91:
281:) are chemical products of soil microorganisms developed in the 1970s/1980s for cattle use. Macrocyclic lactones offer a wide range of internal and external parasite protection. They are a commonly used drench and this is due to their low impact on cattle production and ability to expel adult parasites through to immature parasites (larvae). Macrocyclic lactones also exhibit relatively long periods of persistent activity within cattle this is good for a long feeding season but leads to increased resistance. They have been open to for producers for over 40 years in the commercial form and continue to be effective in expelling parasites even with the increasing resistance issues. Five types of macrocyclic lactones active ingredients are used:
68:. Parasites hinder the production of cattle through living off their host and carrying diseases that can be transmitted to cattle. Cattle drenches can be applied through a solution poured on the back, throat or an injection. Cattle drenches are predominately necessary for young cattle with weaker immune systems that are susceptible to parasite infestation. Drenching is a common method for controlling parasites in the meat and dairy industries. Drenching cattle improves the health, condition and fertility of cattle leading to increased calving rates, weight gain, hide condition and milk production.
82:
the animal and into the bloodstream of the animal protecting and eradicating the parasites on the animal. Pour-on options have now become the most popular option due to the speed of application allowing large numbers of to be processed quickly. The amount of drench used depends on the weight of the cows; normally the drench is 1 or 2 mL per 10–20 kg. Pour-on has, however, been one of the causes of increased resistance to drench products due to the process of back application which once dried allows flies and ticks to become accustomed to the chemical at a low effect level.
26:
238:). Sucking lice cause the most issues as they pierce the skin and suck blood from the host, causing the most irritation and resulting in loss in weight gain, condition and nutrition levels, especially in winter. The use of macrocyclic lactones in many large cattle industries has decreased levels of lice infestation and is an effective treatment if cattle show signs of lice activity. Lice are more prominent during winter months due to the longer hair and often worse condition of cattle resulting in easier lice infestations.
361:
Some chemicals once excreted from cattle are poisonous to dung beetles resulting in reduced habitat, less feeding and mating grounds and even mortality of some dung beetles. If dung beetles are impacted then the role in fertilising the land and spreading cow dung will be decreased. In particular, ivermectin from treated cattle is still present in their faeces which reduces the invertebrate colonisation of faecal pats in both numbers and diversity, thus hindering the natural breakdown process.
99:
the drench into the throat. Oral drenching can cause problems if the drench is administered to the wrong part of the throat causing the drench to go into the lungs. This could potentially kill or make a cow seriously ill. The trachea leading to the lungs is located at the middle-back of the throat. The oesophagus is in the back left and this is where the stomach is located and where the drench should be administered. Care must be taken not to damage the tongue, gums or throat.
252:) is present in large numbers of herds in cooler, high rainfall areas and is linked to high levels of production losses in weaners and young cattle. Small brown worms do not feed on blood but damage the lining of the stomach as they reach adulthood. In more severe cases they cause death, collapses, weight loss, damage and inflammation of the gut resulting in diarrhoea and scours. Macrocyclic lactones are the most common form of drenches used in the pour on form; however oral
138:
365:
infiltration of chemicals into the meat of cattle which need time to break down the chemical residues. Cattle may also be under an export slaughter interval which means they can not be transported or slaughtered overseas for a period of time. The potential impacts of an early kill or even a natural death followed by wildlife eating the animal would see the meat sold permeated with the chemicals causing sickness or death.
