to over US$
1335:
In 2004 the value of a kilogram of caterpillars was estimated at 30,000 to 60,000 Nepali rupees in Nepal, and about Rs 100,000 in India. In 2011, the value of a kilogram of caterpillars was estimated at 350,000 to 450,000 Nepali rupees in Nepal. A 2012 BBC article indicated that in north Indian
1306:
as it is considered to be composed of both an animal and a vegetable. They are now cultivated on an industrial scale for their use in traditional
Chinese medicine. However, no one has succeeded so far in rearing the fungus by infecting cultivated caterpillars; all products derived from cultured
1186:
The stalk-like dark brown to black fruiting body (or mushroom) grows out of the head of the dead caterpillar and emerges from the soil in alpine meadows by early spring. During late summer, the fruiting body disperses spores. The caterpillars, which live underground feeding on roots, are most
552:
and in the
Himalayas, between elevations of 3,000 and 5,000 metres (10,000 and 16,000 ft). The fungus germinates in the living larva, kills and mummifies it, and then a dark brown stalk-like fruiting body which is a few centimeters long emerges from the corpse and stands upright.
1461:
in Nepal had only been legalised in 2001, and now demand is highest in countries such as China, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and Japan. By 2002, the 'herb' was valued at R 105,000 ($ 1,435) per kilogram, allowing the government to charge a royalty of R 20,000 ($ 280) per kilogram.
617:. The stroma is the upper fungal part and is dark brown or black, but can be a yellow color when fresh, and longer than the caterpillar itself, usually 4–10 cm. It grows singly from the larval head, and is clavate, sublanceolate or fusiform, and distinct from the
1288:("New compilation of materia medica"). The ethno-mycological knowledge on caterpillar fungus among the Nepalese people is documented. The entire fungus-caterpillar combination is hand-collected for medicinal use.
533:
derivative. However, the fruiting bodies harvested in nature usually contain high amounts of arsenic and other heavy metals, so they are potentially toxic and sales have been strictly regulated by China's
1336:
villages a single fungus was worth Rs 150 (about £2 or $ 3), which is more than the daily wage of a manual labourer. In 2012, a pound of top-quality yartsa had reached retail prices of $ 50,000.
1187:
vulnerable to the fungus after shedding their skin, during late summer. In late autumn, chemicals on the skin of the caterpillar interact with the fungal spores and release the fungal
1507:
1928:
Sung G. H.; et al. (2007). "A multi-gene phylogeny of
Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach".
2881:"Criteria and indicator for assessing threat on Himalayan birch (B. utilis) at timberline ecotone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve: A world heritage site, Western Himalaya, India"
650:
species, which produce either immersed or superficial perithecia perpendicular to stromal surface, and the ascospores at maturity are disarticulated into part spores. Generally
582:
as an endangered species in China. Additional research needs to be carried out in order to understand its morphology and growth habits for conservation and optimum utilization.
1734:
Hsieh, C., et al., A Systematic Review of the
Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong-ChongXiaCao and Related Bioactive Ingredients. Vol. 3. 2013. 16–32.
1363:, about 900% between 1998 and 2008, an annual average of over 20% (after inflation). However, the value of large caterpillar fungus has increased more dramatically than small
3420:
842:(冬蟲夏草), meaning "winter worm, summer grass", which is a literal translation of the original Tibetan name. In traditional Chinese medicine, its name is often abbreviated as
2133:
Liu Z.; Liang Z.; Liu A.; Yao Y.; Hyde K. D.; Yu Z. (2002). "Molecular evidence for teleomorph-anamorph connections in
Cordyceps based on ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences".
3254:
1473:
where it grows. While it has been collected for centuries and is still common in such areas, current collection rates are much higher than in historical times.
772:. In colloquial Tibetan yartsa gunbu is often shortened to simply "bu" or "yartsa". The Tibetan name is transliterated in Nepali as यार्चागुन्बू, यार्चागुन्बा,
3425:
2730:
2110:
Hill H. Art. XXXVI: The
Vegetable Caterpillar (Cordiceps robertsii). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Vol 34, 1901;396–401
535:
3395:
1245:
apparently originated in Tibet and Nepal. So far the oldest known text documenting its use was written in the late 15th century by the
Tibetan doctor
3344:
3189:
3088:
2531:
1454:
571:. The hand-collected, intact fungus-caterpillar body is valued by herbalists as medicine, and because of its cost, its use is also a status symbol.
1202:
grows at a comparatively low temperature, i.e., below 21 °C. Temperature requirements and growth rates are crucial factors that distinguish
2804:
3005:
2087:
1670:
574:
The fruiting bodies of the fungus are not yet cultivated commercially, but the mycelium form can be cultivated in vitro. Overharvesting and
2755:
1793:
Martel J, Ko YF, Liau JC, Lee CS, Ojcius DM, Lai HC, Young JD (2017). "Myths and realities surrounding the mysterious caterpillar fungus".
1563:
2675:
1328:
18,000 (best quality, largest larvae). The annual production on the Tibetan Plateau was estimated in 2009 at 80–175 tons. The Himalayan
1227:
3076:
919:
2173:
Zhu JS, Halpern GM, Jones K (1998). "The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis: part I".
