255:
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559:, so that its margins are tendinous. Surrounded by tendons, the opening is stretched open every time inspiration occurs. However, there has been argument that the caval opening actually constricts during inspiration. Since thoracic pressure decreases upon inspiration and draws the caval blood upwards toward the right atrium, increasing the size of the opening allows more blood to return to the heart, maximizing the efficacy of lowered thoracic pressure returning blood to the heart. The
1393:
thin, membranous airsacs cranially and caudally to the fixed-volume, non-expansive lungs. A complicated system of valves and air sacs cycles air constantly over the absorption surfaces of the lungs so allowing maximal efficiency of gaseous exchange. Thus, birds do not have the reciprocal tidal breathing flow of mammals. On careful dissection, around eight air sacs can be clearly seen. They extend quite far caudally into the abdomen.
1221:
1385:, with lungs located beneath the diaphragm as in crocodiles, has been used to argue that dinosaurs could not have sustained an active warm-blooded physiology, or that birds could not have evolved from dinosaurs. An explanation for this (put forward in 1905), is that lungs originated beneath the diaphragm, but as the demands for respiration increased in warm-blooded birds and mammals, natural selection came to favor the
47:
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395:, but "the diaphragm" generally refers to the thoracic diaphragm. In humans, the diaphragm is slightly asymmetric—its right half is higher up (superior) to the left half, since the large liver rests beneath the right half of the diaphragm. There is also speculation that the diaphragm is lower on the other side due to heart's presence.
2308:
Kozmik Z, Holland ND, Kalousova A, Paces J, Schubert M, Holland LZ (March 1999). "Characterization of an amphioxus paired box gene, AmphiPax2/5/8: developmental expression patterns in optic support cells, nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits, but not in the midbrain-hindbrain
1392:
However, birds do not have diaphragms. They do not breathe in the same way as mammals and do not rely on creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity, at least not to the same extent. They rely on a rocking motion of the keel of the sternum to create local areas of reduced pressure to supply
463:
The muscle fibres of the diaphragm radiate outward from the central tendon. While the diaphragm is one muscle, it is composed of two distinct muscle regions: the costal, which serves as the driver in the work of breathing, and crural diaphragm, which serves as an "anchor;" attaching the muscle to the
958:
Cavity expansion happens in two extremes, along with intermediary forms. When the lower ribs are stabilized and the central tendon of the diaphragm is mobile, a contraction brings the insertion (central tendon) towards the origins and pushes the lower cavity towards the pelvis, allowing the thoracic
1369:
Thus the diaphragm emerges in the context of a body plan that separated an upper feeding compartment from a lower digestive tract, but the point at which it originates is a matter of definition. Structures in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds have been called diaphragms, but it has been argued
1199:
The adoption of a deeper breathing pattern typically occurs during physical exercise in order to facilitate greater oxygen absorption. During this process the diaphragm more consistently adopts a lower position within the body's core. In addition to its primary role in breathing, the diaphragm also
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paired with the diaphragm's contraction. Diaphragm dysfunction is a well-known factor associated with various complications in patients, such as prolonged respiratory failure, difficulties in weaning from mechanical ventilation, extended hospitalization, increased morbidity, and mortality. Studies
1211:
Therefore, if a person's diaphragm position is lower in general, through deep breathing, then this assists the strengthening of their core during that period. This can be an aid in strength training and other forms of athletic endeavour. For this reason, taking a deep breath or adopting a deeper
1378:
and does not affect pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. The lungs are located in the abdominal compartment of amphibians and reptiles, so that contraction of the diaphragm expels air from the lungs rather than drawing it into them. In birds and mammals, lungs are located above the
467:
The vertebral part of the diaphragm arises from the crura and arcuate ligaments. Right crus arises from L1-L3 vertebral bodies and their intervertebral discs. Smaller left crus arises from L1, L2 vertebral bodies and their intervertebral discs. Medial arcuate ligament arises from the fascia
2658:
963:. When the central tendon is stabilized and the lower ribs are mobile, a contraction lifts the origins (ribs) up towards the insertion (central tendon) which works in conjunction with other muscles to allow the ribs to slide and the thoracic cavity to expand laterally and upwards.
