177:
dropped or pinched. The stronger base of a centerfire cartridge is able to withstand higher chamber pressures which in turn gives bullets greater velocity and energy. While centerfire cartridge cases require a complex and expensive manufacturing process, explosive handling is simplified by avoiding the spinning process required to uniformly distribute priming explosive into the rim because of uncertainty about which angular segment of a rimfire cartridge rim will be struck by the firing pin. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, and the required volume may cause undesirably higher pressure spikes during the ignition process. Reducing the amount of priming explosive will greatly diminish the ignition reliability of rimfire cartridges, and increase the probability of a
480:
powders, while a magnum primer would be used for the larger charges or slower-burning powders used with large cartridges or heavy charges. Rifle, large and magnum primers increase the ignition energy delivered to the powder, by supplying a hotter, stronger and/or longer-lasting flame. Pistol cartridges often are smaller than modern rifle cartridges, so they may need less primer flame than rifles require. A physical difference between pistol and rifle primers is the thickness of the primer's case; since pistol cartridges usually operate at lower pressure levels than most rifles, their primer cups are thinner, softer, and easier to ignite, while rifle primers are thicker and stronger, requiring a harder impact from the
286:. A small copper cylinder formed the shell of the cartridge, and the primer cap was pressed into a recess in the outside of the closed end of the cartridge opposite the bullet. In the end of the cartridge beneath the primer cap was a small vent-hole, as well as a small teat-like projection or point (this was to be known as an anvil later on) fashioned from the case, such that the firing pin could crush the primer against the anvil and ignite the propellant. This system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge, as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse.
708:), to address concerns over the lead and other heavy-metal compounds found in older primers. The heavy metals, while small in quantity, are released in the form of a very fine soot. Some indoor firing ranges are moving to ban primers containing heavy metals due to their toxicity. Lead-free primers were originally less sensitive and had a greater moisture sensitivity and correspondingly shorter shelf life than normal noncorrosive primers. Since their introduction, lead-free primers have become better in their performance compared to early lead free primers.
169:
517:
228:
240:
334:
31:
689:. Most United States manufacturers adopted the PA-101 military standard for their civilian production of Boxer primers. Manufacturers subsequently offered more powerful magnum primers for uniform ignition of civilian long-range or big-game cartridges with significantly greater powder capacity than required for standard infantry weapons.
326:
711:
reliable as lead-based primers. The lead-free primers exhibited poor performance as far as peak blast pressure, which consequently resulted in poor ignition. Popularity of non-corrosive alternatives is still low, as primer reliability is paramount. Most lead-free primers are sourced through Russia (MUrom?)or South Korea (PMC).
367:, as a single, centered rod pushed through the flash hole from the open end of the case will eject the two-piece primer from the primer cup. A new primer, anvil included, is then pressed into the case using a reloading press or hand-tool. Boxer priming is universal for US-manufactured civilian factory ammunition.
664:
Civilian ammunition manufacturers began offering non-corrosive primers in the 1920s, but most military ammunition continued to use corrosive priming mixtures of established reliability. The various proprietary priming formulations used by different manufacturers produced some significantly different
370:
Boxer-primed ammunition is slightly more complex to manufacture, since the primer is in two parts in addition to the pressure-sensitive compound, but automated machinery producing the more complex primers by the hundreds of millions has eliminated that as a practical problem. And while the primer has
316:
From the 1880s to the 1940s, many smaller
European armies were reloading their ammo for economical reasons, and for that reason they adopted the system known as either Austrian or after the George Roth factory in Vienna which patented it in 1902 even though it was known from the early-to-mid 1880s,
267:
The two primer types are almost impossible to distinguish by looking at the loaded cartridge, though the two (or more) flash-holes can be seen or felt inside a fired Berdan case and the larger single hole seen or felt inside a fired Boxer case. Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is
710:
Tests comparing lead-free primers to lead-based primers conducted by the US Department of
Defense (approx 2006), exposed significant differences (at the time) in reliability between the two primer types, when used in 7.62Ă—51mm ammunition. In these tests, lead-free primers were proven to be not as
362:
Boxer primers are similar to Berdan primers with one major difference, the location of the anvil. In a Boxer primer, the anvil is a separate stirrup piece that sits inverted in the primer cup that provides sufficient resistance to the impact of the firing pin as it indents the cup and crushes the
303:
system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the "primer pocket" of a Berdan-type cartridge case, where they fit slightly below flush with the base of the case. Inside the primer pocket is a small bump, the "anvil", that rests
600:
became common as the remaining priming compound sputtered in old primers. A misfire would result if the priming compound either failed to react to the firing pin fall or extinguished prior to igniting the powder charge. A hang fire is a perceptible delay between the fall of the firing pin and
479:
Primer size is based on the primer pocket of the cartridge, with standard types available in large or small diameters. The primer's explosive charge is based on the amount of ignition energy required by the cartridge design; a standard primer would be used for smaller charges or faster-burning
289:
Difficulties arose in practice because pressing in the cap from the outside tended to cause a swelling of the copper cartridge shell, preventing reliable seating of the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm. Berdan's solution was to change to brass shells, and to further modify the process of
176:
Centerfire cartridges are more reliable for military purposes because the thicker metal cartridge cases can withstand rougher handling without damage, and is safer to handle because explosive priming compound in a protruding rim is more likely to be triggered by impact if a rimfire cartridge is
147:
employing the cartridge itself. Another form of centerfire ammunition was invented by the
Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829; however, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855. The centerfire cartridge was improved by BĂ©atus Beringer, Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Smith & Wesson,
595:
loadings. Mercury fulminate slowly decomposed in storage until the remaining energy was insufficient for reliable ignition. Decreased ignition energy with age had not been recognized as a problem with black-powder loadings because black powder could be ignited by as little energy as a static
715:
European and eastern military or surplus ammunition often uses corrosive or slightly-corrosive Berdan primers because they work reliably even under severe conditions, and have a longer storage life than the non-corrosive type primers currently in use. Modern Boxer primers are almost always
304:
against the center of the cup, and usually two (or more) small holes by the sides of the anvil, which allow the flash from the primer to reach the interior of the case. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process is rather involved. The used primer must be removed, usually by
263:
particles to ignite the powder charge. Berdan and Boxer cartridge primers are both considered "centerfire" and are not interchangeable at the primer level; however, the same weapon can fire either Berdan- or Boxer-primed cartridges if the overall dimensions are the same.
1327:
by M.E. Podany, ALGC. Includes more detailed information on identifying USGI corrosive and non-corrosive ammunition based on cartridge headstamp. This article refers to The
American Rifleman, "Beginners Digest: Nonmercuric, Noncorrosive Primers", pp. 34–36, January
604:
Incandescent particles were found most effective for igniting smokeless powder after the primary explosive gases had heated the powder grains. Artillery charges frequently included a smaller quantity of black powder to be ignited by the primer, so incandescent
363:
pressure-sensitive ignition compound. The primer pocket in the case head has a single flash-hole in its center. This positioning makes little or no difference to the performance of the cartridge, but it makes fired primers vastly easier to remove for
532:
cartridges) are centerfire. They use a large, specific shotgun primer that is based on the Boxer system, in that the primer contains the anvil against which the primary explosive is compressed by the firing pin and deformation of the primer cup.
620:
Priming mixtures containing mercury fulminate leave metallic mercury in the bore and empty cartridge case after firing. The mercury was largely absorbed in the smokey fouling with black-powder loads. Mercury coated the interior of
601:
discharge of the firearm. In extreme cases, the delay might be sufficient to be interpreted as a misfire, and the cartridge could fire as the action was being opened or the firearm pointed in an inappropriate direction.
660:
salt crystals will hold moisture from a humid atmosphere and cause rusting. These corrosive primers can cause serious damage to the gun unless the barrel and action are cleaned carefully after firing.
568:
Primer manufacture and insertion is the most dangerous part of small arms ammunition production. Sensitive priming compounds have claimed many lives including the founder of the famous
British
219:
are mainly centerfire. Actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until the demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete.
353:, Woolwich, England, was working on a primer cap design for cartridges, patenting it in England on October 13, 1866, and subsequently received a U.S. patent for his design on June 29, 1869, in
556:
to contain the propellant within an empty cartridge, or in some cases as a piston to unlock the bolt and operate the weapon. These types of rounds are rarely used and are mostly found on
955:
500:
use rifle primers, while lower-pressure pistol and revolver cartridges like the .32 ACP, .380 ACP, 9mm
Parabellum, .38 Special, .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and .45 ACP, and traditional
782:
625:
cases with smokeless powder loads, and the higher pressures of smokeless powder charges forced the mercury into grain boundaries between brass crystals where it formed
308:
pressure, pincer, or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom. A new primer is carefully seated against the anvil, and then the powder and a bullet are added.
329:
Large (top row) and small (bottom row) pistol cartridge Boxer primers. (L–R fired, unfired, and inside view.) The tri-lobe object inside the primer is the anvil.
815:
378:
benefit ammunition manufacturers. Boxer primers for the United States market come in different sizes, based on the application. The types/sizes of primers are:
412:
version for use with lower pressure loadings in weapons with light firing pin impact. Large rifle primers are also 0.008" taller than large pistol primers.
971:
508:
rifles, these cartridges would still be loaded with pistol primers. Virtually all cartridges used solely in rifles do, however, use rifle primers.