205:). The health impacts include anaemia, loss of appetite, bottle jaw and liver failure, which can result in death. Liver fluke is most commonly found in areas with high rainfall due to their natural habitat patterns. Cattle can lose 0.7-1.2 kg per week from liver fluke depending on the level of infestation. Drenches that target liver fluke include
320:. The original benzimidazole was thiabendazole; however, other, newer chemicals have been introduced with a range of commercial names. All but one benzimidazole product must be administered orally which has led to their reduction in use as pour-on drenches are more popular due to their easy administration. The active ingredients used are
195:) is a parasite which is part of the Trematoda family. The fluke lives inside a cow's liver after they have hatched in water or swampy areas and grown. Liver fluke cause a variety of diseases and health issues due to their migration from the liver causing blood loss and liver failure. The diseases caused by liver fluke include acute
377:
Resistance to drenches has been controlled since however concerns about the build-up of these parasites with resistance in a colony is an issue. This occurs when the parasite survives and passes on their genes to the next generation. If the genetic selection becomes a major part of the gene makeup of
373:
Resistance to drenches occurs through a genetic feature of the parasite, fly or worm that results in minimal or zero impact by the drench. Resistance to drenches first became known in the mid-1960s, however, widespread education was only used in the 1980s when farmers were educated on the unnecessary
98:
Using an oral drench gun attached to the back of the operator, anthelmintic chemicals which are in a pack worn on the back are administered down the throat of the animal. The operator must put the cows head in a head bail or crush and use one hand to pry open its mouth and the other to slowly release
381:
Resistance to drenching chemicals occurs due to over-drenching, under-dosing, long-acting treatments, low worm population treatment and consistent use of the same drench. Causing drench resistance is a common occurrence on smaller isolated communities and is an issue for agricultural industries that
81:
Pour-on drench is applied to the back of cattle and is the most common method used. The process involves a water-based chemical solution applied to the back of an animal through a squirting pump attached to a pack worn on the back of the operator. The chemical then seeps into the skin on the back of
364:
Some chemicals used infiltrate the meat and can stay in the system of the animal for a period of time. The chemicals which are applied to cattle may potentially thus need a period of time where the owners cannot sell, butcher or transport the cattle. These withholding periods are needed due to this
356:
The main biological impact of drenches is the expelling of any parasites, flies, worms and other insects which come in contact with the cattle drenched. This, in turn, impacts the number of parasites in their habitat and such flies, worms and other insects ability to reproduce and impacts the role
360:
In addition, the chemicals used to expel parasites are often still present in faeces that is excreted by cattle the impact of this on the environment comes in a few forms. Many dung dwelling insects are adversely affected by the process as dung is a habitat and full of minerals needed by animals.
264:
Anthelmintic is any drug that acts to expel parasites mainly helminths from the host's body through either stunning or killing the parasite. They aim is to expel the parasite without causing harm to the host. There are a wide range of anthelmintic drugs that can be used however three classes are
107:
Injection is applied through a syringe to the neck or shoulders of the cow. Depending on the type of chemical used it can either be injected into the skin or muscle of the neck. The amount of drench used depends on the weight of the cows, but is usually between 2-5 mL. No more than one dose
133:
in the form of pour on solutions are the most commonly used drench formula, however other drenches and fly tags are also used. Buffalo flies impact cattle the most during spring-summer when temperatures are high and a wet summer will increase their impact due to prime conditions for breeding.
128:
is a very common pest among cattle producers. The fly is a small blood sucking parasite that is widely considered the most serious health problem to cattle in warm and moist areas of the cattle industry. Buffalo flies cause sores and ulcers causing large hide impairments on cattle as they rub
347:
is another chemical that has more impact in expelling the adult parasites in livestock however exhibits less effective rates in reducing larvae. Levamisole is available for administration by injection, pour-on and oral routes which offers a variety of choice which is found in the commercial
221:
Lice are the most commonly treated parasite due to the quantity and rate of infestations once infest a herd. Lice cause cattle to rub, bite and scratch, causing disturbances in feeding and loss of hide quality. There are four types of lice that occur on cattle: biting lice
181:(European breeds). Drenches are used as both a repellent and eradicator of ticks; however, in some cases they may not kill the tick or stop them taking the host. Cattle ticks are found most commonly in warm bush areas and are most prevalent in late spring to early summer.
172:
which are transmitted by cattle ticks. The disease initially causes anaemia, licking and rubbing at bite sites (tick worry), tick sores, ulceration and lack of energy. Heavy infestations over a period of time lead to rapid weight loss and potentially death.
265:
available for sale on the livestock market including
Macrocyclic Lactones, Benzimidazoles and Levamisole. However, anthelmintic chemotherapy is costly and all major parasites in all major agricultural hosts have varying degrees of resistance worldwide.
385:
There are different management strategies to manage resistance to drenches including avoiding unnecessary drenching to older cattle, using shorter-acting drenches when possible and using the correct dose while varying the drench used year to year.