984:
have reported that a thin diaphragm leads to greater lung compliance, which can contribute to respiratory failure. Furthermore, reduction in diaphragm thickness during the early stages of disease can serve as a prognostic marker in sepsis patients, and COVID-19 patients.
921:
891:
and is relocated during longitudinal folding to the ventral thoracic region. Transverse folding brings the body wall anteriorly to enclose the gut and body cavities. The pleuroperitoneal membrane and body wall myoblasts, from somatic lateral plate
907:
that innervates the diaphragm originates from the cervical spinal cord (C3,4, and 5). As the septum transversum descends inferiorly, the phrenic nerve follows, accounting for its circuitous route from the upper cervical vertebrae, around the
927:
803:
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plays a secondary role in strengthening the posture of the core. This is especially evident during deep breathing where its generally lower position increases intra-abdominal pressure, which serves to strengthen the lumbar spine.
1953:
Corradi F, Isirdi A, Malacarne P, Santori G, Barbieri G, Romei C, et al. (April 2021). "Low diaphragm muscle mass predicts adverse outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia: an exploratory pilot study".
1014:
In some non-human animals, the diaphragm is not crucial for breathing; a cow, for instance, can survive fairly asymptomatically with diaphragmatic paralysis as long as no massive aerobic metabolic demands are made of it.
896:, meet the septum transversum to close off the pericardio-peritoneal canals on either side of the presumptive esophagus, forming a barrier that separates the peritoneal and pleuropericardial cavities. Furthermore, dorsal
966:
When the diaphragm relaxes (moves in the superior direction), air is exhaled by elastic recoil process of the lung and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity. Assisting this function with muscular effort (called forced
1086:, in which the hernia directly involves the esophagus. These hernias are implicated in the development of reflux, as the different pressures between the thorax and abdomen normally act to keep pressure on the
1204:
The key to real core stabilization is to maintain the increased IAP while going through normal breathing cycles. The diaphragm then performs its breathing function at a lower position to facilitate a higher
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common in adults in which parts of the lower esophagus or stomach that are normally in the abdomen pass/bulge abnormally through the diaphragm and are present in the thorax. Hernias are described as
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925:
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368:: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, creating a negative pressure there, which draws air into the lungs. Its high oxygen consumption is noted by the many
923:
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C3, C4 and C5. While the central portion of the diaphragm sends sensory afferents via the phrenic nerve, the peripheral portions of the diaphragm send sensory afferents via the
1117:
membranes fail to fuse, the diaphragm does not act as an effective barrier between the abdomen and thorax. Herniation is usually of the left, and commonly through the posterior
476:
arises from the transverse process of L1 vertebrae and is attached laterally to the 12th rib. The lateral arcuate ligament also arises from fascia thickening that covers the
947:. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves in the inferior direction, enlarging the volume of the thoracic cavity and reducing intra-thoracic pressure (the
452:
As a dome, the diaphragm has peripheral attachments to structures that make up the abdominal and chest walls. The muscle fibres from these attachments converge in a
631:
is situated in the posterior part of the diaphragm, located slightly left of the west central tendon through the muscular sling of the right crus of the diaphragm.
1366:
epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon.
230:
2482:
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passes behind it. No diaphramatic muscle arises from the median arcuate ligament. Both adrenal glands lie near the diaphragmatic crus and arcuate ligament.
526:
There are a number of openings in the diaphragm through which structures pass between the thorax and abdomen. There are three large openings — one for the
510:. The both sides of the posterior fibres are attached to paracolic gutters (the curving of ribs before attaching to both sides of the vertebral bodies).
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from the abdomen. The superior surface of the dome forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, and the inferior surface the roof of the abdominal cavity.
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922:
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1133:. This condition is present in 0.8 - 5/10,000 births. A large herniation has high mortality rate, and requires immediate surgical repair.
951:
also participate in this enlargement), forcing the lungs to expand. In other words, the diaphragm's movement downwards creates a partial
555:
The inferior vena cava passes through the caval opening, a quadrilateral opening at the junction of the right and middle leaflets of the
414:
have diaphragm-like structures, but important details of the anatomy may vary, such as the position of the lungs in the thoracic cavity.
