3504:. These laws, however, contemplate the earlier discipline of censures, when the name was applied to punishments in general, without any specific signification. It is evident, therefore, that the solution must now be sought in positive law. In the law of the Decretals, no express decision of the question is to be found, although the species of penalties are there more accurately distinguished. In later law, the Council of Trent (Sess. XXV, c. iii, De ref.) most wisely warns bishops that the sword of censures is to be used only with sobriety and with great circumspection. Censures, essentially a deprivation of the use of spiritual goods or benefits, are to be inflicted medicinally, and should be lifted as soon as the delinquent recedes from his contumacy. We have seen above that St. Alphonsus and other authors after him hold that secondarily, a censure mat have punitive and deterrent motive, and from that point of view, may be inflicted for a given time. This is generally speaking, for while it is certain that excommunication can never be thus inflicted as a vindictive punishment, suspension and interdict can be inflicted, rarely and for a short period, as vindictive penalties by positive law. The reason of this is that suspension and interdict do not, like excommunication, cast the delinquent out from the communion of the faithful, nor do they deprive him absolutely of all spiritual goods; they may, therefore, for grave reasons take on the nature of vindictive penalties. This is especially true when their effect is the privation of some temporal right, e.g., when a cleric is suspended from his office or benefice; for whenever censures deprive primarily of the use of temporal goods, they are rather punishments properly so called than censures, whose primary character is the deprivation of the use of spiritual goods.
3227:, i.e., in its own kind, or that contemplated by the censure, perfect and complete. There must be a just proportion between the crime and the penalty. Being medicinal, the punishment of a censure consists not in depriving the delinquent of the spiritual goods themselves, but only of the use of the spiritual goods, and this, not perpetually, but for an indeterminant time, i.e., until he repents, in other words, until the patient is convalescent from his spiritual illness. Hence excommunication, being by far the gravest of censures, is never inflicted for a certain definite time; on the other hand, suspension and interdict, under certain conditions, may be inflicted for a definite time. The real punishment of ecclesiastical censures consists in the privation of the use of certain spiritual good or benefits. These spiritual goods are those within the power of the Church or those that depend on the Church, e.g., the sacraments, public prayers, Indulgences, sacred functions, jurisdictions, ecclesiastical benefices and offices. Censures, however, do not deprive of grace nor of the private prayers and good works of the faithful; for, even if censured, the eternal communion of the saints still remains by virtue of the indelible character imprinted by baptism. Thus, to distinguish the various effects of the three censures: Excommunication may be inflicted on clerics and laymen and excludes from the communion of the faithful, prohibits also the use of all spiritual goods in which the faithful participate as members of the visible body whose visible head is the Roman Pontiff. Suspension is for clerics only, leaves them participating in the communion of the faithful, but directly prohibits them from the active use of sacred things, i.e., as ministers (
3456:
the law; therefore a substantial defect in the law, e.g., injustice or unreasonableness, modifying the law, nullifies also the censure attached to the law. This sufficient cause for a censure may be lacking in the law, either because in its formulation the legal order was not observed, or because the fault considered in the law was not sufficiently grave to justify the penalty of ecclesiastical censure. The penalty must be in proportion to the crime. If in the legislative act the legal order was observed, but the proportion of punishment to crime was lacking, i.e., if the offense did not justify the extreme penalty attached to the law, then as the law has two parts, it is sustained in the first part, i.e., the precept, but not in the second, i.e., the penalty or censure. In doubt, however, both law and penalty are presumably valid. As to the correct procedure method, a censure sentence may be void if any substantial rule of procedure is not observed, e.g., the warnings in a censure inflicted
3673:, only he who inflicted the censure or his successor, superior, or delegate can absolve. Hence a vicar capitular can absolve from the censures passed by the ordinary power of the late bishop, having succeeded to the power held by that late prelate. In regard to the power of the superior, the pope as universal superior can always remove the censures inflicted by his inferiors, bishops, etc. An archbishop, not being the absolute superior of his suffragans, but only in certain things, can remove censures imposed by his suffragans only when on visitation or in case of appeal. When, however, the superior absolves from the censure imposed by an inferior, he must in all cases notify the inferior and must demand that the delinquent give him full satisfaction. The extent of the power of a delegated judge to absolve must be clearly stated in his letters.
3008:, who in 1200 had used the term for punishment in general, at a later date (1214), answering a query as to the meaning of ecclesiastical censure in pontifical documents, expressly distinguished censure from any other ecclesiastical penalty, thereby authentically declaring that by ecclesiastical censure were meant the penalties of interdict, suspension, and ex-communication. Furthermore, in accordance with the internal nature of these three penalties, glossators and commentators, and in their wake later, canonists introduced and maintained the distinction, still universally recognized, between medicinal or remedial punishments (censures) and vindictive punishments. The primary scope of the former is the correction or reformation of the delinquent; this being properly accomplished, they cease. Vindictive punishments (
3199:, "The salvation of souls is the supreme law"). In dealing with delinquent members, therefore, she seeks principally their correction; she wishes for the reformation of the sinner, his return to God, and the salvation of his soul. This primary effect of her penalties is often followed by other results, such as the example given to the rest of the faithful, and, ultimately, the preservation of Christian society. On the Divine principle, therefore, that God does not desire the death of the sinner, but that he should be converted from his ways and live (
3707:, i.e., to the domain of conscience. If censures are specially reserved to the Roman Pontiff, a bishop by his ordinary power cannot absolve, except in case of necessity. Special concessions for these cases are, however, given to the bishops by the Holy See for a certain time, or for the life of the bishop, or for a certain number of cases. Censures that are reserved by pontifical law to bishops or ordinaries can be absolved by all bishops, abbots, vicars capitular and vicars-general, in any forum, and even in notorious cases. At the point of death (
3346:
the moment when the violation of the law is complete. this kind of penalty is especially effective in the Church, whose subjects are obliged in conscience to obey her laws. If the crime be secret, the censure is also secret, but it is binding before God and in conscience; if the crime be public the censure is also public; but if the secret censure thus incurred is to be made public, then a judicial examination of the crime is had, and the formal declaration (declaratory sentence) is made that the delinquent has incurred the censure.