301:. All five ingredients can be administered through easy to use pour-on solutions (Back Spraying) and some oral drenches. Macrocyclic lactones offer an overall protection from most parasites and a longer period then other drench formulas.
156:) feed on cattle by burrowing into their hide and accessing their blood. Cattle ticks also cause tick fever triggering anaemia, high temperatures, and weakness which can potentially lead to death. Tick fever is caused by the diseases
129:
themselves causing disturbances in feeding and hide quality reduction. Beef cattle can average a loss of 15 kg and dairy cattle 0.5 L of milk a day if untreated in a buffalo fly season. Macrocyclic lactones and
90:
108:
should be administered, as two doses could lead to death or serious sickness. Injecting cattle needs to be done carefully as irritation can cause large lumps on the side of the beast and be rendered ineffective.
213:
l or clorsulon; however, only triclabendazole will kill fluke at all stages in their life cycle. It is recommended to drench for fluke in winter-early spring as only adult liver fluke will be present.
1006:
Berger, H.; Garces, T. R.; Wang, G. T.; Gale, G. O.; Steller, W. A.; Simkins, K. L. (January 1984). "Anthelmintic efficacy, safety, and residue evaluation of levamisole gel formulation in cattle".
529:
927:"A microsatellite polymorphism in the gamma interferon gene is associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in a naturally-parasitized population of Soay sheep"
673:
94:
The care of animals - a book of brief and popular advice on the diseases and ailments of farm animals (1905) (14782192692) Illustrating Oral
Drenching
1041:
Iglesias, L. E.; Saumell, C. A.; Fernández, A. S.; Fusé, L. A.; Lifschitz, A. L.; Rodríguez, E. M.; Steffan, P. E.; Fiel, C. A. (2006-12-01).
348:
chemicals. Some products use levamisole in conjunction with other chemicals. Levamisole is most commonly used to treat fluke and worms.
644:
336:. Triclabendazole is the most commonly used drench for controlling liver fluke; it kills liver fluke at all stages of its life cycle.
750:
586:
1043:"Environmental impact of ivermectin excreted by cattle treated in autumn on dung fauna and degradation of faeces on pasture"
1107:
901:
561:
312:
are another chemical family which is effective in the eradication of some parasite infections with particular focus on
25:
610:
374:
use of drenches in controlling parasites and to the need to create a wider range of drenches to stop resistance.
357:
that they play in the ecosystem. Some parasites are vital in protecting some animals from diseases and bacteria.
1080:
815:
872:
951:
152:
1137:
234:
982:
29:
Angus weaners, approximately 6-9 months old, just taken off their mothers in
Northern NSW Clarence Valley
833:
248:
902:"Anthelmintic Drugs | Basic Concepts in Pharmacology: What You Need to Know for Each Drug Class, 5e"
734:
555:
587:
http://www.fivetanimalhealth.com/management-articles/correct-methods-drenching-%E2%80%93-cattle
1062:
1023:
1015:
964:
956:
201:
191:
123:
550:. North Sydney NSW 2059: Meat & Livestock Australia Limited. 20 March 2015. pp. 2–4.
1054:
946:
938:
278:
158:
137:
925:
Coltman, D. W.; Wilson, K.; Pilkington, J. G.; Stear, M. J.; Pemberton, J. M. (May 2001).
784:
434:
329:
206:
177:(tropical breeds) are less susceptible to cattle ticks and build resistance quicker than
224:
1131:
309:
253:
164:
130:
378:
the colony, then issues arise in controlling and new drenches must be manufactured.
333:
282:
37:
325:
321:
196:
57:
1058:
942:
706:"Farm Animal health Solutions & Livestock Products | Bayer Grow Solutions"
395:
344:
294:
290:
286:
274:
210:
49:
1066:
1019:
960:
816:
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/104066/Cattle-lice.pdf
232:) long-nosed sucking lice (Linognathus vituli), and small blue sucking lice (
1042:
926:
317:
298:
53:
20:
968:
1027:
19:
This article explores cattle drenching. A related article can be found at
313:
41:
705:
136:
89:
61:
24:
735:
https://dpir.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/233143/721.pdf
199:(short term), chronic fasciolosis (long term) and Black disease (
65:
548:
Priority list of endemic diseases for the red meat industries
583:
Correct
Methods of Drenching – Cattle | Fivet Animal Health
48:
with the purpose of protecting livestock from various
36:
is the process of administering chemical solutions (
269:Macrocyclic lactones (avermectins and milbemycins)
952:20.500.11820/31aa99fd-2510-4693-8e4d-8c380364429b
16:Administration of anti-parasite drugs to cattle
8:
950:
645:"How does drench resistance come about?"