1850:
1869:
Nason LK, Walker CM, McNeeley MF, Burivong W, Fligner CL, Godwin JD (March 2012). "Imaging of the diaphragm: anatomy and function".
1782:
1689:
1546:
Arráez-Aybar LA, Bueno-López JL, Raio N (March 2015). "Toledo School of
Translators and their influence on anatomical terminology".
1329:
456:, which forms the crest of the dome. Its peripheral part consists of muscular fibers that take origin from the circumference of the
1354:, possesses an atriopore by which water exits the pharynx, which has been claimed (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in
2475:
1529:"Medical Illustrations and Animations, Health and Science Stock Images and Videos, Royalty Free Licensing at Alila Medical Media"
1160:, fluid abnormally present in the thorax, or air abnormally present in the abdomen, may collect on one side of the diaphragm. An
2668:
1769:
1110:
1065:
883:, beginning in the third week after fertilization with two processes known as transverse folding and longitudinal folding. The
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pierces through bilateral crura, and lymphatic vessels that pierce throughout the diaphragam, especially behind the diaphragm.
2047:
1045:
1512:
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lower ribs and lumbar vertebrae. The costal diaphragm is further divided into ventral, medial, and dorsal costal portions.
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315:
225:
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Because the earliest element of the embryological diaphragm, the septum transversum, forms in the cervical region, the
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868:
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453:
88:
1999:"Prognostic Value of Diaphragm Diameter, Muscle Volume, and Bone Mineral Density in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients"
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is damaged, this will sever the nervous supply to the diaphragm. The most common damage to the phrenic nerve is by
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817:
728:
571:
457:
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147:
100:
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The sternal portion of the muscle is sometimes wanting and more rarely defects occur in the lateral part of the
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732:
703:
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333:
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and the oesophagus disappear. Not all hiatus hernias cause symptoms however, although almost all people with
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thickening from body of L2 vertebrae to transverse process of L1 vertebrae, crossing over the body of the
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213:
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124:
120:
104:
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2196:"The mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Is total pulmonary mass inadequate, no matter what?"
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in the thoracic cavity, which forces the lungs to expand to fill the void, drawing air in the process.
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856:
844:
719:
388:
2194:
Nguyen L, Guttman FM, De Chadarévian JP, Beardmore HE, Karn GM, Owen HF, Murphy DR (December 1983).
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The existence of a membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the
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1634:. illustrations by Richardson PR. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 134–135.
1979:
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2346:"Structure and function of the esophagus of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)"
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near the center of the vault formed by the muscle, closer to the front than to the back of the
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does not pierce the diaphragm but rather passes behind it in between the left and right crus.
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Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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This interval is less constant; when this interval exists, the upper and back part of the
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The costal part of diaphragm arises from the lower four ribs (7 to 10) costal cartilages.
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2086:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 644, 658–659, 864.
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1998:
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1930:
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Diaphragm and pleural cavities in amphibian (left), bird (center), mammal (right). a,
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from the body by increasing intra-abdominal pressure, aids in childbirth, and prevents
887:, the primitive central tendon of the diaphragm, originates at the rostral pole of the
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764:
485:
442:
2143:
Chandrasekharan PK, Rawat M, Madappa R, Rothstein DH, Lakshminrusimha S (2017-03-11).
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1090:. With herniation, this pressure is no longer present, and the angle between the
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1921:
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1272:; m, cervical limiting membrane of abdominal cavity; n, dorsal wall of body; o,
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909:
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surrounding the presumptive esophagus form the muscular crura of the diaphragm.
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673:
638:
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373:
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The diaphragm is also involved in non-respiratory functions. It helps to expel
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2014:
1173:
1130:
968:
897:
736:
403:
1374:. For instance, the alligator diaphragmaticus muscle does not insert on the
1044:, which usually only affects one side of the diaphragm. Other causes include
614:. The outermost wall of inferior vena cava is fused with the central tendon.
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17:
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of the herniation of the lungs from the abdominal cavity in both lineages.
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is in the posterior part of the diaphragm, between the left and right crus.
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There are several structures that pierce through the diaphragm, including:
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2229:
1732:
1882:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
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893:
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Arteries and veins above and below the diaphragm supply and drain blood.