3047:, i.e., in religious or in civil intercourse. A censure, being a penal withdrawal of the right of participating in certain spiritual goods of the Christian society, was, of course, something relative; that is, it affected the person thus enjoined and also the persons who participated with him in the use of these goods. In this way, a suspended cleric could not accept the sacraments or other spiritual services. But, by the Constitution of Martin V, only those censured persons were in the future to be considered and treated as
119:
3004:, the former referring to matters of sin and conscience, the latter to the external government and discipline of the Church. The different kinds and the nature of punishments were also more clearly defined by commentators, judges, and doctors of law. In this way, from the beginning of the thirteenth century, although not expressly so stated in the decretals, the term censure became the equivalent of a certain class of ecclesiastical penalties, i.e., interdict, suspension, and excommunication.
80:
2959:, and Christian burial. Other goods, again, were proper to the various grades of clerics. Whoever was deprived of one or all of these rights, came under the general designation of excommunicated, i.e., one placed outside the communion to which his grade in the Church entitled him, either wholly or in part. In earlier ecclesiastical documents therefore, excommunication and similar terms did not always mean censure, or a certain species of censure, but sometimes meant censure, sometimes
3216:), which must precede the punishment, can emanate either from the law itself or from the ecclesiastical superior or judge. Contumacy can, therefore occur in one of two ways: first, when the delinquent does not heed the warning of his ecclesiastical superior or judge, addressed to him personally and individually; second, when he violates a law of the Church with full knowledge of the law, and of the censure attached, in the latter case the law itself being a standing warning to all (
3020:, Th. Mor. VII, n. 314.). Confession penances are vindictive punishments, their chief purpose being not reformation but reparation and satisfaction for sins. The irregularity arising from a crime is not a censure, nor is it a vindictive punishment; in fact, it is not a punishment at all, properly speaking, but rather a canonical impediment, an inability to support the honour of the sacred ministry, which forbids the reception of orders, and the exercise of those received.
3606:, e.g., suspension pending the performance of a certain act. When suspension or interdict are inflicted as vindictive punishments, not being censures properly so called, they may cease, not by absolution, but by lapse of the time for which they are inflicted. Censures themselves, i.e., not yet incurred, cease by the abrogation of the law to which they were annexed, by revocation, or (usually) by the superior's death, if issued
3012:), while not excluding the correction of the delinquent, are primarily intended to repair violated justice or restore the social order of justice by inflicting positive suffering. Such are corporal and pecuniary punishments, imprisonment and seclusion for life in a monastery, deprivation of Christian burial, also the deposition and degradation of clerics as well as their suspension for a definite period of time (suspension
3190:. It also believes that it has the right to make disciplinary laws to govern its members and that such a right would be meaningless if it had no way of enforcing the observance of canonical laws. Moreover, from its very origin, the church has used this right to enforce its laws, as the church interprets in the action of St. Paul against the incestuous Corinthian and against Hymeneus and Alexander.
3972:
3960:
2971:
clerics, suspension or degradation. In her ancient penal legislation, the Church, like the Roman State, looked on punishment as consisting, not so much as the infliction of positive suffering, as in the mere deprivation of certain goods, rights, or privileges; these in the Church were spiritual good and graces, such as participation with the faithful in prayer, in the Holy
Sacrifice, in the
2686:
2897:) of all Roman citizens and their proper classification, e.g., senators, knights, etc. Furthermore, their functions were the disciplinary control of manners and mores, in which their powers were absolute, both in sumptuary matters and in the degradation of any citizen from his proper class for reasons affecting the moral or material welfare of the State. This punishment was called censure (
3097:
2788:
3602:
lawfully given when there is amendment. Not even the death of the censured party, if excommunicated or interdicted, would remove the censure, because even in this case there would still remain some of the effects of the censure, e.g., the privation of
Christian burial. The only case in which formal absolution would not be required is when a censure is inflicted with a
3267:(by the law) are those inflicted by a permanent edict of the lawgiver, i.e., which the law attaches to a crime. We must distinguish here between a law, i.e., an enactment having, of itself, permanent and perpetual binding force, and a mere command or precept, usually temporal in obligation and lapsing with the death of the superior by whom it was given. Censures
3699:
vicars general in virtue of their general commission, nor regular prelates. The subjects for whom these faculties may be used are those who live in the bishop's diocese, or outsiders who come to confession in his diocese, these being his subjects in view of the absolution to be imparted. Such absolution, however, cannot be given
25:
3730:, i.e., enjoining what the law requires. These are: (1) satisfaction to the offended party; (2) that the delinquent repair the scandal according to the prudent judgment of the bishop or confessor and remove the occasion of sin, if there be any; (3) that, in the case of one absolved from censures specially reserved, he promise (
3207:
may be deterred. A contumacy is an act of stubborn or abstinent disobedience to the laws; but it must imply contempt of authority; i.e., it must not only be directed against the law, but must also, generally express contempt for the punishment or the censure attached to the la (Lehmkuhl, Cas. Consc., Freiburg, 1903, no. 984.).
3689:, i.e., is already in litigation before a court, in which case the absolution of the internal forum would not hold for the external. A priest not approved or does not have jurisdiction to hear confessions cannot be absolved from censures, even if not reserved, except in danger of death. Lastly, when censures are reserved
3275:(by man) are those that are passed by the sentence, command, or particular precept of the judge, e.g., by the bishop, as contradistinguished from the law described above. They are usually owing to particular and transient circumstances, and are intended to last only as long as such circumstances exist. The censure
3698:
and in his own diocese, his subjects from these censures when the crime is occult and not notorious, or when it has not been brought before a judicial tribunal. By bishops are also meant, abbots having ecclesiastical territory, vicars capitular, and others having episcopal jurisdiction; not, however,
3693:
no one can absolve except the one to whom to whom they are reserved, or his superior, successor, or delegate. Censures which are reserved to the pope are either reserved or reserved in a special manner. In relation to the former, the
Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, c. vi, De ref.) formulated the common
3592:
Kings and sovereigns cannot be censured by bishops, nor can they excommunicate communities or chapters. However, a community can suffer interdict and suspension. In that case, it would not be a censure, properly speaking, but rather a penal privation; ceasing to be a community member, one would cease
3064:
really gained no direct privilege but was only in favor of the rest of the faithful, who could henceforth communicate with tolerated excommunicates, and, as far as the censure was in question, could deal with them as non-censured persons—all this on account of the grave changes in social conditions.