3035:
3400:
1746:"Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: a review"
1708:
2855:
2440:
3092:
273:
910:
The English term "vegetable caterpillar" is a misnomer, as no plant is involved. "Caterpillar fungus" is a preferred term.
3410:
1686:
287:
104:
2441:"Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Production and Sustainability on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas"
568:
564:
1457:
and government forces fought for control of the lucrative export trade during the June–July harvest season. Collecting
1484:
is recently also being harvested. The quality of the Bhutanese variety has been shown to be equal to the Tibetan one.
3141:
2830:
2318:
3259:
2610:
Wu, Ding-Tao; Lv, Guang-Ping; Zheng, Jian; Li, Qian; Ma, Shuang-Cheng; Li, Shao-Ping; Zhao, Jing (December 2016).
1211:
1061:
is not considered anamorph as it has widely distributed host range, and is not restricted only in high altitude.
3430:
3415:
895:
697:
646:) Kobayasi species produce whole ascospores and do not separate into part spores. This is different from other
28:
2704:
1709:"The World's Most Valuable Parasite Is in Trouble. And so are the livelihoods of the people who depend on it"
3435:
2580:
693:
478:
3047:
1627:
1246:
3405:
3103:
2566:
2266:
Xing X. K.; Guo S. X. (2008). "The Structure and Histochemistry of Sclerotia of Ophiocordyceps sinensis".
1443:
1057:
769:
614:
1534:
is estimated to be around 10,000 billion VND/year. In the period 2017-2022, the production of cultivated
1518:
in 2022 reached about 1,000 tons, an increase of five times compared to 2017. The selling price of fresh
1066:
743:
384:
199:
1339:
2880:
1106:
are synonyms. Evidence based on microcyclic conidiation from ascospores and molecular studies support
3372:
3336:
3269:
3181:
2989:
The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus
2946:
2623:
2209:
2071:
The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus
1837:
768:, "summer grass winter worm"). The name was first recorded in the 15th century by the Tibetan doctor
709:
679:
482:
166:
2571:
3246:
2344:
69:
3061:
3011:
2592:
2394:
2299:
2283:
2248:
2232:
2150:
2093:
1450:
970:
560:
465:
225:
99:
84:
2044:"Enumeratio Pyrenomycetum Hypocreaceorum hucusque cognitorum systemate carpologico dispositorum"
1545:
collectors near the treeline is reported to be depleting populations of tree species such as of
1499:
is typically by growth of pure mycelia in liquid culture (in China) or on grains (in the West).
1004:
658:
has dark pigments and tough to pliant stromata, a typical characteristic feature of most of the
2426:
1008:
3318:
3277:
3220:
3150:
3001:
2974:
2902:
2657:
2639:
2584:
2291:
2240:
2190:
2083:
2001:
1945:
1865:
1810:
1775:
1666:
1281:
1269:
1222:
890:
857:
828:
514:
1582:
3282:
2993:
2964:
2954:
2892:
2647:
2631:
2576:
2455:
2386:
2275:
2224:
2182:
2142:
2075:
1991:
1983:
1937:
1903:
1855:
1845:
1802:
1765:
1757:
764:
759:
618:
575:
518:
363:
348:
318:
3079:
Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University)
2987:
2069:
1140:
generally live 15 cm (5.9 in) underground in alpine grass and shrub-lands on the
3065:
2992:. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–294.
1470:
1360:
1141:
705:
701:
549:
486:
421:
146:
2481:
from high altitudes of the Indian Himalaya: Conservation and biotechnological priorities"
2043:
1261:("Instructions on a Myriad of Medicines"), where he describes its use as an aphrodisiac.
2950:
2627:
2074:. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–3.
1892:"What is the Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae)?"
1841:
1179:, and 14 others not correctly identified to genus) are recognized as potential hosts of
27:"Vegetable caterpillar" redirects here. For the other fungus with this common name, see
3331:
3176:
2969:
2928:
2652:
2611:
1996:
1967:
1860:
1829:
1770:
1745:
1273:
1207:
928:
751:
722:
671:
398:
176:
1040:
appeared only in one article and thus is discarded because of incomplete information.
946:
has very low similarity in RAPD polymorphism, hence it is not the anamorph. Likewise,
3389:
3215:
3015:
2252:
2097:
1546:
1242:
1042:
941:
89:
2731:"Đông trùng hạ thảo 'đánh lận con đen' đến nhà khoa học cũng khó phân biệt thật giả"
2596:
2398:
2303:
2154:
2119:
Jiang, Y. Y., & Yao, Y. J. (n.d). Names related to Cordyceps sinensis anamorph.
1020:
were identified only up to generic level, and it is dubious that they are anamorph.
3323:
3155:
2612:"Cordyceps collected from Bhutan, an appropriate alternative of Cordyceps sinensis"
1966:
Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007).
1612:
1380:
1303:
1015:
325:
2923:
Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Vol. 33.1:69–85.