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1359:
1212:
breathing pattern is typically recommended when lifting heavy weights.
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1157:
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arises from the fibrous parts of right and left crura where descending
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diaphragm. The presence of an exceptionally well-preserved fossil of
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passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It contains the
258:
Structure of diaphragm shown using a 3D medical animation still shot
2402: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
802:
2344:
Uriona TJ, Farmer CG, Dazely J, Clayton F, Moore J (August 2005).
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Hernias may also occur as a result of congenital malformation, a
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747:
areolar tissue between the fibers springing from the medial and
361:
115:
2464:
2247:"Diaphragm function for core stability » Hans Lindgren DC"
1768:
Perrier ND, Boger MS (5 December 2005). "2: Surgical
Anatomy".
1480:(8th ed.). Sydney: Pearson/Benjamin Cumings. p. 334.
570:
pierces through the central tendon, greater, lesser, and least
1283:
812:
From above, the diaphragm receives blood from branches of the
718:
areolar tissue between the sternal and costal parts (see also
72:
30:
This article is about anatomic structure. For other uses, see
1168:, in which there is fluid abnormally present between the two
522:
Human diaphragm, transverse view from below, showing openings
2269:"The nature of the mammalian diaphragm and pleural cavities"
576:
2414:
Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
320:
285:
282:
1904:
Supinski GS, Morris PE, Dhar S, Callahan LA (April 2018).
437:
The diaphragm is an upward curved, c-shaped structure of
294:
2118:(20th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p.
1707:"Diaphragm structure and function in health and disease"
1507:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1996. p. 1.
1771:
Adrenal Glands: Diagnostic
Aspects and Surgical Therapy
1757:(7th ed.). Baltimore: Walters Kluwer. p. 306.
935:
showing effects of diaphragm movement during breathing
506:. The central part of the tendon is attached above to
2626:
1310:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
288:
291:
279:
2595:
2564:
2557:
2523:
2498:
2241:
2239:
2114:
Current diagnosis & treatment : pediatrics
1191:An X-ray may also be used to check for herniation.
1082:, in which the hernia is beside the oesophagus, or
460:and converge to be inserted into a central tendon.
297:
276:
224:
212:
200:
188:
176:
164:
159:
146:
130:
114:
94:
82:
61:
56:
39:
2111:
2105:
2103:
1845:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 536.
1817:(12th ed.). Elsevier Australia. p. 186.
739:from the abdominal wall and convex surface of the
2082:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
578:Openings through the diaphragm and their content
387:, can refer to other flat structures such as the
376:present; more than in any other skeletal muscle.
2077:
2075:
2073:
959:cavity to expand downward. This is often called
1836:
1834:
1589:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2417:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
2084:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1180:of the chest, showing fluid collecting in the
2476:
2149:Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
1864:
1862:
1684:(Third ed.). Elsevier Ltd. p. 117.
1581:Oliver, Kaitlin A.; Ashurst, John V. (2024),
1125:. The contents of the abdomen, including the
778:The diaphragm is primarily innervated by the
332:'partition'), is a sheet of internal
8:
2145:"Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia - a review"
1675:
1673:
1671:
1906:"Diaphragm Dysfunction in Critical Illness"
1711:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1625:
1623:
1621:
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1617:
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550:), as well as a series of smaller openings.
2561:
2502:
2483:
2469:
2461:
45:
2361:
2284:
2219:
2170:
2160:
2022:
1929:
1777:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1722:
1548:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
1330:Learn how and when to remove this message
2262:
2260:
1997:Emekli E, Bostancı Can EZ (April 2023).
1306:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1188:, in which there is gas in the abdomen.
1184:. An X-ray may also be used to reveal a
2633:
2389:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1445:
1121:, although rarely through the anterior
879:The thoracic diaphragm develops during
2431:
2420:
1630:Drake RL, Vogl W, Tibbitts AW (2005).
1499:
1497:
1426:This article incorporates text in the
912:, finally to innervate the diaphragm.
498:of the diaphragm is a thin but strong
348:. The diaphragm is the most important
344:that extends across the bottom of the
241:
36:
2385:Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJ (2002).
1841:Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM (2017).