3629:
absolution can only be given by those vested with the necessary judicial power, i.e., by the one who inflicted the censure, his successor, delegate, or his superior, e.g., the pope. The formula used here is either the solemn one or the shorter formula, as the occasion demands; both are found in the
3489:
of such a censured party might be declared invalid. But in foro interno he would possess jurisdiction, and, should there be no scandal, he could act uncensured without incurring the penalty of violating the censure, e.g., irregularity. A censure may also be inflicted conditionally; if the condition
3206:
It follows, then, that the primary and proximate end of censures is to overcome contumacy or willful stubbornness in order to bring back the guilty person to a better sense of his spiritual condition; the secondary and remote end is to furnish an example of punishment in order that other evil-doers
3725:
These conditions affect both the priest who absolves and the person absolved. The absolution of a priest is invalid if obtained by force or if extorted by grave, unjust fear. Furthermore, the absolution would be invalid if the principal, moving cause be false, e.g., if the judge absolves precisely
3601:
All canonists agree in this, that a censure once incurred can only be taken away by absolution. Although censures are medicinal punishments destined to overcome contumacy, they do not cease immediately upon repentance. As the sentence was a judicial act, so there is required a judicial absolution,
3455:
or external government of the Church, it necessarily follows that for their infliction, either by law or by judge, jurisdiction or power to act in this forum is required. Sufficient cause moreover, must be had for the infliction of a censure. A censure, as a sanction of the law, is an accessory to
3345:
by the commission of the crime; in other words, the delinquent incurs the penalty in the very act of breaking the law, and the censure binds the conscience of the delinquent immediately, without the process of a trial, or the formality of a judicial sentence. The law itself inflicts the penalty in
3211:
of the threatened punishment or grave fear would, therefore, generally excuse a person from incurring censure; under such circumstances, there can be no question of real contumacy. Since contumacy implies abstinent persistence in crime, in order to become liable to these punishments, a person must
3460:
The censure is valid, however, if there be any objective proportion between the gravity of the penalty and the gravity of the fault, even if the sentence have some accidental defect, e.g., a censure inflicted through hatred for a person who, however, is a transgressor, or if some other accidental
2757:
Censures in the
Catholic Church can be traced back to ancient ecclesiastical practices and have evolved over centuries. They find their origins in the early church's efforts to maintain order and discipline among its members. Throughout history, censures have been utilized to uphold the Church's
3231:), and deprives them of some or all of the rights of the clerical state, e.g., jurisdiction, the hearing of confessions, the holding of office, etc. Interdict prohibits the faithful, either clerics or laymen, from the passive use of some ecclesiastical goods, as far as these are sacred things (
2924:
Excommunication was then the generic term for all coercive remedies used against delinquent members of the Church, and there were as many kinds of excommunication as there were grades of communion in the
Christian society, either for the laity, or for the clergy. Thus some of the grades of the
3684:
by a general sentence, if these censures be not reserved, any approved confessor having jurisdiction to absolve from sin may absolve from them both in the external and the internal forum, the absolution in the one forum being valid in the other, except when the censure has been carried to the
3566:
Censures, being spiritual punishments, can only be inflicted on
Christians, i.e. baptized persons. Moreover, being punishments, they can only be inflicted on the subjects of the superior inflicting the censure; such subjection may arise from domicile, quasi-domicile, or by reason of the crime
2970:
terminology (Codex Theod. I tit. I, 7 de off. rector. provinc.) we find the word censure used in the general sense of punishment. Accordingly, the Church used this term in the early ages to designate all her punishments, whether these were public penances, excommunications, or, in the case of
3420:
Censures are again divided into reserved and non-reserved censures. As sins may be reserved, so also may censures, reservation, in this case, being limited to limitation or negation of an inferior's jurisdiction to absolve from the censure, and the retention of this power by his superior.
3059:
for the reason of sacrilegious violence to clerics. Nor is the validity of the denunciation restricted to the locality where it takes place (Lehmkuhl, II, n.884). On the other hand, Martin V expressly declared that this relaxation was not in favor of the censured party, so that the
932:
3512:
As regards the active subject of censures, i.e., who can inflict them, censures belong to the external government of the Church. They can therefore be inflicted only by those who have proper jurisdiction in the external government of the church, called the
3271:, therefore, are annexed either to the common law of the Church, such as decrees of popes and general councils, or are inflicted by general law, e.g., by bishops for their particular diocese or territory, usually in provincial or diocesan synods. Censures
3555:, or inflicted by an ecclesiastical judge, whether his jurisdiction be ordinary or delegated, can be inflicted to enforce a certain law, or to prevent certain evils. Vicars-general and delegated judges not having legislative power cannot inflict censures
3493:
Can censures be inflicted as vindictive penalties, i.e., not primarily as remedial measures, but rather to avenge a crime? This is a graver question, and canonists has sought to solve it by an interpretation of certain texts of the law, chiefly from
3738:); (4) sometimes also, in graver crimes, an oath is required not to perpetrate them again; (5) that apart from the penance imposed in confession, the absolved person receive and perform some other salutary penance as a satisfaction for this fault.
3203:, xviii, 23), the Church has always inclined to the infliction of censures, as medicinal or remedial in their nature and effects, rather than to vindictive punishments, which she uses only when there is little or no hope for the sinner himself.
3355:(of sentence awaiting pronouncement) are so attached to the law or to the precept that the delinquent does not incur the penalty until, after a legal process, it is formally imposed by a judicial or condemnatory sentence. Whether a censure be
2584:
3285:), or it may be only by a particular command or precept for an individual case, e.g., in a trial where the delinquent is found guilty and censured, or as a particular precept to stop a particular delinquency.
1685:
3621:, that is, for the sin and hidden censure. This can be given by any priest having the necessary jurisdiction; can be given in confession or outside of confession, in what is called the forum of conscience (
2746:, by which he is deprived, either wholly or in part, of the use of certain spiritual goods until he recovers from his contumacy. These goods can encompass access to the sacraments, participation in certain
2397:
3711:), any priest, even if not approved, can absolve from all censures, but also all absolution from them as governed by the provision of the aforesaid papal Constitution (Pius IX, 1869),
2096:
2086:
3726:
because alleges that he has already made satisfaction when in reality he has not done so. The conditions to be absolved are generally expressed in the above-mentioned formula,
2091:
1270:
1222:
1119:
225:
3618:
3514:
3466:
3452:
3001:
2909:, the faithful in communion with her were inscribed in a certain register; these names were read in public gatherings, and from this list were excluded those who were
1782:
927:
922:
3630:
Roman Ritual. Absolution can be given either absolutely or conditionally, i.e., depending on the fulfillment of some condition for its validity. It is also given
3481:
to which a censure is attached, but in his conscience he knows himself to be innocent. What are the effects of a censure thus inflicted? Having been found guilty
2295:
1628:
1049:
43:
3255:
Besides the particular division of censures into excommunication, suspension, and interdict, there are several general divisions of censures. First censures
2714:
698:
3661:
In regard to the question of the minister of absolution, or who can absolve from censures, we have the general principle: "only he can loose who can bind" (
3417:) are necessary, or one peremptory warning, except when both the crime and the contumacy of the delinquent are notorious and therefore sufficiently proved.
