364:: Into contact with solvent, resins can swell (increase in volume). The swelling behavior of a resin is influenced by its chemical composition, polymer structure, and cross-linking. Resins with a higher degree of cross-linking tend to exhibit lower swelling tendencies compared to those with lower cross-linking. Swelling is typically expressed as the percentage increase in volume or weight of the resin when exposed to a specific solvent.
31:
458:
98:
453:
ions. When the resin is fresh, it contains sodium ions at its active sites. When in contact with a solution containing magnesium and calcium ions (but a low concentration of sodium ions), the magnesium and calcium ions preferentially migrate out of solution to the active sites on the resin, being
387:
The pore media of the resin particles is one of the most important parameters for the efficiency of the product. These pores make different functions depending on Their sizes and are the main feature responsible for the mass transfer between phases making the whole ion exchange process possible.
1364:
Groborz, OndĹej; PolĂĄkovĂĄ, Lenka; KolouchovĂĄ, KristĂ˝na; Ĺ vec, Pavel; LoukotovĂĄ, Lenka; Miriyala, Vijay Madhav; FrancovĂĄ, Pavla; KuÄka, Jan; Krijt, Jan; PĂĄral, Petr; BĂĄjeÄnĂ˝, Martin; Heizer, TomĂĄĹĄ; Pohl, Radek; Dunlop, David; Czernek, JiĹĂ; Ĺ efc, LudÄk; BeneĹĄ, JiĹĂ; Ĺ tÄpĂĄnek, Petr; Hobza, Pavel;
245:
For anion resins, regeneration typically involves treatment of the resin with a strongly basic solution, e.g. aqueous sodium hydroxide. During regeneration, the regenerant chemical is passed through the resin, and trapped negative ions are flushed out, renewing the resin exchange capacity.
276:
Similar to anion resins, in cation resins the regeneration involves the use of a strongly acidic solution, e.g. aqueous hydrochloric acid. During regeneration, the regenerant chemical passes through the resin and flushes out the trapped positive ions, renewing the resin exchange capacity.
241:
Anion resins may be either strongly or weakly basic. Strongly basic anion resins maintain their negative charge across a wide pH range, whereas weakly basic anion resins are neutralized at higher pH levels. Weakly basic resins do not maintain their charge at a high pH because they undergo
140:. Crosslinking decreases ion-exchange capacity of the resin and prolongs the time needed to accomplish the ion-exchange processes but improves the robustness of the resin. Particle size also influences the resin parameters; smaller particles have larger outer surface, but cause larger
397:: With a Slit width less than 2 nm, they are usually found at the end of larger pores and their main characteristic is to have superimposed wall potentials. This means, the particles inside them feel attracted towards their solid walls so they make contact with the active sites.
1272:
Polomoscanik, Steven C.; Cannon, C. Pat; Neenan, Thomas X.; Holmes-Farley, S. Randall; Mandeville, W. Harry; Dhal, Pradeep K. (2005). "Hydroxamic Acid-Containing
Hydrogels for Nonabsorbed Iron Chelation Therapy: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation".
702:
Ion-exchange resins are used in the manufacture of fruit juices such as orange and cranberry juice, where they are used to remove bitter-tasting components and so improve the flavor. This allows tart or poorer-tasting fruit sources to be used for juice production.
590:, the lanthanides and the actinides. Members of each family have very similar chemical and physical properties. Ion exchange was for many years the only practical way to separate the rare earths in large quantities. This application was developed in the 1940s by
518:
filter mixed in with the resin. There are some ion-exchange resins that do remove organic ions, such as MIEX (magnetic ion-exchange) resins. Domestic water purification resin is not usually recharged â the resin is discarded when it can no longer be used.
469:(NaCl) dissolved in it). The calcium and magnesium ions migrate from the resin, being replaced by sodium ions from the solution until a new equilibrium is reached. The salt is used to recharge an ion-exchange resin, which itself is used to soften the water.