7:
1471:
1469:
1182:angle between the ribs and diaphragm
843:The diaphragm drains blood into the
2350:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1152:Due to its position separating the
1148:of chest, showing top of diaphragm.
2003:Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
25:
2273:Journal of Anatomy and Physiology
1583:"Anatomy, Thorax, Phrenic Nerves"
1195:Significance in strength training
610:, and some branches of the right
27:Sheet of internal skeletal muscle
2636:
2448:
2397:
2212:10.1097/00000658-198312000-00016
1724:10.1097/00005768-199706000-00003
1420:
1288:
851:, and veins that drain into the
828:, which arise directly from the
272:
1505:Spencer's pathology of the lung
1111:congenital diaphragmatic hernia
1066:Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
152:assists inspiration, depresses
2387:Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
1968:10.23736/S0375-9393.21.15129-6
1682:Anatomy for diagnostic imaging
1370:that these structures are not
1:
975:used in conjunction with the
834:internal intercostal arteries
637:, and anterior and posterior
1922:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.1157
1705:Poole, David (1 June 1997).
1680:Ryan S (2011). "Chapter 3".
1050:systemic lupus erythematosus
1003:by exerting pressure on the
973:internal intercostal muscles
949:external intercostal muscles
871:or adjoining muscle fibers.
432:Glossographia Anglicana Nova
321:
2048:"Stage II Of Normal Labour"
1755:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1632:Gray's anatomy for students
1560:10.1016/j.aanat.2014.12.003
1478:Biology: Australian Version
1454:"Definition of 'diaphragm'"
1434:of the 20th edition of
645:and veins, and lymphatics.
402:have diaphragms, and other
2690:
1843:Essential Clinical Anatomy
1400:
1059:
939:The diaphragm is the main
933:magnetic resonance imaging
818:pericardiacophrenic artery
814:internal thoracic arteries
749:lateral lumbocostal arches
729:superior epigastric branch
572:thoracic splanchnic nerves
458:inferior thoracic aperture
310:
238:Anatomical terms of muscle
101:Pericardiacophrenic artery
32:Diaphragm (disambiguation)
29:
2505:
2162:10.1186/s40748-017-0045-1
2015:10.1177/08850666231169494
1533:www.alilamedicalmedia.com
1007:as it passes through the
838:inferior phrenic arteries
826:superior phrenic arteries
782:which is formed from the
236:
109:inferior phrenic arteries
44:
733:internal thoracic artery
704:lateral lumbocostal arch
474:lateral arcuate ligament
1956:Minerva Anestesiologica
1410:Diaphragmatic breathing
1046:Guillain–Barré syndrome
683:medial lumbocostal arch
482:median arcuate ligament
383:in anatomy, created by
2669:Thorax (human anatomy)
2323:10.1242/dev.126.6.1295
1813:Sinnatamby CS (2011).
1403:anatomical terminology
1350:, the marine chordate
1281:
1207:
1149:
1106:have a hiatus hernia.
936:
840:supply the diaphragm.
806:
759:is separated from the
694:least splanchic nerves
523:
434:
259:
2607:Sternocostal triangle
1459:collinsdictionary.com
1223:
1202:
1144:
1019:Clinical significance
941:muscle of respiration
930:
845:brachiocephalic veins
832:; and from the lower
822:musculophrenic artery
805:
521:
425:
350:muscle of respiration
257:
125:inferior phrenic vein
121:Superior phrenic vein
105:musculophrenic artery
2674:Muscles of the torso
2612:Lumbocostal triangle
2457:at Wikimedia Commons
2356:(Pt 16): 3047–3053.
2110:Hay WW, ed. (2011).
1883:10.1148/rg.322115127
1476:Campbell NA (2009).
1299:factual accuracy is
1176:, is detected by an
1119:lumbocostal triangle
1100:Barrett's oesophagus
857:left suprarenal vein
720:foramina of Morgagni
389:urogenital diaphragm
352:, and separates the
2058:on 24 February 2010
1123:foramen of Morgagni
643:left gastric artery
579:
542:), and one for the
445:that separates the
2664:Thoracic diaphragm
2492:Thoracic diaphragm
2455:Thoracic diaphragm
2309:boundary region".