2320:
2567:
2178:
3107:
2798:
3665:); in other words, only those can absolve who have the necessary jurisdiction. This jurisdiction is either ordinary or delegated. In case of censures
669:
127:
2115:
2110:
1844:
1839:
1824:
1609:
1584:
1548:
867:
3521:, i.e., incorporated into laws binding Christian society, in whole or in part, can be passed by him who has the power to legislate thus. Thus the
3485:, the censure has valid effects in that forum and must be observed externally, to avoid scandal and for good discipline. All acts of jurisdiction
1263:
705:
3850:(23 June 1886) and later interpretations, see Tanquery, Synop. Th. Mor., III (II), 1907, pp. 321-24, and Gury-Ferrères, Th. Mor., II, nn. 575-76.
3847:
2987:
1667:
833:
643:
179:
2264:
1883:
1559:
1506:
649:
2767:
293:
3165:
2856:
3551:, also chapters of regulars over their own subjects. However, parish priests, abbesses, and secular judges have no such power. Censures
3408:
3223:
Censures, being a privation of grave spiritual benefit, are inflicted on
Christians only for a sin internally and externally grave, and
1604:
1529:
3137:
2828:
1541:
1148:
845:
3212:
not only be guilty of crime but must also persist in his criminal course after having been duly warned and admonished. This warning (
3992:
3582:
3208:
2081:
1829:
1638:
1570:
839:
805:
61:
3642:; this takes effect immediately, but if the penitent, within a certain time, does not do something prescribed, he at once occurs,
3144:
2835:
2732:
2707:
2240:
965:
896:
349:
135:
3713:
2905:, so also was the Church solicitous for the purity and sanctity of her membership, i.e., the communion of the faithful. In the
2212:
1834:
1594:
1497:
1300:
1138:
1076:
850:
356:
3638:, and Apostolic privileges, lest the effects of the concession be impeded by some hidden censure. Lastly, we have absolution
3122:
2813:
2577:
1799:
370:
363:
3151:
2842:
35:
3070:
2955:
Then also, as now, some goods of the Church were common to all its members, e.g., prayer, the sacraments, presence at the
2590:
1804:
1744:
1599:
1442:
1143:
566:
343:
3950:
3646:, a censure of the same kind as that from which he had just been absolved. He who takes away the censure can impose the
3571:). Pilgrims violating a particular law are not subject to censure, but if they transgress the common law with a censure
2427:
1516:
1018:
3133:
2824:
118:
2743:
2700:
2562:
2012:
1970:
1943:
1868:
1794:
1789:
1777:
1616:
1553:
1436:
220:
3625:). In either case, however, the formula used is that of the sacramental absolution referring to censures. (2) In the
3577:
attached, the latter can be inflicted on them by the local bishop. Cardinals and bishops are not subject to censures
3846:
For serious changes in the method of absolution (in cases of necessity) from papal censures, owing to the decree of
3079:
censures of the common law, changed others (thus reducing their number), and made a new list of common law censures
2975:, in the general communion of the Church, or, as in the case of clerics, in the rights and honours of their office.
3530:
2606:
2482:
2126:
1482:
1447:
635:
388:
3613:
Absolution, which is the loosing or relaxation of the penalty by competent authority, is an act of justice, and a
2664:
2355:
1290:
1181:
551:
3384:
3997:
3617:
in censures, and hence cannot be denied to a penitent censured person. It can be given in two ways: (1) In the
2309:
2197:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1175:
955:
3573:
3474:
3323:
2407:
2269:
2235:
2061:
1399:
1363:
1005:
405:
393:
328:
258:
200:
3799:
3032:
2655:
2601:
2362:
2173:
2073:
1955:
1905:
1368:
1188:
1107:
1063:
970:
939:
914:
872:
792:
739:
718:
693:
597:
582:
493:
335:
280:
272:
231:
154:
3304:
Another division of censures is important and peculiar to the penal legislation of the Church. A censure
3926:
3367:
is ascertained from the terms in which it is couched. The expressions most commonly used in the censure
3158:
2849:
2611:
2348:
2136:
2131:
1992:
1948:
1696:
753:
746:
451:
315:
265:
207:
3389:, etc. If however, the expressions are of the future and imply judicial intervention, the censure is
3315:
2777:
2472:
2433:
2207:
2158:
2067:
2027:
1672:
1536:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1258:
1252:
1133:
949:
903:
781:
617:
425:
383:
3976:
3563:, in order to assert and protect their power, e.g., to enforce the execution of a judicial decree.
3411:
is to be followed. Moreover, before the infliction of the latter kind of censures, three warnings (
2596:
2477:
2444:
2417:
2412:
2274:
2249:
2163:
1854:
1357:
1343:
1318:
1313:
1153:
886:
767:
3920:
3186:
The
Catholic Church believes that it receives the power to enforce these conditions directly from
3114:
2805:
3964:
3526:
2906:
2690:
2315:
1912:
1859:
1643:
1492:
1487:
1240:
1044:
944:
908:
725:
611:
418:
193:
3031:
in 1418. Prior to this constitution, all censured persons, known to be such by the public, were
3235:) or as far as the faithful are participants, e.g., certain sacraments, Christian burial, etc.