2476:
2228:
2020:
1806:
1302:
In traditional Chinese medicine, it is regarded as having an excellent balance of
1086:, also had almost identical or identical ITS sequences and its presumed anamorph,
1055:
is not considered anamorph as there is no valid published information. Similarly,
590:
52:
17:
3309:
2959:
2676:"NGÀNH NÔNG NGHIỆP ĐẨY MẠNH XUẤT KHẨU, GIẢI QUYẾT CÁC RÀO CẢN KỸ THUẬT PHÁT SINH"
2544:
1908:
1891:
3241:
3202:
3135:
3053:
2897:
2557:
Baral N, Heinen JT (2005). "The Maoist people's war and conservation in Nepal".
1941:
1526:
ranges from 100-200 million VND/kg. Therefore, the economic value of cultivated
1442:
the prized aphrodisiac fungus. Seven farmers were killed in the remote northern
1133:
1122:
904:
624:
The fertile part of the stroma is the head. The head is granular because of the
621:(stalk). The stipe is slender, glabrous, and longitudinally furrowed or ridged.
522:
156:
3042:
2506:
1495:, and producers claim it may offer improved consistency. Artificial culture of
485:. It is mainly found in the meadows above 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) on the
2997:
2390:
2146:
2079:
1761:
1295:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1025:
959:
935:
629:
610:
545:
526:
510:
136:
3126:
2906:
2643:
2460:
2186:
3163:
1850:
1175:
1163:
1145:
1073:
900:
684:
643:
530:
116:
3070:
2978:
2661:
2588:
2295:
2244:
2005:
1987:
1949:
1869:
1814:
1779:
3030:
2194:
3357:
3303:
3228:
3120:
2937:
2929:"High Diversity of the Fungal Community Structure in Naturally-Occurring
1188:
506:
2287:
2236:
440:
3349:
3194:
1531:
1515:
1503:
1344:
1291:
1231:
1051:, have no valid information and thus are not considered as anamorph to
625:
3207:
2635:
3362:
3233:
2279:
1477:
1000:
989:
918:
Since the 1980s, 22 species in 13 genera have been attributed to the
861:
494:
126:
3097:
2377:) and the fungal commodification of the rural economy in Tibet AR".
821:
3168:
1338:
1320:
1290:
1235:
1221:
1121:
589:
502:
498:
490:
453:
449:
439:
245:
216:
1665:. New York, New York: M. Evans and Company, Inc. pp. 64–65.
2805:"Phát triển các mô hình trồng và chế biến dược liệu giá trị cao"
3101:
2319:"Demand for 'Himalayan Viagra' Fungus Heats Up, Maybe Too Much"
1587:(Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora 2007"
1256:
1250:
403:
389:
426:
2705:"Đông trùng hạ thảo, sâm Ngọc Linh.... không còn quá xa xỉ"
2357:
Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies
862:
the Japanese reading of the characters for the Chinese name
1830:"Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review"
654:
species possess brightly colored and fleshy stromata, but
2780:
1890:
Shrestha B.; Weimin Z.; Yongjie Z.; Xingzhong L. (2010).
879:. Strangely, sometimes in Chinese English-language texts
2414:"Ben cao cong xin" – "New compilation of materia medica"
1311:
are derived from mycelia grown on grains or in liquids.
219:) G.H.Sung, J.M.Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2007)
2879:
Maletha, Ajay; Maikhuri, R. K.; Bargali, S. S. (2020).
2581:
10.2990/1471-5457(2005)24[2:TMPWAC]2.0.CO;2
848:(蟲草 "insect plant"), a name that also applies to other
3059:
An Electronic Monograph of Cordyceps and Related Fungi
3058:
2545:'Himalayan viagra': Six men get life for Nepal murders
2345:"The mushrooming fungi market in Tibet exemplified by
1469:
is often perceived to threaten the environment of the
792:
836:
330:
63:(left) growing out of the head of a dead caterpillar
2927:
Zhang Y.; Zhang S.; Wang M.; Bai F.; Liu X. (2010).
2507:"The 'Viagra' transforming local economies in India"
2210:"Last Stand for the Body Snatcher of the Himalayas?"
1446:
in June 2009 after going to forage for Yarchagumba.
1298:, a compound isolated from the "caterpillar fungus".
3293:
3110:
1082:which had similar morphological characteristics to
420:
415:
397:
383:
378:
362:
357:
347:
342:
324:
317:
312:
300:
286:
272:
267:
258:
1359:is reported to have increased dramatically on the
670:The species was first described scientifically by
544:parasitizes the larvae of moths within the family
2856:"Việt Nam sản xuất cao từ nấm đông trùng hạ thảo"
2831:"Việt Nam sản xuất cao từ nấm đông trùng hạ thảo"
1687:"Caterpillar Fungus: The Viagra of the Himalayas"
1070:is considered the validly published anamorph of
1036:are discarded based on the molecular evidence.
481:(a fungus that grows on insects) in the family
2368:
2366:
1522:ranges from 10-20 million VND/kg, while dried
872:
1508:Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
1491:mycelium is an alternative to wild-harvested
998:and is not the anamorph. Several isolates of
292:
278:
8:
1226:Weighing the precious caterpillar fungus in
2885:Environmental and Sustainability Indicators
1961:
1959:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1538:has grown at an average rate of 40%/year..