85:
occurs along with the accompanying release of other ions, and thus the process is called ion exchange. There are multiple types of ion-exchange resin, that differ in composition if the target is an anion or a cation. Most commercial resins are made of
639:) through boreholes. The extracted uranium solution is then filtered through the resin beads. Through an ion-exchange process, the resin beads attract uranium from the solution. Uranium-loaded resins are then transported to a processing plant, where U
522:
Water of highest purity is required for electronics, scientific experiments, production of superconductors, and nuclear industry, among others. Such water is produced using ion-exchange processes or combinations of membrane and ion-exchange methods.
1465:
Wang, Xueru; Song, Juzheng; Chen, Yan; Xiao, Hang; Shi, Xiaoyang; Liu, Yilun; Zhu, Liangliang; He, Ya-Ling; Chen, Xi (2020-08-27). "CO2 Absorption over Ion
Exchange Resins: The Effect of Amine Functional Groups and Microporous Structures".
1228:
MattovĂĄ, Jana; PouÄkovĂĄ, Pavla; KuÄka, Jan; Ĺ kodovĂĄ, Michaela; VetrĂk, Miroslav; Ĺ tÄpĂĄnek, Petr; UrbĂĄnek, Petr; PetĹĂk, MiloĹĄ; NovĂ˝, ZbynÄk; HrubĂ˝, Martin (2014). "Chelating polymeric beads as potential therapeutics for Wilson's disease".
372:: Refers to the resin's preference or ability to selectively adsorb or exchange certain ions over others. It is a fundamental property that determines the resin's effectiveness in separating or removing specific ions from a solution.
782:
in pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, capsules, gums, and suspensions. In these uses the ion-exchange resin can have several different functions, including taste-masking, extended release, tablet disintegration, increased
686:. Being high surface area and insoluble, they are suitable for vapor-phase and liquid-phase reactions. Examples can be found where basic (OH-form) of ion exchange resins are used to neutralize of ammonium salts and convert
417:: With a Slit width bigger than 50 nm, these are the biggest size pores with the main purpose of being the main path for the molecules to enter the particle and later on redistribute through the other smaller channels
662:, which incidentally is also very important for the nuclear industry. Zirconium is practically transparent to free neutrons, used in building reactors, but hafnium is a very strong absorber of neutrons, used in reactor
1010:
242:
deprotonation. They do, however, offer excellent mechanical and chemical stability. This, combined with a high rate of ion exchange, make weakly base anion resins well suited for the organic salts.
230:
Anion resins and cation resins are the two most common resins used in the ion-exchange process. While anion resins attract negatively charged ions, cation resins attract positively charged ions.
136:. The actual ion-exchanging sites are introduced after polymerisation. Additionally, in the case of polystyrene, crosslinking is introduced by copolymerisation of styrene and a few percent of
878:, since the moisture swing replaces the more energy-intensive temperature swing or pressure swing used with other sorbents. A prototype demonstrating this process has been developed by
1316:
Qian, Jian; Sullivan, Bradley P.; Peterson, Samuel J.; Berkland, Cory (2017). "Nonabsorbable Iron
Binding Polymers Prevent Dietary Iron Absorption for the Treatment of Iron Overload".
1141:
Carl Kaiser; Joseph
Weinstock (1976). "Alkenes Via Hofmann Elimination: Use of Ion-exchange Resin for Preparation of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides: Diphenylmethyl Vinyl Ether".
962:
454:
replaced in solution by sodium ions. This process reaches equilibrium with a much lower concentration of magnesium and calcium ions in solution than was started with.
617:, and to be able to dispose of the waste products. Then, the plutonium and uranium are available for making nuclear-energy materials, such as new reactor fuel and
1566:
Alexandratos S D . Ion-Exchange Resins: A Retrospective from
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2009.
356:: Represents the amount of ions that can be exchanged/stored per unit of mass of the resin. Typically is expressed in miligrams of ion per gram of resin (mg/g).