3069:
modified seriously the ecclesiastical discipline in the matter of censures by his constitution
3496:
3052:
3017:
3005:
2918:
2902:
2635:
2492:
2487:
2457:
2342:
2228:
1960:
1691:
1677:
1576:
1455:
1411:
1375:
1305:
1206:
1201:
1158:
1113:
1100:
1033:
878:
774:
591:
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who were expressly and specifically by name declared to be such by a judicial sentence. The
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3055:(9 Jan. 1884) declared this formality unnecessary in the case of notorious excommunicates
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2509:
2022:
2017:
1704:
1460:
933:
Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the
Sacramental Seal
860:
710:
622:
378:
507:
97:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3461:
rule of procedure has not been observed. A question arises concerning censures invalid
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1935:
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521:
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411:
251:
3654:, i.e., although sometimes called for and provided for in the law. it must be applied
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may be in the form of a general order, command, or precept, binding on all subjects (
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244:
3669:, by particular sentence or by way of precept, also in the case of reserved censure
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3193:
The end for which the Church is striving is the eternal salvation of the faithful (
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1986:
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2007:
1997:
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1055:
993:
891:
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486:
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2685:
2585:
Congregation for
Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
91:. The reason given is: The article is a copy-paste from the early-20th-century
3919:
3635:
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or canons, and contained the names of the faithful, both living and dead. The
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1980:
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1921:
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3734:, on oath) to abide by the further direction of the Church in the matter (
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in their own spheres, the bishop within his own diocese, the chapter or
3658:, i.e., by the absolving person (Lega, lib II, vol. III, nos. 130–31).
2747:
2289:
1622:
1394:
1380:
1163:
1125:
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659:
559:
321:
2901:). As the Romans were strongly in favour of preserving the dignity of
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law according to which a bishop or one delegated by him can absolve,
2735:, is a medicinal and spiritual punishment imposed by the church on a
1655:
1589:
664:
3000:. In the schools and in the courts, a distinction was made between
3534:
3023:
The matter of censures was seriously affected by the Constitution
2926:
2758:
teachings and values and promote repentance and spiritual growth.
1686:
Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
3586:
3522:
1235:
3016:, e.g., for one or for three years, is a censure, according to
3090:
2913:, i.e., put out of the communion. These registers were called
2877:
This punishment's name and general nature date comes from the
2781:
73:
18:
3943:, 1983 Code of Canon Law (Intratext), accessed 16 April 2016.
3753:(Bernardi, Com. in Jus Eccl., II, pt. II, diss. 3, cap. 5.)
3585:) unless in the law express mention be made of them. The
3401:, etc. In doubtful cases, the sentence is presumed to be
3118:
2809:
2097:
List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church
2087:
List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church
3948:
2992:
Some centuries later, however, in the period of the
2092:
List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church
2921:still preserves traces of this ancient discipline.
2893:), whose functions were the keeping of a register (
16:
Spiritual punishment imposed by the Catholic Church
3543:), regular prelates having external jurisdiction,
3529:can inflict such censures on the whole world, the
3477:. For instance, a person is convicted of a crime
3451:As to jurisdiction, since censures belong to the
1120:Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis
226:Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis
1783:Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church
38:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2963:, as explained below, and very often penance.
2885:311, we find established the office of public
2296:Beatification and canonization process in 1914
3441:Jurisdiction in the legislature or the judge;
2708:
8:
3837:(Suarez, op. cit., disp. IV, sect. V, 29-30)
3123:introducing citations to additional sources
2814:introducing citations to additional sources
699:Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite
3412:
3407:, because in penal matters the more benign
3402:
3396:
3390:
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3350:
3338:
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3194:
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2164:Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
2715:
2701:
2568:Canonical erection of a house of religious
2179:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
113:
670:Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
3113:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2804:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1610:Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
3955:
3861:
3746:
3537:capitular during the vacancy of a see (
3508:Subject of censures, active and passive
3429:For the infliction of censures, either
2881:. With the ancient Romans, in the year
706:General Instruction of the Roman Missal
134:
3634:(for safety's sake) in all rescripts,
3337:(of sentence pronounced) are incurred
3053:Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition
2988:Excommunication in the Catholic Church
644:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
180:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
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3909:
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3905:
3903:
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2265:Congregation for the Causes of Saints
1560:Delegata potestas non potest delegari
1507:Association of the Christian faithful
650:Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII
7:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3490:is fulfilled, the censure is valid.
3469:") or according to truth, but valid
2768:Legal history of the Catholic Church
2423:Journals and Professional Societies
2155:(tribunals & ministers/parties)
3811:(Suarez Disp. IV, sect. VI, no. 10)
3771:(cap. 20, X De verb, signif. V, 40)
3663:illius est solvere cujus est ligare
3039:and could not be communicated with
2944:consistentes, substrati, audientes
1247:Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures
14:
3134:"Censure" Catholic canon law
2825:"Censure" Catholic canon law
3970:
3958:
3828:, Caus. XXVII, Q. 1, c. 6. etc.)
3589:alone can judge heads of state.
3106:relies largely or entirely on a
3095:
2797:relies largely or entirely on a
2786:
2733:canon law of the Catholic Church
2684:
1644:Resignation of the Roman Pontiff
897:Approbation (Catholic canon law)
350:Collectiones canonum Dionysianae
117:
78:
23:
3921:"Ecclesiastical Censures"
3762:(cap. 13 X De judicious, II, 1)
2996:, there was a great advance in
2750:activities, and involvement in
1835:Incardination and excardination
1498:Types of membership of Opus Dei
1231:Supreme authority of the Church
851:Impediment (Catholic canon law)
357:Collectio canonum quadripartita
3824:— Caus. XXXVI, Q. 2, c. 1, 2,
2392:Legal practice and scholarship
2301:Election of the Roman Pontiff
2127:Lifetime of prayer and penance
1083:Canonical form (Latin Church)
371:Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
364:Collectio canonum Quesnelliana
1:
3728:injunctis de more injungendis
2591:Institute of consecrated life
567:Apostolicae Sedis moderationi
536:
440:
344:Collections of ancient canons
306:
3714:Apostolicæ Sedis Moderationi
3447:correct method of procedure.
2428:Canon Law Society of America
2321:Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI
2056:Censure (Catholic canon law)
1884:Associations of the faithful
1869:Juridic and physical persons
1517:Quinquennial visit ad limina
873:Nullity of Sacred Ordination
3398:excommunicetur, suspenditur
3072:Apostolicæ Sedis Moderatoni
3002:internal and external forum
2563:Manifestation of Conscience
2398:List of legal abbreviations
1778:Person (Catholic canon law)
928:Internal and external forum
406:Lay investiture controversy
329:The Apostolic Constitutions
4019:
3822:Eos qui rapiunt, Raptores.
3385:eo ipso sit excommunicatus
3218:Lex interpellat pro homine
3196:salus animarum lex suprema
2985:
2979:Legal developments of the
2771:
2765:
2506:Modern & Contemporary
2169:Tribunal of the Roman Rota
1840:Laicization (dispensation)
1629:Obreption & subreption
1542:Canonically crowned images
1227:, and canonical structures
389:Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
3721:Conditions for absolution
3676:When censures are passed
3610:as a particular precept.