1008:American Journal of Veterinary Research
814:Dpi.nsw.gov.au. (2019). Available at:
733:Dpir.nt.gov.au. (2019). Available at:
611:"Giving cattle injections? Do it right"
407:
256:(BZ) drenches provide similar control.
828:
826:
824:
810:
808:
806:
804:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
745:
743:
553:
1102:
1100:
896:
894:
892:
873:"Macrocyclic Lactones - Pharmacology"
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
729:
727:
725:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
7:
700:
698:
696:
694:
668:
666:
664:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
577:
575:
573:
571:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
14:
382:relies on clean cattle to trade.
1081:"Chemical residues in livestock"
983:"Benzimidazoles - Pharmacology"
581:Fivetanimalhealth.com. (2016).
1108:"Drench resistance - so what?"
246:The small brown stomach worm (
1:
228:), short-nosed sucking lice (
906:accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com
534:Meat and Livestock Australia
530:"The Cattle Parasite Atlas"
1154:
141:Cattle inspected for ticks
18:
1059:10.1007/s00436-006-0240-x
943:10.1017/s0031182001007570
710:www.growsolutions.com.au
674:"Drenching and mouthing"
560:: CS1 maint: location (
439:www.extension.purdue.edu
242:Small brown stomach worm
230:Haematopinus eurysternus
369:Resistance to drenching
153:Rhipicephalus microplus
77:Pour-on (Back-spraying)
72:Application of drenches
751:"Tick fever of Cattle"
273:Macrocyclic lactones (
260:Categories of drenches
235:Solenopotes capillatus
142:
95:
30:
1047:Parasitology Research
140:
93:
28:
834:"Brown stomach worm"
249:Ostertagia ostertagi
1085:www.agric.wa.gov.au
170:Anaplasma marginale
755:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
678:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
143:
96:
31:
987:Veterinary Manual
937:(Pt 5): 571–582.
877:Veterinary Manual
585:. Available at:
352:Biological impact
202:Clostridium novyi
192:Fasciola hepatica
124:Haematobia exigua
121:The buffalo fly (
52:including worms,
1145:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
979:
973:
972:
954:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
898:
887:
886:
884:
883:
869:
848:
847:
845:
844:
830:
819:
812:
799:
798:
796:
795:
781:
766:
765:
763:
762:
747:
738:
731:
720:
719:
717:
716:
702:
689:
688:
686:
685:
670:
659:
658:
656:
655:
641:
626:
625:
623:
622:
607:
590:
579:
566:
565:
559:
551:
544:
538:
537:
526:
449:
448:
446:
445:
431:
159:Babesia bigemina
112:Cattle Parasites
34:Cattle drenching
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
981:
980:
976:
924:
923:
919:
910:
908:
900:
899:
890:
881:
879:
871:
870:
851:
842:
840:
832:
831:
822:
813:
802:
793:
791:
783:
782:
769:
760:
758:
749:
748:
741:
732:
723:
714:
712:
704:
703:
692:
683:
681:
672:
671:
662:
653:
651:
643:
642:
629:
620:
618:
609:
608:
593:
580:
569:
552:
546:
545:
541:
528:
527:
452:
443:
441:
433:
432:
409:
404:
392:
371:
354:
342:
330:triclabendazole
307:
271:
262:
244:
219:
207:triclabendazole
187:
148:
119:
114:
105:
88:
79:
74:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1096:
1072:
1033:
1014:(1): 162–164.
998:
974:
917:
888:
849:
820:
800:
767:
739:
721:
690:
660:
627:
591:
567:
539:
536:. 17 May 2019.