874:
when dry and release it again when exposed to moisture. This makes them one of the most promising materials for direct carbon capture from ambient air, or
461:
Idealised image of water-softening process, involving replacement of calcium ions in water with sodium ions donated by a cation-exchange resin
1543:
1047:
715:
from various sources. They are used to help convert one type of sugar into another type of sugar, and to decolorize and purify sugar syrups.
883:
117:. In many cases, ion-exchange resins were introduced in such processes as a more flexible alternative to the use of natural or artificial
1569:
Catalyst system comprising an ion exchange resin and a dimethyl thiazolidine promoter, Hasyagar U K , Mahalingam R J , Kishan G, WO 2012.
960:
IUPAC "strongly discourages" the use of the term "ion-exchange resin" to refer to an ion-exchange polymer, but the usage remains common:
834:
and thus limiting the uptake of these ions and their long-term accumulation. Although this method has only a limited efficacy, unlike
465:
The resin can be recharged by washing it with a solution containing a high concentration of sodium ions (e.g. it has large amounts of
1026:
Vagliasindi, Federico G. A.; Belgiorno, Vincenzo; Napoli, Rodolfo M. A. (1998-01-01), Gavasci, Renato; Zandaryaa, Sarantuyaa (eds.),
261:
but induces acidity in it, which is further removed in the next stage of treatment of water by passing this acidic water through an
919:
François Dardel and Thomas V. Arden "Ion
Exchangers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2008, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
532:
967:"Definitions of Terms Relating to Reactions of Polymers and to Functional Polymeric Materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003)"
330:
748:
732:
211:. Are effective for demineralization where removal of SiO2 and CO2 are not required. Also effective for acid absorption.
171:
151:, which are made of highly cross-linked ion-exchange resins that allow passage of ions, but not of water, are used for
974:
815:
687:
304:
1597:
1592:
1028:"Water treatment in remote and rural areas: A conceptual screening protocol for appropriate POU/POE technologies"
1561:
628:
uranium mining. In-situ recovery involves the extraction of uranium-bearing water (grading as low as 0.05%
831:
406:
378:: The integrity of the resin can be described in terms of mechanical and chemical resilience of the beads.
1513:
200:
groups. An ideal choice for dealkalization part and also for softening streams with high salinity levels.
1027:
772:
654:
The ion-exchange process is also used to separate other sets of very similar chemical elements, such as
148:
87:
1418:"A Moisture Swing Sorbent for Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide: Thermodynamic and Kinetic analysis"
651:
is produced. The resin beads can then be returned to the ion-exchange facility, where they are reused.
147:
Besides being made as bead-shaped materials, ion-exchange resins are also produced as membranes. These
405:: With a Slit width between 2 and 50 nm these mid-size pores have the main objective to withhold
1429:
1080:
764:
756:
393:
338:
507:, in the process cation and anion exchange resins are used to remove dissolved ions from the water.
1555:
C. E. Harland, Ion exchange: Theory and
Practice, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1994.
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A. A. Zagorodni, Ion
Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.
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858:. Interestingly, the simultaneous chelation of Fe and Fe increases the treatment efficacy.
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has mostly supplanted use of ion-exchange resins except for the highest-purity products.
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1197:"1,3-Dichloroacetone as a Cyclopropanone Equivalent: 5-oxaspiro[3.4]octan-1-one"
1084:
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1039:
1011:
Wikibooks:Proteomics/Protein
Separations - Chromatography/Ion exchange#Anion Exchangers
807:
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77:(with a specific size distribution that will affect its properties), providing a large
62:
matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25â1.43 mm radius)
121:. Also, ion-exchange resins are highly effective in the biodiesel filtration process.
17:
1576:
1495:
1402:
1365:
HrubĂ˝, Martin (2020). "Chelating
Polymers for Hereditary Hemochromatosis Treatment".
879:
819:
625:
349:
Ion exchange resins are often described according to some of the following features.
167:
995:
826:
accumulation occurs) These polymers or particles have a negligible or null systemic
1558:
Ion exchange (D. Muraviev, V. Gorshkov, A. Warshawsky), M. Dekker, New York, 2000.