1110:as the anamorph of the caterpillar fungus,
525:. Caterpillar fungus contains the compound
3421:Fungi used in traditional Chinese medicine
3098:
3054:Yartsa Gunbu (Cordyceps sinensis) in Tibet
1702:
1700:
1651:《总局关于停止冬虫夏草用于保健食品试点工作的通知 -食药监食监三〔2016〕21号》
1024:is discarded as anamorph as it belongs to
922:(asexually reproducing mold-like form) of
708:, resulting in the naming of a new family
536:State Administration for Market Regulation
375:
309:
78:
51:
40:
2968:
2958:
2896:
2651:
2570:
2459:
1995:
1907:
1859:
1849:
1769:
1626:National Cancer Institute (2011-02-02).
1369:
1332:production might not exceed a few tons.
987:but there is lack of valid information.
1923:
1921:
1919:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1593:. International Mycological Association
1574:
1280:. In the 18th century it was listed in
1268:in traditional Chinese medicine was in
979:is only validly published in articles.
2683:Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn
2168:
2166:
2164:
1191:, which then infects the caterpillar.
255:
1930:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1506:, according to the statistics of the
1351:(冬虫夏草) among other local specialties.
763:
682:transferred the species to the genus
7:
3373:f0e86433-dfc9-4e3e-9d70-a54b96cc0367
3270:ef8ea3ee-8a0f-40ab-9191-3d1426fe8be4
2547:BBC News Asia, Retrieved 9 July 2012
1564:List of fungi by conservation status
1053:Ophiocordyceps sinensis. V. sinensis
609:consists of two parts, a fungal endo
563:, and its use has a long history in
3426:Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley
790:. The transliteration in Bhutan is
548:, specifically genera found on the
2785:Tạp chí Doanh nghiệp và Thương mại
2534:, National Geographic, August 2012
2373:Winkler D. (2008). "Yartsa Gunbu (
1828:Xiao-Liang W.; Yi-Jian Y. (2011).
1218:Use in traditional Asian medicines
578:have led to the classification of
25:
1241:The use of caterpillar fungus as
688:in 1878. The fungus was known as
586:Taxonomic history and systematics
3396:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
3077:Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc.
3041:
3029:
2756:"Nâng tầm giá trị cây dược liệu"
2021:"On some entomogenous Sphaeriae"
1968:"Phylogenetic classification of
1610:Interview with Britt Bunyard on
1449:Its value gave it a role in the
983:possibly might be synonymous to
103:
2729:ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2023-04-02).
1972:and the clavicipitaceous fungi"
1744:Yan JK, Wang WQ, Wu JY (2014).
1510:, the production of cultivated
933:is the zygomycetous species of
899:, a species from south-eastern
696:analysis was used to amend the
517:which is valued in traditional
3093:National Geographic (magazine)
2559:Politics and the Life Sciences
1541:In India, fuelwood cutting by
1210:is suspected to be negatively
948:Cephalosporium dongchongxiacae
666:Developments in classification
404:
390:
331:
293:
279:
1:
2505:Jeffrey, Craig (2012-07-07).
2229:10.1126/science.322.5905.1182
1807:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.011
1367:, regarded as lower quality.
1149:taxa from several genera (37
613:(within the caterpillar) and
493:and the Himalayan regions of
2960:10.1371/journal.pone.0015570
1909:10.1080/21501203.2010.536791
1434:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1252:Zur mkhar mnyam nyid rdo rje
914:Nomenclature of the anamorph
712:and the transfer of several
569:traditional Tibetan medicine
565:traditional Chinese medicine
2898:10.1016/j.indic.2020.100086
2781:"Đông trùng hạ thảo Hector"
1942:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.011
1257:
1251:
837:
822:
793:
594:Caterpillars with emerging
3452:
3073:information from Drugs.com
2317:KAI SCHULTZ (2016-06-26).
1628:"Definition of cordycepin"
1258:Man ngag bye ba ring bsrel
1206:from other similar fungi.
834:It is known in Chinese as
26:
2998:10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1
2709:Báo Người Lao Động Online
2543:Staff (14 November 2011)
2391:10.1007/s12231-008-9038-3
2147:10.1017/s0953756202006378
2080:10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1
1762:10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.024
873:
801:In India, it is known as
734:In Tibet, it is known as
473:), known colloquially as
434:
427:
374:
368:
308:
304:winter worm, summer grass
263:
231:
224:
205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
59:
50:
43:
2461:10.1163/157342109X568829
2187:10.1089/acm.1998.4.3-289
2025:London Journal of Botany
1661:Halpern, Miller (2002).
975:are synonymous and only
896:Ophiocordyceps robertsii
274:Traditional Chinese
30:Ophiocordyceps robertsii
3401:Fungi described in 1843
3142:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
3112:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
3036:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
2931:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
2175:J Altern Complement Med
1851:10.3897/zookeys.127.802
1707:Yong, Ed (2018-10-22).