3425:Requirements for censures
2665:Society of apostolic life
2356:Romano Pontifici eligendo
1830:Clerics and public office
1727:Temporal goods (property)
1297:Local particular churches
1291:Eastern Catholic Churches
1182:Ratum sed non consummatum
87:This article needs to be
3993:Catholic penal canon law
3703:, but is limited to the
3597:Absolution from censures
3593:to undergo the penalty.
3282:per sententiam generalum
2941:, again subdivided into
2310:Universi Dominici gregis
1326:Apostolic administration
1176:Matrimonial dispensation
1050:Fast days and abstinence
956:Sacramentum Poenitentiae
923:Seal of the Confessional
3736:stare mandatis ecclesiæ
3087:Nature of the penalties
2929:in the Church were the
2762:History and development
2440:Faculties of canon law
2408:Licentiate of Canon Law
2270:Maiorem hac dilectionem
2236:Appeal as from an abuse
2062:De delictis gravioribus
1331:Apostolic administrator
1139:Impediments to Marriage
1006:Indulgentiarum doctrina
494:Decretals of Gregory IX
394:Donation of Constantine
259:Orientalium ecclesiarum
201:Indulgentiarum Doctrina
3800:1983 Code of Canon Law
3652:reincidentia ab homine
3650:Today there is only a
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3403:
3397:
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3369:
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3195:
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2691:Catholicism portal
2656:Provida Mater Ecclesia
2363:Ingravescentem aetatem
2174:Apostolic Penitentiary
2074:Crimen sollicitationis
1956:Apostolic constitution
1906:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
1825:Obligation of celibacy
1369:Moderator of the Curia
1301:Appointment of bishops
1108:Declaration of Nullity
1064:Holy day of obligation
971:Eucharistic discipline
940:Apostolic Penitentiary
915:Paenitentiale Theodori
892:Episcopal consecrators
868:Obligation of celibacy
814:Communicatio in sacris
793:Holy day of obligation
740:Scripturarum thesaurus
719:Sacrosanctum Concilium
694:General Roman Calendar
336:Canons of the Apostles
281:Precepts of the Church
273:Sacrosanctum concilium
232:Second Vatican Council
3927:Catholic Encyclopedia
3075:which abrogated many
2986:Further information:
2349:Aeterni Patris Filius
2185:Ministers of Justice
2137:Ecclesiastical prison
2132:Canonical admonitions
1949:Protonotary apostolic
1426:Anglicanorum Coetibus
1259:Conference of bishops
754:Quattuor abhinc annos
747:Liturgiam authenticam
452:Corpus Juris Canonici
316:Ancient Church Orders
266:Presbyterorum ordinis
208:Praedicate evangelium
93:Catholic Encyclopedia
3119:improve this article
2810:improve this article
2778:Corpus Juris Civilis
2473:Raymond of Penyafort
2232:(matrimonial causes)
2208:Defender of the Bond
2068:Complicit absolution
2028:Ecclesiastical Latin
1668:Validity and liceity
1537:Canonical coronation
1420:Personal ordinariate
1407:Military ordinariate
1253:College of Cardinals
1134:Defender of the Bond
950:Complicit absolution
834:Validity and liceity
782:Traditionis custodes
618:Papal judge-delegate
426:Plenitudo potestatis
384:Symmachian forgeries
3696:in foro conscientiæ
3604:conditio resolutiva
3531:Roman congregations
2597:Religious institute
2483:Johannes Teutonicus
2445:School of Canon Law
2418:Doctor of both laws
2413:Doctor of Canon Law
2250:Vos estis lux mundi
2121:ferendae sententiae
2111:Laicization (penal)
1899:Canonical documents
1855:Canonical provision
1845:Canonical faculties
1549:Computation of time
1358:In persona episcopi
1344:Aeque principaliter
1338:Diocese/Archdiocese
1314:Apostolic vicariate
1271:Particular churches
1221:Supreme authority,
1154:Impediment of crime
887:Dimissorial letters
768:Summorum Pontificum
3918:Gans, Leo (1908).
3780:(I Cor. v, i sqq.)
3709:in articulo mortis
3687:forum contentiosum
3574:ferendæ sentientiæ
3475:presumption of law
3312:may be either (1)
2739:, delinquent, and
2316:Papal renunciation
2223:(trial procedure)
1913:Acta Sanctae Sedis
1860:Canonical election
1493:Personal prelature
1488:Pontifical council
1241:College of Bishops
945:Canon penitentiary
909:Penitential canons
726:Mysterii Paschalis
612:Contractum trinius
419:Libertas ecclesiae
194:Ex corde Ecclesiae
42:You can assist by
3826:Si quis episcopus
3705:forum conscientiæ
3623:forum conscientiæ
3444:sufficient cause;
3437:, are required:
3404:ferendæ sententiæ
3392:ferendæ sententiæ
3364:ferendæ sententiæ
3352:ferendæ sententiæ
3324:ferendæ sententiæ
3298:ferendæ sententiæ
3184:
3183:
3169:
3010:poenæ vindicativæ
2919:Canon of the Mass
2903:their citizenship
2875:
2874:
2860:
2725:
2724:
2636:Secular institute
2493:Burchard of Worms
2488:Geoffrey of Trani
2403:Academic degrees
2343:Papal appointment
2276:Advocatus Diaboli
2229:Dignitas connubii
1678:Apostolic visitor
1577:Taxa Innocentiana
1456:Collegiate church
1207:Petrine privilege
1202:Pauline privilege
1189:Sanatio in radice
1159:Disparity of cult
1114:Dignitas connubii
1101:Banns of marriage
879:Apostolicae curae
775:Magnum principium
600:Code of Canon Law
592:Ecclesiae Sanctae
585:Code of Canon Law
459:Decretum Gratiani
230:Documents of the
215:Veritatis gaudium
171:Magnum principium
157:Code of Canon Law
112:
111:
72:
71:
64:
4010:
3975:
3974:
3963:
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3954:
3944:
3941:Canon 1405 §1 1°
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3915:
3851:
3848:S. Cong. Inquis.