851:
847:
752:
723:
Ion-exchange resins are used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, not only for
262:
78:
55:
924:
203:
weakly basic anion (WBA), typically featuring primary, secondary, and/or tertiary
1533:
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process (plutonium-uranium extraction process), which is used to separate the
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109:, purification, and decontamination processes. The most common examples are
63:
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or organic contaminants from water â this is usually done by using an
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for scission of ether protecting groups. and for rearrangement reactions.
97:
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555:
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755:. Colestipol is a weakly basic ion-exchange resin and is used to treat
727:
certain reactions, but also for isolating and purifying pharmaceutical
659:
610:
559:
547:
499:) ions from solution, replacing them with more innocuous ions, such as
496:
442:
334:
293:
118:
70:
51:
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to hydroxides. Acidic (H-form) ion exchange resins have been used as
531:
830:
and they are designed to form stable complexes with Fe and Fe in the
811:
500:
488:
484:
450:
1114:
Cal Y. Meyers a.nd Leonard E. Miller (1952). "Îľ-Aminocaproic Acid".
1416:
Wang, Tao; Liu, Jun; Fang, Mengxiang; Luo, Zhongyang (2013-01-01).
1168:
R. A. Earl; L. B. Townsend (1981). "Methyl 4-Hydroxy-2-butynoate".
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Ion Exchangers (K. Dorfner, ed.), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991.
712:
602:
543:
204:
182:
96:
47:
29:
1071:
Perry, John H. (September 1950). "Chemical engineers' handbook".
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is a strongly basic ion-exchange resin and is also used to treat
437:
In this application, Ion-exchange resins are used to replace the
333:
makes use of this principle to extract and purify materials from
178:, often used for water softening and demineralization operations.
823:
492:
1517:
82:
751:
is a strongly acidic ion-exchange resin and is used to treat
27:
Organic polymer matrix bearing ion-exchange functional groups
483:
In this application, ion-exchange resins are used to remove
181:
strongly basic anion (SBA), typically featuring quaternary
542:
Ion-exchange processes are used to separate and purify
215:
Specialised ion-exchange resins are also known such as
158:
Four main types of ion-exchange resins differ in their
624:
Ion-exchange beads are also an essential component in
711:
Ion-exchange resins are used in the manufacturing of
1474:(38). American Chemical Society (ACS): 16507â16515.
166:strongly acidic cation (SAC), typically featuring
963:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
105:Ion-exchange resins are widely used in different
66:, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an
1006:
1004:
196:weakly acidic cation (WAC), typically featuring
1468:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
1359:
1357:
1355:
1032:Environmental Engineering and Renewable Energy
787:, and improving the chemical stability of the
193:), good for silica, uranium, nitrates removal.
129:Most typical ion-exchange resins are based on
8:
1231:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
409:and is usually found before the micropores.
388:There are three main types of pore sizes:
1441:
1212:
1195:David G. Hilmey; Leo A. Paquette (2007).
307:as an integral part of the resin matrix.
81:on and inside them where the trapping of
850:), such an approach may have only minor
530:
456:
912:
870:Anion exchange resins readily absorb CO
802:of some pathologies, where chronic ion
647:is separated from the resin beads, and
257:The cation exchange method removes the
1514:"Ion Exchange Chemistry and Operation"
1034:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 329â336,
778:Ion-exchange resins are also used as
7:
1066:
1064:
1021:
1019:
938:"Ion Exchange (IX) |Water Solutions"
884:Center for Negative Carbon Emissions
613:from the spent fuel products from a
1516:. Remco Engineering. Archived from
73:substrate. The beads are typically
1040:10.1016/b978-0-08-043006-5.50049-5
25:
227:-based resins, and many others).
1532:Friedrich G. Helfferich (1962).
674:Ion exchange resins are used in
582:, from each other and the other
527:Ion exchange in metal separation
510:Few ion-exchange resins remove
1538:. Courier Dover Publications.