1585:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1543:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1512:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1482:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1467:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1357:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1266:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1214:the mountain organism.
1127:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
981:Cephalosporium sinensis
765:[jɑ̀ːt͡sɑkỹ̀pu]
607:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
596:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
479:entomopathogenic fungus
461:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
288:Simplified Chinese
259:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
209:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
61:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
45:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
1988:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01
1412:429% (incl. inflation)
1401:467% (incl. inflation)
1352:
1299:
1272:’s 1694 compendium of
1238:
1136:prone to infection by
1129:
1118:Ecology and life cycle
1058:Metarhizium anisopliae
996:Paecilomyces farinosus
602:Morphological features
598:
456:
3089:Tibet’s Golden "Worm"
2809:Truyenhinhthanhhoa.vn
2532:Tibet’s Golden "Worm"
2042:Saccardo PA. (1878).
2019:Berkeley MJ. (1843).
1342:
1294:
1264:The first mention of
1247:Zurkhar Nyamnyi Dorje
1225:
1125:
1090:. This also confirms
1034:Sporothrix insectorum
1030:Paecilomyces sinensis
926:. Of the 22 species,
827:in Nepali, Hindi and
593:
443:
3411:Ophiocordycipitaceae
3038:at Wikimedia Commons
2439:Winkler, D. (2009).
2351:Tricholoma matsutake
2135:Mycological Research
1315:Economics and impact
770:Zurkhar Namnyi Dorje
748:dbyar rtswa dgun 'bu
710:Ophiocordycipitaceae
680:Pier Andrea Saccardo
483:Ophiocordycipitaceae
448:यार्सागुम्बा in the
167:Ophiocordycipitaceae
2951:2010PLoSO...515570Z
2628:2016NatSR...637668W
2343:Winkler D. (2008).
1976:Studies in Mycology
1842:2011ZooK..127...43W
1663:Medicinal Mushrooms
1632:NCI Drug Dictionary
1615:. BBC. Sep 9, 2023.
1067:Hirsutella sinensis
1045:sinense, P. hepiali
1022:Mortierella hepiali
559:is classified as a
391:Dbyar Rtswa Dgun'bu
70:Conservation status
3064:2014-05-17 at the
3048:Cordyceps sinensis
2616:Scientific Reports
2530:Finkel, M. (2012)
2479:Cordyceps sinensis
2475:Sharma S. (2004).
2375:Cordyceps sinensis
2347:Cordyceps sinensis
1451:Nepalese Civil War
1444:district of Manang
1353:
1349:Dōng chóng xià cǎo
1300:
1239:
1130:
1094:to be anamorph of
883:is referred to as
881:Cordyceps sinensis
838:dōng chóng xià cǎo
740:དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་
716:species including
690:Cordyceps sinensis
599:
561:medicinal mushroom
475:caterpillar fungus
470:Cordyceps sinensis
457:
369:དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ་
332:dōng chóng xià cǎo
241:Cordyceps sinensis
18:Caterpillar fungus
3383:
3382:
3295:Sphaeria sinensis
3278:Open Tree of Life
3104:Taxon identifiers
3034:Media related to
3007:978-3-031-24722-4
2636:10.1038/srep37668
2089:978-3-031-24722-4
1836:(127): 12743–59.
1801:(11): 1017–1021.
1795:Trends Biotechnol
1672:978-0-87131-981-4
1478:Kingdom of Bhutan
1439:
1438:
1255:) ) in his text:
1198:The slow growing
1049:Scydalium hepiali
860:, it is known by
852:species, such as
692:until 2007, when
676:Sphaeria sinensis
444:Fruiting body of
438:
437:
411:
410:
338:
337:
319:Standard Mandarin
254:
253:
249:
238:
234:Sphaeria sinensis
93:
36:Species of fungus
16:(Redirected from
3443:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3099:
3085:
3082:
3046:Data related to
3045:
3033:
3019:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2574:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2280:10.3852/07-007R2
2263:
2257:
2256:
2214:
2208:Stone R (2008).
2205:
2199:
2198:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2141:(9): 1100–1108.
2130:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1936:(3): 1204–1223.
