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The butterflies in the
Lycaenidae family in general are usually flat as larvae. The adult individuals are usually small and have hairy, ringed antenna-like tails. Their wings are mostly bright glowing blue and green. A large portion of Lycaenidae butterflies are found to have different associations
454:
are often observed in woodlands, shrublands, and near mountain streams: places that have woody host plants they feed on. Depending on the moisture and relative condition of the larval hostplants,
624:"A new species of Celastrina from the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada with a lectotype designation of Lycaena pseudargiolus var. nigrescens Fletcher (Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae)"
384:
in particular is usually pale blue-grey with small black spots or dashes. Based on the limited observations reported and the life history records of the other blue butterflies (Polyommatini),
396:
then may pupate within ant nests. Some
Lycaenidae species become parasites or even predator within the ant nest. The specific relationships to ants in the later life stage of
436:(blackberries), and some legumes. The adults' host plants are also very diverse. They mostly feed on nectar from plants including the larval host plants listed above,
1097:
1162:
458:
may fly in 1-2 or more broods from early spring to the fall (around
February to late June, July, or even till October if there is no severe cold weather).
1237:
1071:
1110:
1261:
911:
819:
Pierce, Naomi E.; Braby, Michael F.; Heath, Alan; Lohman, David J.; Mathew, John; Rand, Douglas B.; Travassos, Mark A. (January 2002).
1123:
268:
have been observed in mostly western regions of the United States, including
California, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, and Montana.
906:. Research series - Museum of Systematic Biology ; no. 4. Irvine: Center for Pathobiology, University of California, Irvine.
1230:
392:'s larvae feed on the flower buds and flowers while ants receive sugar-rich honeydew from them throughout the larval lifespan.
1115:
475:
388:'s known life history starts with eggs laid on the flower buds of its host plants. Attended and protected by the ants,
37:
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117:
1223:
1167:
993:
753:"Host-ant specificity of endangered large blue butterflies (Phengaris spp., Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Japan"
1006:
820:
1128:
561:"What Azure blues occur in Canada? A re-assessment of Celastrina Tutt species (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)"
229:
212:
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46:
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butterflies has been a very complicated issue. Some scientists like
Layberry et al. once recognized
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112:
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Ueda, Shouhei; Komatsu, Takashi; Itino, Takao; Arai, Ryusuke; Sakamoto, Hironori (2016-11-03).
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281:
714:"The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies"
1175:
876:"Echo Azure Celastrina echo (W.H. Edwards, 1864) | Butterflies and Moths of North America"
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623:
572:
96:
24:
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79:
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Annotated taxonomic checklist of the
Lepidoptera of North America, North of Mexico
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169:
970:
821:"The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)"
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285:(Cramer, 1780) in western Canada. In 2001, Guppy and Shepard nominated
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LaBar, Caitlin; Pelham, Jonathan; Kondla, Norbert (28 April 2022).
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to the species level. Currently, many scientists agree that
378:
with ants, either mutualistic, parasitic, or predatory.
1211:
559:
Schmidt, B. Christian; Layberry, Ross A. (2016-04-26).
42:
960:
Pohl, Greg; Patterson, Bob; Pelham, Jonathan (2016).
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373:Physical identification and relationship with ants
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8:
904:The butterflies of Orange County, California
318:These four subspecies belong to the species
1238:
1224:
1001:
665:"North American Moth Photographers Group,
95:
78:
67:
969:
792:
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412:larval foodplants are mainly composed of
484:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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404:Host plants, habitat, and flight period
932:"Western Azure - Montana Field Guide"
925:
923:
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837:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257
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533:"Western Azure - Montana Field Guide"
7:
1199:
1197:
712:Robbins, Robert K. (November 1981).
554:
552:
1210:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
36:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
987:
116:
23:
296:The MONA or Hodges number for
1:
1262:Butterflies described in 1864
293:is a distinguished species.
693:www.butterfliesofamerica.com
689:"Celastrina echo thumbnails"
880:www.butterfliesandmoths.org
825:Annual Review of Entomology
1283:
1196:
345:Celastrina echo nigrescens
271:The taxonomic division of
971:10.13140/RG.2.1.2186.3287
418:(California wild lilac),
244:, known generally as the
218:
211:
113:Scientific classification
111:
103:
94:
86:
77:
70:
902:Orsak, Larry J. (1977).