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3838:
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3829:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3798:Cf. Canon 1752,
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3640:ad reincidentiam
3473:or according to
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3400:
3394:
3388:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3344:
3336:
3327:
3319:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3214:monitio canonica
3198:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3127:
3099:
3091:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2870:
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2861:
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2818:
2790:
2782:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2642:Cum Sanctissimus
2622:Mendicant orders
2573:Pontifical right
2546:consecrated life
2530:Edward N. Peters
2245:Penal procedure
2117:Latae sententiae
1889:Consecrated life
1448:Team of priests
1264:Synod of Bishops
1197:Natural marriage
1169:Public propriety
828:Omnium in mentem
821:Ex opere operato
547:Council of Trent
541:
538:
445:
442:
401:Gregorian Reform
311:
308:
238:Christus Dominus
187:Ad tuendam fidem
164:Omnium in mentem
136:Canon law of the
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104:
98:
82:
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74:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
27:
26:
19:
4018:
4017:
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4011:
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4008:
4007:
3998:Excommunication
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3982:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3917:
3916:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3732:in foro externo
3723:
3701:in foro externo
3615:res favorabilis
3599:
3583:excommunication
3569:ratione delicti
3527:general council
3510:
3487:in foro externo
3483:in foro externo
3479:in foro externo
3471:in foro externo
3463:in foro interno
3427:
3302:
3253:
3241:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3128:
3126:
3112:
3100:
3089:
3033:to be avoided (
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2984:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2819:
2817:
2803:
2791:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2721:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:Decretum laudis
2649:Primo Feliciter
2627:Clerics regular
2548:
2537:
2536:
2520:Pietro Gasparri
2510:Eugenio Corecco
2393:
2385:
2384:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2082:Excommunication
2041:
2033:
2032:
2023:Parish register
1922:Censor librorum
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1867:
1773:
1765:
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1728:
1720:
1719:
1705:Treatise on Law
1532:
1522:
1521:
1461:Parish register
1437:Juridic persons
1319:Apostolic vicar
1255:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1079:
1077:Matrimonial law
1069:
1068:
861:Defect of birth
808:
806:Sacramental law
798:
797:
711:Code of Rubrics
688:
680:
679:
638:
628:
627:
623:Right of option
578:(1918-present)
553:Benedictus Deus
539:
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379:Gelasian Decree
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138:Catholic Church
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3930:. Vol. 3.
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3773:
3764:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3722:
3719:
3678:a jure communi
3627:forum externum
3619:internal forum
3598:
3595:
3515:external forum
3509:
3506:
3467:external forum
3453:external forum
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3426:
3423:
3409:interpretation
3370:latæ sententiæ
3334:latæ sententiæ
3316:latæ sententiæ
3301:
3292:latæ sententiæ
3287:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3182:
3181:
3117:. Please help
3103:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3077:latæ sententiæ
3014:latæ sententiæ
2983:
2977:
2957:Holy Sacrifice
2911:excommunicated
2879:Roman Republic
2873:
2872:
2808:. Please help
2794:
2792:
2785:
2766:Main article:
2763:
2760:
2752:ecclesiastical
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2660:
2659:
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2645:
2633:
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2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Canons regular
2614:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2578:Diocesan right
2575:
2565:
2560:
2558:Exclaustration
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2337:Jus exclusivae
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2238:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:Judicial Vicar
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2151:
2149:Procedural law
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:Imprimi potest
1932:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1876:Jus patronatus
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Regular clergy
1817:
1815:Secular clergy
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1772:Law of persons
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1605:Interpretation
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1466:Lay trusteeism
1463:
1458:
1453:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:Eparchal curia
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:Diocesan Curia
1361:
1354:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:Minor basilica
1026:
1024:Major basilica
1021:
1014:Sacred places
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
963:
962:
961:
960:
959:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
925:
920:
919:
918:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
883:
882:
870:
865:
864:
863:
858:
837:
836:
831:
824:
817:
809:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
790:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
733:Musicam sacram
729:
722:
715:
714:
713:
703:
702:
701:
689:
687:Liturgical law
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
675:Protosyncellus
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
604:
603:
595:
588:
571:
570:
563:
556:
549:
532:Jus novissimum
528:
527:
526:
525:
522:Liber Septimus
518:
511:
504:
503:
502:
490:
483:
482:
481:
474:
471:Canon Episcopi
467:
432:
431:
430:
429:
422:
415:
412:Dictatus papae
408:
398:
397:
396:
386:
381:
376:
375:
374:
367:
360:
353:
341:
340:
339:
332:
325:
297:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
277:
276:
269:
262:
255:
252:Optatam totius
248:
241:
228:
223:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
175:
174:
167:
151:
145:
144:
141:
140:
132:
131:
123:
122:
110:
109:
86:
84:
77:
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4015:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3789:(I Tim. i 20)
3786:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:reincidentia.
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3349:(2) Censures
3347:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3331:(1) Censures
3329:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:in genere suo
3221:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136: –
3135:
3131:
3130:Find sources:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3108:single source
3104:This section
3102:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:St. Alphonsus
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:legal science
2995:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2966:In the later
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827: –
2826:
2822:
2821:Find sources:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2799:single source
2795:This section
2793:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Ladislas Orsy
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:John D. Faris
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:Ubi periculum
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:Oblatio vitae
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:Pars dynamica
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Canon 1397 §2
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Canonical age
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:Temporalities
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:Cathedraticum
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:Vacatio legis
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:Jurisprudence
1526:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Vicar general
1510:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:Cathedraticum
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Roman Pontiff
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Clandestinity
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:Sacred times
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
924:
921:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
880:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
835:
832:
830:
829:
825:
823:
822:
818:
816:
815:
811:
810:
807:
802:
801:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:
779:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
748:
744:
742:
741:
737:
735:
734:
730:
728:
727:
723:
721:
720:
716:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
691:
690:Latin Church
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:
609:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
594:
593:
589:
587:
586:
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294:Legal history
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32:This article
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3977:Christianity
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3552:
3540:sede vacante
3538:
3518:
3517:". Censures
3511:
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3309:
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3276:
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3256:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3229:qua ministri
3228:
3224:
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3217:
3213:
3205:
3192:
3188:Jesus Christ
3185:
3172:
3162:
3155:
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3141:
3129:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3009:
3006:Innocent III
2991:
2980:
2965:
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2952:
2948:
2923:
2907:early church
2898:
2894:
2890:
2876:
2863:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2820:
2796:
2756:
2741:contumacious
2728:
2726:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2602:Congregation
2589:
2468:Jean Lemoine
2449:
2439:
2432:
2422:
2402:
2377:Quia propter
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2335:
2308:
2305:Current law
2300:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2259:Canonization
2257:
2248:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2153:Pars statica
2152:
2120:
2116:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2013:Positive law
1987:Motu proprio
1985:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1849:
1809:
1795:Emancipation
1750:Mass stipend
1745:Contract law
1737:
1712:Determinatio
1710:
1703:
1697:Ecclesiology
1684:
1660:
1650:Sede vacante
1648:
1639:Promulgation
1621:
1617:Jurisdiction
1575:
1571:Dispensation
1558:
1483:Congregation
1449:
1435:
1424:
1413:
1386:Vicar forane
1356:
1349:
1342:
1307:
1286:Latin Church
1278:
1269:
1268:
1246:
1245:
1230:
1187:
1180:
1124:
1112:
1093:
1086:
1054:
1039:
1013:
1004:
994:Sacramentals
992:
986:Mass stipend
954:
913:
877:
838:
826:
819:
813:
780:
773:
766:
761:Ecclesia Dei
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
642:
610:
605:
599:
590:
584:
574:
573:
572:
565:
558:
552:
531:
530:
529:
520:
513:
508:Regulæ Juris
506:
492:
485:
476:
469:
457:
450:
435:
434:
433:
424:
417:
410:
369:
362:
355:
348:
334:
327:
320:
301:Jus antiquum
299:
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271:
264:
257:
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236:
213:
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185:
178:
169:
162:
156:
146:
100:
92:
88:
58:
49:
36:copy editing
34:may require
33:
3965:Catholicism
3632:ad cautelam
3567:committed (
3559:, but only
3081:latæ sentiæ
2968:Roman legal
2754:functions.