1925:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1579:
1547:Himalayan birch
1455:Nepalese Maoists
1435:125,000–500,000
1376:% Price Increase
1370:
1286:Ben cao cong xin
1260:
1254:
878:
876:
875:
840:
825:
796:
767:
741:
628:of the embedded
576:overexploitation
519:Chinese medicine
430:
429:
407:
406:
393:
392:
376:
370:
334:
333:
310:
296:
295:
282:
281:
256:
243:
236:
211:
191:O. sinensis
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
55:
41:
21:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3431:Parasitic fungi
3416:Medicinal fungi
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3106:
3083:
3080:
3066:Wayback Machine
3026:
3008:
2985:
2926:
2919:
2917:Further reading
2914:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2860:www.most.gov.vn
2854:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2837:(in Vietnamese)
2828:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2811:(in Vietnamese)
2803:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2737:(in Vietnamese)
2735:TUOI TRE ONLINE
2728:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2711:(in Vietnamese)
2702:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2572:10.1.1.474.3446
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2488:Current Science
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:, Devkota(2006)
2425:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2379:Economic Botany
2372:
2371:
2364:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2090:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1720:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1560:
1471:Tibetan Plateau
1465:The search for
1361:Tibetan Plateau
1317:
1278:Ben Cao Bei Yao
1220:
1142:Tibetan Plateau
1120:
1104:C. multiaxialis
1080:C. multiaxialis
994:is combined to
916:
889:, which is the
870:
794:yartsa guenboob
739:
732:
706:Clavicipitaceae
702:Cordycipitaceae
668:
604:
588:
550:Tibetan Plateau
513:and produces a
487:Tibetan Plateau
301:Literal meaning
239:
220:
213:
207:
194:
147:Sordariomycetes
102:
94:
83:
79:
72:
37:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3436:Fungus species
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3328:
3315:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3274:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3132:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3056:
3051:
3050:at Wikispecies
3039:
3025:
3024:External links
3022:
3021:
3020:
3006:
2986:Lu D. (2023).
2983:
2945:(12): e15570.
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2871:
2847:
2821:
2796:
2771:
2760:lamdong.gov.vn
2747:
2721:
2695:
2667:
2602:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2497:
2467:
2454:(2): 291–316.
2448:Asian Medicine
2431:
2419:
2404:
2385:(3): 291–305.
2362:
2335:
2309:
2274:(4): 616–625.
2258:
2223:(5905): 1182.
2200:
2181:(3): 289–303.
2160:
2125:
2112:
2103:
2088:
2060:
2034:
2011:
1955:
1915:
1902:(4): 228–236.
1875:
1820:
1785:
1736:
1718:
1696:
1678:
1671:
1653:
1644:
1618:
1603:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1425:10,000–60,000
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1330:Ophiocordyceps
1316:
1313:
1309:Ophiocordyceps
1274:materia medica
1219:
1216:
1208:Climate change
1119:
1116:
929:Cephalosporium
915:
912:
731:
728:
723:Ophiocordyceps
698:classification
672:Miles Berkeley
667:
664:
660:Ophiocordyceps
640:Ophiocordyceps
603:
600:
587:
584:
436:
435:
432:
431:
424:
418:
417:
413:
412:
409:
408:
401:
399:Tibetan Pinyin
395:
394:
387:
381:
380:
379:Transcriptions
372:
371:
366:
360:
359:
355:
354:
351:
345:
344:
340:
339:
336:
335:
328:
322:
321:
315:
314:
313:Transcriptions
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
252:
251:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
186:
182:
181:
178:Ophiocordyceps
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
57:
56:
48:
47:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3448:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Fungi of Asia
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2836:
2835:vnexpress.net
2832:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2494:(12): 1614–9.
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:(in Chinese).
2415:
2412:Wu Y (1757).
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2336:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:Lu D (2023).
2064:
2061:
2057:(3): 277–325.
2056:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:J Funct Foods
1747:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:Betula utilis
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:The price of
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1243:folk medicine
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:C. nepalensis
1098:and suggests
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:O. sinensis,
1069:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:Tolypocladium
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
972:
967:
963:
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
943:
942:Chrysosporium
938:
937:
932:
930:
925:
921:
913:
911:
908:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
887:
882:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
839:
832:
830:
826:
824:
823:ghaas fafoond
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
805:
799:
797:
795:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
760:Lhasa dialect
757:
756:yarza g̈unbu'
753:
749:
745:
737:
729:
727:
725:
724:
720:to the genus
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
597:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:fruiting body
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
467:
463:
462:
455:
451:
447:
442:
433:
425:
423:
419:
414:
402:
400:
396:
388:
386:
382:
377:
373:
367:
365:
361:
356:
352:
350:
346:
341:
329:
327:
323:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
285:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
257:
250:
247:
242:
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
212:
210:
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
86:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
46:
42:
39:
32:
31:
19:
3294:
3111:
3091:August 2012
3084:(in Chinese)
3081:(in English)
2988:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2813:. Retrieved
2808:
2799:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:
2779:Tuấn, Đặng.
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:
2750:
2739:. Retrieved
2734:
2724:
2713:. Retrieved
2708:
2703:NLD.COM.VN.
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2685:. 2022-09-01
2682:
2670:
2622:(1): 37668.
2619:
2615:
2605:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2451:
2447:
2434:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2312:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2178:
2174:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2123:, 84245-254.
2120:
2115:
2106:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:(in Latin).
2050:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2014:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1933:
1929:
1899:
1895:
1833:
1823:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1713:The Atlantic
1712:
1690:
1681:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1584:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1440:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:advertising
1334:
1329:
1325:yartsa gunbu
1324:
1318:
1308:
1304:yin and yang
1301:
1285:
1277:
1265:
1263:
1240:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1137:
1134:caterpillars
1131:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1016:Stachybotrys
1014:
999:
995:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
965:
958:
954:
951:
947:
940:
934:
927:
923:
917:
909:
894:
885:
884:
880:
866:
865:
854:C. militaris
853:
849:
844:
843:
835:
833:
820:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
800:
791:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
773:
755:
747:
736:yartsa gunbu
735:
733:
730:Common names
721:
717:
713:
689:
683:
675:
669:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
638:
633:
623:
606:
605:
595:
579:
573:
556:
555:
541:
540:
538:since 2016.