1:
1073:Journal of Chemical Education
925:10.1002/14356007.a14_393.pub2
731:. Three ion-exchange resins,
601:A very important case is the
331:Anion-exchange chromatography
1443:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.538
1330:10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00945
749:Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
733:sodium polystyrene sulfonate
491:) and hazardous metal (e.g.
172:sodium polystyrene sulfonate
688:quaternary ammonium halides
305:quaternary ammonium cations
1614:
1243:10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.002
816:hereditary hemochromatosis
586:. There are two series of
476:
430:
54:that acts as a medium for
1367:Macromolecular Bioscience
836:small-molecular chelators
144:in the column processes.
1480:10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03189
1214:10.15227/orgsyn.084.0156
1182:10.15227/orgsyn.060.0081
1155:10.15227/orgsyn.055.0003
1128:10.15227/orgsyn.032.0013
866:Capture from Ambient Air
814:accumulation occurs) or
101:Ion-exchange resin beads
34:Ion-exchange resin beads
988:10.1351/pac200476040889
828:biological availability
798:have been proposed for
546:, including separating
1379:10.1002/mabi.202000254
773:bile acid sequestrants
539:
462:
407:capillary condensation
263:anion exchange process
149:ion-exchange membranes
102:
35:
18:Cation exchange resins
534:
460:
250:Cation-exchange resin
234:Anion-exchange resins
185:groups, for example,
100:
88:polystyrene sulfonate
33:
765:hypercholesterolemia
757:hypercholesterolemia
692:solid acid catalysts
281:Anion-exchange resin
254:Formula: RâH acidic
238:Formula: R-OH basic
44:ion-exchange polymer
1434:2013EnPro..37.6096W
1093:10.1021/ed027p533.1
1085:1950JChEd..27..533P
856:sub-chronic studies
800:maintenance therapy
796:polymeric chelators
707:Sugar manufacturing
876:direct air capture
789:active ingredients
745:active ingredients
729:active ingredients
698:Juice purification
596:solvent extraction
540:
516:activated charcoal
473:Water purification
463:
272:RâH + M = RâM + H.
221:iminodiacetic acid
209:polyethylene amine
115:water purification
103:
40:ion-exchange resin
36:
1545:978-0-486-68784-1
1318:ACS Macro Letters
1287:10.1021/bm050036p
1275:Biomacromolecules
1049:978-0-08-043006-5
767:. Colestipol and
676:organic synthesis
594:. Subsequently,
588:rare-earth metals
303:resins that have
259:hardness of water
187:trimethylammonium
160:functional groups
90:, followed up by
16:(Redirected from
1605:
1598:Polyelectrolytes
1593:Synthetic resins
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896:Polyelectrolyte
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615:nuclear reactor
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769:cholestyramine
761:Cholestyramine
743:, are used as
741:cholestyramine
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680:esterification
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592:Frank Spedding
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479:Purified water
477:Main article:
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445:ions found in
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318:OH + HCl = âNR
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840:deferasirox
678:, e.g. for
584:lanthanides
467:common salt
369:Selectivity
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131:crosslinked
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1577:Categories
1524:2014-05-16
1201:Org. Synth
1170:Org. Synth
1143:Org. Synth
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1079:(9): 533.
1055:2020-10-27
947:2023-05-21
794:Selective
780:excipients
737:colestipol
725:catalyzing
684:hydrolysis
649:yellowcake
554:and other
537:yellowcake
535:A drum of
447:hard water
310:Reaction:
268:Reaction:
107:separation
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1338:2161-1653
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670:Catalysis
656:zirconium
607:plutonium
572:ytterbium
568:neodymium
564:lanthanum
556:actinides
552:plutonium
505:potassium
485:poisonous
439:magnesium
414:Macropore
394:Micropore
376:Stability
339:solutions
301:copolymer
191:polyAPTAC
142:head loss
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176:polyAMPS
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970:(PDF)
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550:from
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