2612:Monasticism
2331:Cum proxime
2327:Historical
2241:Presumption
2008:Penitential
1998:Papal brief
1473:Roman Curia
1056:Paenitemini
846:Holy Orders
636:Eastern law
575:Jus codicis
540: 1563
500:Decretalist
487:Jus commune
444: 1140
3987:Categories
3857:References
3644:ipso facto
3458:ab homine.
3414:monitiones
3377:ipso facto
3341:ipso facto
3261:ab homine.
3175:April 2024
3145:newspapers
3045:in humanis
3041:in divinis
3025:Ad vitanda
2973:sacraments
2938:pænitentes
2932:expiatores
2866:April 2024
2836:newspapers
2772:See also:
2748:liturgical
2553:Solemn vow
2463:Hostiensis
2450:Canonists
2434:The Jurist
2213:Procurator
2193:Officialis
2046:Canon 1324
2003:Papal bull
1981:Encyclical
1929:Imprimatur
1673:Visitation
1634:Obrogation
1595:Impediment
1566:Derogation
1450:in solidum
1223:particular
1045:Feast days
1000:Indulgence
904:Confession
840:Sacraments
478:Margaritae
147:Ius vigens
44:editing it
3682:ab homine
3667:ab homine
3656:ab homine
3608:ab homine
3561:ab homine
3553:ab homine
3465:("in the
3435:ab homine
3381:ipso jure
3310:ab homine
3289:Censures
3277:ab homine
3273:ab homine
3263:Censures
3250:ab homine
3244:Censures
3233:res sacræ
3209:Ignorance
3115:talk page
2994:Decretals
2981:Jus novum
2953:lugentes.
2806:talk page
2774:Roman law
2731:, in the
2454:Medieval
2159:Tribunals
2106:Interdict
2040:Penal law
1993:Ordinance
1966:Concordat
1800:Exemption
1755:Stole fee
1478:Dicastery
1414:sui juris
1280:sui juris
1277:Churches
1095:Ne Temere
976:Canon 915
966:Eucharist
856:Abstemius
665:Exarchate
655:Nomocanon
465:Decretist
436:Jus novum
310: 33
103:June 2023
52:June 2023
3581:(except
3549:Holy See
3497:Decretum
3239:Division
3201:Ezechiel
3065:In 1869
3062:tolerati
3029:Martin V
2915:diptychs
2891:censores
2737:baptized
2204:Parties
2018:Rescript
1976:Decretal
1810:Clerics
1733:Benefice
1692:Theology
1600:Donation
1412:Mission
1376:Chancery
1225:churches
1144:Affinity
1036:(chapel)
981:Celebret
788:Red Mass
128:a series
126:Part of
4003:Censure
3951:Portals
3547:of the
3545:legates
3502:Gratian
3320:or (2)
3159:scholar
3057:vitandi
3049:vitandi
3035:vitandi
2949:flentes
2899:censura
2850:scholar
2729:censure
2544:Law of
2498:Brocard
2478:Rufinus
2458:Gratian
2290:Positio
2198:Auditor
1850:Office
1623:Peritus
1585:Faculty
1395:Eparchy
1381:Deanery
1308:nullius
1306:Abbacy
1164:Ligamen
1126:Vetitum
1088:Tametsi
1034:Oratory
660:Eparchy
560:Tametsi
542:-1918)
446:-1563)
322:Didache
312:-1140)
89:updated
3691:a jure
3671:a jure
3579:a jure
3557:a jure
3519:a jure
3431:a jure
3395:e.g.,
3306:a jure
3269:a jure
3265:a jure
3257:a jure
3246:a jure
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3067:Pius X
2947:, and
2895:census
2887:censor
2883:A.U.C.
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2744:person
1971:Decree
1944:Notary
1805:Heresy
1656:Simony
1590:Indult
1554:Custom
1443:Parish
1019:Altars
606:Other
221:Custom
130:on the
3742:Notes
3636:Bulls
3535:vicar
3525:or a
3373:are:
3166:JSTOR
3152:books
2961:poena
2927:laity
2857:JSTOR
2843:books
2607:Order
1961:Canon
598:1983
583:1917
155:1983
3587:pope
3523:pope
3358:latæ
3295:and
3259:and
3248:and
3138:news
2935:and
2829:news
2776:and
2119:and
3680:or
3500:of
3433:or
3361:or
3308:or
3220:).
3121:by
3043:or
3027:of
2951:or
2812:by
3989::
3924:.
3864:^
3717:.
3383:,
3379:,
3328:.
3083:.
2727:A
537:c.
441:c.
307:c.
3953::
3820:(
3802:.
3513:"
3177:)
3173:(
3163:·
3156:·
3149:·
3142:·
3125:.
3111:.
3037:)
2889:(
2868:)
2864:(
2854:·
2847:·
2840:·
2833:·
2816:.
2802:.
2716:e
2709:t
2702:v
2191:/
535:(
439:(
305:(
105:)
101:(
95:.
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
46:.
40:.
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