474:
469:
468:
460:
459:
458:
445:
428:यार्सागुम्बा
358:Tibetan name
343:Burmese name
326:Hanyu Pinyin
268:Chinese name
240:
237:Berk. (1843)
233:
232:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
60:
44:
38:
29:
3242:NatureServe
3203:iNaturalist
3136:Wikispecies
2829:VnExpress.
2565:(1): 2–11.
2427:nepjol.info
1637:21 December
1536:O. sinensis
1528:O. sinensis
1524:O. sinensis
1520:O. sinensis
1497:O. sinensis
1493:O. sinensis
1489:O. sinensis
1487:Cultivated
1459:yarchagumba
1230:, Southern
1204:O. sinensis
1200:O. sinensis
1181:O. sinensis
1138:O. sinensis
1112:O. sinensis
1108:H. sinensis
1096:O. sinensis
1092:H. sinensis
1088:H. sinensis
1084:O. sinensis
985:H. sinensis
977:H. sinensis
971:Synnematium
931:acreomonium
924:O. sinensis
905:New Zealand
781:yarchagumba
775:yarshagumba
718:C. sinensis
674:in 1843 as
656:O. sinensis
634:O. sinensis
580:O. sinensis
567:as well as
557:O. sinensis
542:O. sinensis
523:aphrodisiac
511:ghost moths
507:parasitizes
446:O. sinensis
416:Nepali name
405:Yarza Günbu
157:Hypocreales
3390:Categories
2891:: 100086.
2865:2023-12-12
2841:2023-12-12
2815:2023-12-12
2790:2023-12-12
2765:2023-12-12
2741:2023-12-12
2715:2023-12-12
2689:2023-12-12
2477:"Trade of
1613:"Newshour"
1597:2011-07-19
1570:References
1379:Price/kg (
1343:A shop in
1296:Cordycepin
1170:Gazoryctra
1158:Bipectilus
1152:Thitarodes
1076:nepalensis
1026:Zygomycota
1005:Verticella
966:H. hepiali
960:Hirsutella
936:Umbelopsis
816:keeda ghas
810:keeda jadi
804:keera jhar
787:yarsagumba
630:perithecia
611:sclerotium
546:Hepialidae
527:cordycepin
509:larvae of
452:region of
137:Ascomycota
133:Division:
85:Vulnerable
3310:Q59546340
3247:2.1072939
3071:Cordyceps
3016:256618310
2907:2665-9727
2644:2045-2322
2567:CiteSeerX
2268:Mycologia
2253:206583137
2121:Mycotaxon
2098:256618310
2031:: 205–11.
1970:Cordyceps
1756:: 33–47.
1453:, as the
1365:Cordyceps
1319:In rural
1212:affecting
1176:Pharmacis
1164:Endoclita
1146:Himalayas
1074:Cordyceps
1009:Scydalium
901:Australia
893:name for
867:tōchūkasō
850:Cordyceps
845:chong cao
714:Cordyceps
694:molecular
685:Cordyceps
662:species.
652:Cordyceps
648:Cordyceps
531:adenosine
185:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
3358:MycoBank
3332:Fungorum
3304:Wikidata
3229:MycoBank
3221:58514773
3177:Fungorum
3121:Wikidata
3062:Archived
2979:21179540
2938:PLoS ONE
2662:27874103
2597:21142810
2589:17059316
2511:BBC News
2399:29381859
2304:31450924
2296:18833754
2288:20444986
2245:19023056
2237:20145300
2155:86704330
2051:Michelia
2006:18490993
1982:: 5–59.
1950:17555990
1896:Mycology
1870:21998547
1815:29055355
1780:32362940
1591:MycoBank
1558:See also
1282:Wu Yiluo
1270:Wang Ang
1249:(Wylie:
1144:and the
1038:P. lingi
992:farinosa
973:sinnense
962:sinensis
920:anamorph
858:Japanese
829:Garhwali
704:and the
626:ostioles
477:, is an
353:ရှီးပတီး
244:(Berk.)
226:Synonyms
163:Family:
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
3350:2560563
3195:2560562
3127:Q398300
2970:3002287
2947:Bibcode
2653:5118747
2624:Bibcode
2516:July 9,
2328:27 June
2217:Science
2195:9764768
1997:2104736
1861:3175130
1838:Bibcode
1834:ZooKeys
1771:7185505
1691:NPR.org
1532:Vietnam
1516:Vietnam
1504:Vietnam
1476:In the
1415:36,000
1345:Lanzhou
1232:Qinghai
1189:mycelia
944:sinense
700:of the
466:synonym
364:Tibetan
349:Burmese
173:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
88: (
3370:NZOR:
3363:198070
3337:198070
3283:610202
3267:NZOR:
3234:504340
3208:179202
3182:504340
3169:CODYSI
3014:
3004:
2977:
2967:
2905:
2660:
2650:
2642:
2595:
2587:
2569:
2397:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2193:
2153:
2096:
2086:
2004:
1994:
1948:
1868:
1858:
1813:
1778:
1768:
1669:
1404:8,400
1393:1,800
1047:, and
1001:Isaria
990:Isaria
952:C. sp.