1401:This article uses
1387:parallel evolution
1282:
1250:septum transversum
1150:
979:, which act as an
937:
885:septum transversum
853:inferior vena cava
836:. From below, the
807:
608:inferior vena cava
577:
568:left phrenic nerve
544:inferior vena cava
524:
478:quadratus lumborum
435:
264:thoracic diaphragm
260:
141:intercostal nerves
51:Respiratory system
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2581:Esophageal hiatus
2553:
2552:
2526:arcuate ligaments
2515:Crus of diaphragm
2453:Media related to
2430:Missing or empty
2423:cite encyclopedia
2409:Chambers, Ephraim
2363:10.1242/jeb.01746
2279:(Pt 3): 243–284.
2200:Annals of Surgery
2129:978-0-07-166444-8
2093:978-0-7020-3085-7
1824:978-0-7295-3752-0
1641:978-0-8089-2306-0
1487:978-1-4425-0221-5
1340:
1339:
1332:
1164:may reveal this.
1088:esophageal hiatus
1009:esophageal hiatus
977:abdominal muscles
943:and functions in
928:
771:
770:
690:sympathetic trunk
629:esophageal hiatus
620:esophageal hiatus
540:esophageal hiatus
430:in Blount's 1707
385:Gerard of Cremona
356:, containing the
331:
319:
252:
251:
247:
154:costal cartilages
77:costal cartilages
16:(Redirected from
2681:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2600:
2569:
2562:
2528:
2503:
2485:
2478:
2471:
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2418:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2317:(6): 1295–1304.
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2267:Keith A (1905).
2264:
2255:
2254:
2251:hanslindgren.com
2243:
2234:
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2185:
2184:
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2140:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2054:. Archived from
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1916:(4): 1040–1051.
1901:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1787:. Archived from
1776:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1753:Moore K (2014).
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
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1473:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1424:
1423:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:reliably sourced
1292:
1291:
1284:
1258:abdominal cavity
1254:rectus abdominis
1186:pneumoperitoneum
1166:Pleural effusion
1115:pleuroperitoneal
1042:bronchial cancer
929:
792:subcostal nerves
664:It contains the
633:It contains the
580:
393:pelvic diaphragm
366:abdominal cavity
326:
324:
314:
312:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
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284:
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266:, or simply the
244:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
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2137:
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2094:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1794:on 3 March 2022
1791:
1785:
1774:
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1766:
1762:
1752:
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1735:
1704:
1703:
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1692:
1679:
1678:
1649:
1642:
1629:
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1607:
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1579:
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1545:
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1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1467:
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1447:
1421:
1418:
1406:
1399:
1382:Sinosauropteryx
1336:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1305:
1297:This section's
1293:
1289:
1218:
1197:
1139:
1068:
1060:Main articles:
1058:
1026:
1021:
971:) involves the
961:belly breathing
920:
918:
877:
865:
800:
784:cervical nerves
776:
711:Subcostal nerve
663:
632:
587:Vertebral level
534:), one for the
516:
447:thoracic cavity
420:
354:thoracic cavity
346:thoracic cavity
334:skeletal muscle
275:
271:
248:
69:xiphoid process
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2687:
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2548:
2547:
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2521:
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2518:
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2512:
2510:Central tendon
2506:
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2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2443:External links
2441:
2411:, ed. (1728).
2393:
2392:
2377:
2336:
2300:
2256:
2235:
2206:(6): 766–770.
2186:
2135:
2128:
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2092:
2069:
2038:
2009:(9): 847–855.
1989:
1962:(4): 432–438.
1945:
1896:
1877:(2): E51–E70.
1858:
1852:978-1496347213
1851:
1830:
1823:
1815:Last's Anatomy
1805:
1783:
1760:
1745:
1717:(6): 738–754.
1697:
1690:
1647:
1640:
1605:
1573:
1538:
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1513:
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1465:
1444:
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1437:Gray's Anatomy
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1398:
1395:
1348:model organism
1338:
1337:
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1034:cervical spine
1028:If either the
1025:
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1017:
917:
914:
876:
873:
869:central tendon
864:
861:
830:thoracic aorta
799:
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765:areolar tissue
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557:central tendon
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486:thoracic aorta
454:central tendon
443:fibrous tissue
426:Definition of
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2586:Aortic hiatus
2584:
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2576:Caval opening
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2046:Mazumdar MD.