582:10.3897/zookeys.584.7882
49:may contain suggestions.
34:may need to be rewritten
930:Webmaster, David Ratz.
718:The American Naturalist
531:Webmaster, David Ratz.
448:, and several others.
327:Celastrina echo cinerea
1206:-related article is a
430:(California buckeye),
400:are not quite clear.
363:Celastrina echo gozora
359:(Rocky Mountain azure)
354:Celastrina echo sidara
310:
339:(W. H. Edwards, 1864)
330:(W. H. Edwards, 1883)
306:
996:at Wikimedia Commons
631:The Taxonomic Report
508:species Information"
350:(Northwestern azure)
336:Celastrina echo echo
332:(Southwestern azure)
16:Species of butterfly
769:2016NatSR...636364U
573:2016ZooK..584..135S
348:(J. Fletcher, 1903)
279:as a subspecies of
1267:Polyommatini stubs
757:Scientific Reports
311:
252:, is a species of
1219:
1218:
1191:
1190:
1007:Taxon identifiers
992:Media related to
936:fieldguide.mt.gov
913:978-0-9601418-1-4
777:10.1038/srep36364
537:fieldguide.mt.gov
367:
366:(Boisduval, 1870)
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38:quality standards
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1041:Celastrina-echo
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1015:Celastrina echo
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994:Celastrina echo
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953:Further reading
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341:(Pacific azure)
320:Celastrina echo
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298:Celastrina echo
266:Celastrina echo
241:Celastrina echo
233:
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222:Celastrina echo
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105:C. echo cinerea
88:C. echo cinerea
72:Celastrina echo
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981:External links
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32:This article
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1212:expanding it
1204:Polyommatini
1201:
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939:. Retrieved
935:
903:
883:. Retrieved
879:
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763:(1): 36364.
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696:. Retrieved
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672:. Retrieved
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540:. Retrieved
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515:. Retrieved
512:BugGuide.net
511:
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308:mud-puddling
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204:C. echo
203:
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104:
87:
71:
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52:
43:You can help
33:
1150:NatureServe
1085:iNaturalist
637:(3): 1–24.
439:Heteromeles
300:is 4363.2.
170:Lepidoptera
1257:Celastrina
1251:Categories
964:(Report).
941:2024-06-10
885:2024-06-10
698:2024-06-10
674:2019-09-24
542:2024-06-10
517:2019-09-24
489:2019-09-24
462:References
314:Subspecies
273:Celastrina
262:Lycaenidae
246:echo azure
191:Celastrina
180:Lycaenidae
150:Arthropoda
107:underside
90:upperside
1030:Q15779554
845:0066-4170
785:2045-2322
738:0003-0147
651:2643-4776
643:2643-4806
591:1313-2970
442:(toyon),
415:Ceanothus
258:butterfly
198:Species:
136:Kingdom:
130:Eukaryota
55:June 2024
47:talk page
1155:2.118989
1124:LepIndex
1103:10467835
1059:BugGuide
1048:BioLib:
1038:BAMONA:
1024:Wikidata
853:11729090
803:27808223
609:27199600
427:Aesculus
176:Family:
146:Phylum:
140:Animalia
126:Domain:
1077:1925843
794:5093462
765:Bibcode
600:4857028
569:Bibcode
565:ZooKeys
480:Report"
456:C. echo
452:C. echo
445:Rhamnus
421:Spiraea
410:C. echo
398:C. echo
394:C. echo
390:C. echo
386:C. echo
382:C. echo
287:C. echo
282:C.ladon
277:C. echo
260:family
256:in the
232:, 1864)
186:Genus:
166:Order:
160:Insecta
156:Class:
1181:207216
1168:689478
1142:4363.2
1129:202240
1116:777892
1051:701697
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291:C.echo
45:. The
1202:This
1098:IRMNG
1090:52484
1064:41480
639:eISSN
627:(PDF)
433:Rubus
1208:stub
1163:NCBI
1137:MONA
1111:ITIS
1072:GBIF
908:ISBN
849:PMID
841:ISSN
799:PMID
781:ISSN
734:ISSN
647:ISSN
605:PMID
587:ISSN
408:The
254:blue
966:doi
833:doi
789:PMC
773:doi
726:doi
722:118
595:PMC
577:doi
248:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