450:
406:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
391:
388:
370:
367:
353:
350:
341:
338:
310:Benzimidazoles
306:
305:Benzimidazoles
303:
270:
267:
261:
258:
243:
240:
225:Bovicola bovis
218:
215:
186:
183:
150:Cattle ticks (
147:
144:
131:benzimidazoles
118:
115:
113:
110:
104:
101:
87:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1150:
1139:
1138:Bovine health
1136:
1135:
1133:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:(1): 93–102.
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
988:
984:
978:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
918:
907:
903:
897:
895:
893:
889:
878:
874:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
850:
839:
835:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
811:
809:
807:
805:
801:
790:
786:
785:"Liver fluke"
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
756:
752:
746:
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
726:
722:
711:
707:
701:
699:
697:
695:
691:
679:
675:
669:
667:
665:
661:
650:
646:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
628:
616:
615:Beef Magazine
612:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
576:
574:
572:
568:
563:
557:
549:
543:
540:
535:
531:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
451:
440:
436:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
408:
401:
397:
394:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
366:
362:
358:
351:
349:
346:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
268:
266:
259:
257:
255:
254:benzimidazole
251:
250:
241:
239:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
189:Liver fluke (
184:
182:
180:
176:
171:
167:
166:
165:Babesia bovis
161:
160:
155:
154:
145:
139:
135:
132:
127:
125:
116:
111:
109:
102:
100:
92:
85:
83:
76:
71:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:anthelmintics
35:
27:
22:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1011:
1007:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
977:
934:
931:Parasitology
930:
920:
909:. Retrieved
905:
880:. Retrieved
876:
841:. Retrieved
837:
792:. Retrieved
788:
759:. Retrieved
754:
713:. Retrieved
709:
682:. Retrieved
677:
652:. Retrieved
648:
619:. Retrieved
617:. 2016-10-31
614:
582:
547:
542:
533:
442:. Retrieved
438:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
359:
355:
343:
334:fenbendazole
308:
283:eprinomectin
272:
263:
247:
245:
233:
229:
223:
220:
200:
190:
188:
178:
174:
169:
163:
157:
151:
149:
122:
120:
106:
97:
80:
58:cattle ticks
45:
33:
32:
326:oxfendazole
322:albendazole
279:milbemycins
275:avermectins
197:fasciolosis
185:Liver fluke
175:Bos indicus
146:Cattle tick
117:Buffalo fly
1117:2019-05-21
1090:2019-05-21
992:2019-05-21
911:2019-05-21
882:2019-05-21
843:2019-06-07
794:2019-06-07
761:2019-06-07
715:2019-06-07
684:2019-05-21
654:2019-05-21
621:2019-05-21
444:2019-05-21
402:References
396:Plunge dip
345:Levamisole
340:Levamisole
318:trematodes
295:doramectin
291:ivermectin
287:moxidectin
179:Bos taurus
46:Bos taurus
1067:1432-1955
1020:0002-9645
961:0031-1820
556:cite book
314:nematodes
299:abamectin
211:nitroxyni
103:Injection
50:parasites
21:Deworming
1132:Category
1112:WormBoss
969:11393831
838:WormBoss
789:WormBoss
649:WormBoss
390:See also
1028:6703451
435:"VY-51"
1065:
1026:
1018:
967:
959:
757:. 2018
680:. 2018
42:cattle
168:, or
66:flies
54:fluke
40:) to
1063:ISSN
1024:PMID
1016:ISSN
965:PMID
957:ISSN
562:link
332:and
316:and
297:and
277:and
217:Lice
86:Oral
64:and
62:lice
1055:doi
1051:100
947:hdl
939:doi
935:122
44:or
1134::
1110:.
1099:^
1083:.
1061:.
1049:.
1045:.
1022:.
1012:45
1010:.
985:.
963:.
955:.
945:.
933:.
929:.
904:.
891:^
875:.
852:^
836:.
823:^
803:^
787:.
770:^
753:.
742:^
724:^
708:.
693:^
676:.
663:^
647:.
630:^
613:.
594:^
570:^
558:}}
554:{{
532:.
453:^
437:.
410:^
328:,
324:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
209:,
162:,
60:,
56:,
1120:.
1093:.
1069:.
1057::
1030:.
995:.
971:.
949::
941::
914:.
885:.
846:.
818:.
797:.
764:.
737:.
718:.
687:.
657:.
624:.
589:.
564:)
447:.
222:(
126:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