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1871:Radiographics
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1433:
1429:
1428:public domain
1415:
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1072:hiatus hernia
1067:
1063:
1062:Hiatus hernia
1055:
1053:
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1031:
1030:phrenic nerve
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905:phrenic nerve
901:
899:
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881:embryogenesis
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862:
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854:
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841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
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816:, namely the
815:
810:
804:
797:
795:
793:
790:(T5–T11) and
789:
785:
781:
780:phrenic nerve
773:
766:
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746:
745:
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670:thoracic duct
667:
661:
660:aortic hiatus
657:
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651:aortic hiatus
649:
648:
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623:
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612:phrenic nerve
609:
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604:caval opening
601:
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596:caval opening
595:
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588:
585:
583:! Description
582:
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569:
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548:caval opening
545:
541:
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532:aortic hiatus
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307:Ancient Greek
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19:
18:Caval opening
2597:
2566:
2525:
2491:
2432:|title=
2412:
2396:
2386:
2380:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2276:
2272:
2250:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2113:
2083:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2051:
2041:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1770:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1714:
1710:
1700:
1681:
1631:
1598:, retrieved
1586:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1504:
1477:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1391:
1380:
1368:
1346:. Thus the
1341:
1326:
1317:
1298:
1238:sterno-hyoid
1210:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1151:
1108:
1104:oesophagitis
1083:
1079:
1069:
1027:
1013:
986:
965:
957:
938:
902:
878:
866:
849:azygos veins
842:
811:
808:
798:Blood supply
777:
774:Nerve supply
713:and vessels
696:
674:Azygous vein
659:
639:vagal trunks
628:
603:
565:
554:
551:
525:
493:
490:
480:muscle. The
472:muscle. The
466:
462:
451:
436:
431:
427:
397:
380:
378:
370:mitochondria
267:
263:
261:
207:A04.4.02.001
182:
170:
2311:Development
2052:Gynaeonline
1738:29 November
1320:August 2011
1246:pericardium
1230:genio-hyoid
1113:. When the
1001:acid reflux
910:pericardium
875:Development
824:; from the
788:intercostal
508:pericardium
500:aponeurosis
470:psoas major
404:vertebrates
374:capillaries
364:, from the
160:Identifiers
67:L1-L3, the
2653:Categories
1600:2024-08-26
1587:StatPearls
1514:0071054480
1416:References
1372:homologous
1131:hypoplasia
1127:intestines
1056:Herniation
981:antagonist
969:exhalation
931:Real-time
898:mesenchyme
737:lymphatics
702:Under the
681:Under the
408:amphibians
340:and other
322:diáphragma
171:diaphragma
139:and lower
75:and their
1984:263501203
1554:: 21–33.
1376:esophagus
1360:hagfishes
1356:ascidians
1344:chordates
1308:talk page
1266:esophagus
1038:brainstem
1024:Paralysis
1005:esophagus
945:breathing
863:Variation
735:and some
635:esophagus
591:Contents
536:esophagus
428:diaphragm
418:Structure
381:diaphragm
379:The term
316:romanized
311:διάφραγμα
268:diaphragm
183:διάφραγμα
84:Insertion
71:, 6-12th
40:Diaphragm
2558:Openings
2372:16081603
2331:10021347
2295:17232638
2181:28331629
2062:June 12,
2033:37050868
2024:10099913
1976:33594871
1940:28887062
1891:22411950
1595:30020697
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1397:See also
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1301:disputed
1226:mandible
916:Function
894:mesoderm
514:Openings
412:reptiles
406:such as
2643:Anatomy
2535:Lateral
2499:General
2406::
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1798:3 March
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1278:air-sac
1270:trachea
1242:sternum
1172:of the
1170:pleurae
1158:abdomen
1137:Imaging
1096:stomach
1094:of the
1084:sliding
1080:rolling
794:(T12).
731:of the
400:mammals
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995:, and
953:vacuum
889:embryo
767:only.
761:pleura
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692:, and
668:, the
504:thorax
439:muscle
398:Other
338:humans
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