615:stroma
521:as an
501:, and
495:Bhutan
422:Nepali
248:(1878)
3324:4YNSR
3260:72228
3156:49WRV
3012:S2CID
2679:(PDF)
2593:S2CID
2484:(PDF)
2444:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2300:S2CID
2284:JSTOR
2249:S2CID
2233:JSTOR
2213:(PDF)
2151:S2CID
2094:S2CID
2047:(PDF)
1388:1980s
1321:Tibet
1236:China
1228:Yushu
1064:Thus
1007:sp.,
1003:sp.,
955:sensu
891:Māori
886:aweto
856:. In
744:Wylie
644:Petch
619:stipe
529:, an
505:. It
503:Nepal
499:India
491:Tibet
454:Nepal
450:Dolpo
385:Wylie
246:Sacc.
217:Berk.
127:Fungi
3345:GBIF
3255:NCBI
3216:IUCN
3190:GBIF
3164:EPPO
3002:ISBN
2975:PMID
2903:ISSN
2658:PMID
2640:ISSN
2585:PMID
2518:2012
2359:(4).
2349:and
2330:2016
2292:PMID
2241:PMID
2191:PMID
2084:ISBN
2002:PMID
1946:PMID
1866:PMID
1811:PMID
1776:PMID
1667:ISBN
1639:2015
1430:2013
1420:2005
1409:2004
1398:1997
1381:Yuan
1373:Year
1173:, 3
1167:, 1
1161:, 1
1155:, 1
1132:The
1102:and
1078:and
1032:and
1013:and
968:and
964:and
903:and
874:冬虫夏草
752:ZYPY
294:冬虫夏草
280:冬蟲夏草
3319:CoL
3151:CoL
2994:doi
2965:PMC
2955:doi
2893:doi
2648:PMC
2632:doi
2577:doi
2456:doi
2387:doi
2323:NYT
2276:doi
2272:100
2225:doi
2221:322
2183:doi
2143:doi
2139:106
2076:doi
1992:PMC
1984:doi
1938:doi
1904:doi
1856:PMC
1846:doi
1803:doi
1766:PMC
1758:doi
1530:in
1514:in
1502:In
1284:'s
1018:sp.
1011:sp.
819:or
784:or
754:: '
489:in
3392::
3360::
3347::
3334::
3321::
3306::
3280::
3257::
3244::
3231::
3218::
3205::
3192::
3179::
3166::
3153::
3138::
3123::
3010:.
3000:.
2973:.
2963:.
2953:.
2941:.
2935:.
2901:.
2887:.
2883:.
2858:.
2833:.
2807:.
2783:.
2758:.
2733:.
2707:.
2681:.
2656:.
2646:.
2638:.
2630:.
2618:.
2614:.
2591:.
2583:.
2575:.
2563:24
2561:.
2509:.
2492:86
2490:.
2486:.
2450:.
2446:.
2393:.
2383:62
2381:.
2365:^
2355:.
2321:.
2298:.
2290:.
2282:.
2270:.
2247:.
2239:.
2231:.
2219:.
2215:.
2189:.
2177:.
2163:^
2149:.
2137:.
2092:.
2082:.
2049:.
2027:.
2023:.
2000:.
1990:.
1980:57
1978:.
1974:.
1958:^
1944:.
1934:44
1932:.
1918:^
1898:.
1894:.
1878:^
1864:.
1854:.
1844:.
1832:.
1809:.
1799:35
1797:.
1774:.
1764:.
1752:.
1748:.
1721:^
1711:.
1699:^
1689:.
1630:.
1589:.
1480:,
1383:)
1323:,
1276:,
1234:,
1183:.
1114:.
1028:.
957:,
950:,
939:,
907:.
864:,
831:.
813:,
807:,
798:.
778:,
762::
758:,
750:,
746::
738:,
726:.
678:;
636:.
497:,
3018:.
2996::
2981:.
2957::
2949::
2943:5
2933:"
2909:.
2895::
2889:8
2868:.
2844:.
2818:.
2793:.
2768:.
2744:.
2718:.
2692:.
2664:.
2634::
2626::
2620:6
2599:.
2579::
2520:.
2464:.
2458::
2452:5
2401:.
2389::
2353:"
2332:.
2306:.
2278::
2255:.
2227::
2197:.
2185::
2179:4
2157:.
2145::
2100:.
2078::
2055:1
2029:2
2008:.
1986::
1952:.
1940::
1912:.
1906::
1900:1
1872:.
1848::
1840::
1817:.
1805::
1782:.
1760::
1754:6
1715:.
1693:.
1675:.
1641:.
1600:.
1583:"
1553:.
877:)
871:(
742:(
642:(
464:(
215:(
92:)
33:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