716:
non-corrosive and non-mercuric. Determination of corrosive or non-corrosive characteristics based on the primer type should consider these final
204:
898:"Description des machines et procedes specifies dans les brevets d'invention, de perfectionnement et d'importation, dont la duree est expirée"
1353:
851:
897:
771:
1023:
77:
Centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire cartridge, with the exception of a few small calibers. The majority of today's
992:
1402:
751:
520:
A fired pistol case as indicated by the dimple from a firing pin and a shotgun (right) primer against an inch and mm scale.
195:
are achieved through interchangeable primers for a wide variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual
1148:
928:
Metallic
Cartridges, (Regulation and Experimental,) as Manufactured and Tested at the Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, PA
211:, for which ammunition can be expensive. The forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or
912:
867:
572:
ammunition firm. Modern commercial operations use protective shielding between operators and manufacturing equipment.
883:
Decisions of the
Commissioner of Patents and of the United States Courts in Patent and Trade-mark and Copyright Cases
807:
371:
one additional step needed during the manufacturing process, the cartridge case is simpler to make, use, and reload.
656:. These corrosive primers leave a residue of potassium chloride salt in the bore after a cartridge is fired. These
290:
installing the primer cap into the cartridge, as noted in his second Berdan Primer patent of
September 29, 1868, in
640:
discontinued use of mercuric priming mixtures in 1898 to allow arsenal reloading of fired cases during peacetime.
374:
Early primers were manufactured with various dimensions and performance. Some standardization has occurred where
1346:
149:
1050:
540:
ignition system in some modern black-powder firearms, and in some cases as the actual cartridge, notably the
492:, the primer used depends on the cartridge, not the firearm; a few high-pressure pistol cartridges like the
977:
460:
665:
ignition properties until the United States issued military specifications for non-corrosive primers for
1412:
1305:
1290:
1238:
1194:
940:
697:
596:
electricity discharge. Smokeless powder often required more thermal energy for ignition. Misfires and
280:
of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20, 1866, in
139:
An early form of centerfire ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by
66:, the centerfire primer is typically a separate component seated into a recessed cavity (known as the
1432:
1339:
967:
645:
346:
157:
1557:
1387:
686:
649:
633:
606:
178:
168:
1324:
203:
reuse is an advantage for rifles using obsolete or hard-to-find centerfire cartridges such as the
1427:
1407:
730:
701:
637:
614:
610:
448:
375:
192:
120:
101:
51:
541:
1391:
847:
670:
666:
641:
588:
576:
553:
472:
420:
252:
212:
140:
104:
63:
59:
881:
841:
1508:
1480:
1422:
1397:
1383:
592:
516:
248:
1518:
653:
466:
108:
27:
Type of ammunition that is commonly found in small-, medium-, and large-caliber firearms
1015:
678:
674:
580:
557:
537:
454:
259:
crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of
128:
390:
version for use with higher pressure loadings in weapons with heavy firing pin impact.
268:
more commonly found in military-surplus ammunition made outside of the United States.
227:
1551:
1512:
1452:
1417:
746:
569:
525:
493:
394:
350:
296:. Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day.
112:
988:
591:
released upon decomposition. Disadvantages of mercuric primers became evident with
17:
1485:
1078:
1064:
705:
584:
505:
398:
277:
260:
153:
116:
94:
1144:
401:, using a Boxer-type primer factory-assembled inside a tapered, flanged brass cup.
1258:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Small-Arms Technical Publishing Company. p. 440.
235:
to prevent oil or moisture from reaching the powder charge and priming explosive.
1378:
1362:
657:
497:
436:
430:
364:
216:
200:
98:
90:
71:
35:
1092:
255:
inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm
239:
62:
is located at the center of the base of its casing (i.e. "case head"). Unlike
1495:
1437:
693:
529:
481:
333:
256:
144:
1503:
1475:
1470:
1442:
717:
597:
355:
305:
292:
282:
208:
186:
1106:
30:
772:"Small Arms Ammunition at the International Exposition Philadelphia, 1876"
552:
Primer actuated or piston primer cartridges use a primer in the form of a
199:
cases can be reused after replacing the primer, gunpowder and projectile.
1465:
1460:
682:
501:
442:
143:. This was also the first fully integrated cartridge and used a form of
724:
704:(DDNP). New on the market in the late 1990s are lead-free primers (see
416:
338:
300:
232:
124:
86:
78:
55:
930:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 9.
341:
shown here) can have different primer sizes depending on manufacturer.
1370:
630:
1107:"Cartridge Details: 9 x 51mm SMAW Tracer MK217 Mod 0 United States"
325:
622:
515:
332:
324:
238:
226:
196:
167:
82:
38:, a centerfire cartridge; notice the circular primer in the center
29:
626:
613:
was added to mercury fulminate priming mixtures so incandescent
1335:
636:
weakening the case so it became unsuitable for reloading. The
504:
cartridges like the .32-20, .44-40, and .45 Colt, also used in
215:
with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than
1331:
231:
The primer of this unfired cartridge has been sealed with red
182:
868:"The International Ammunition Association Journal, issue 504"
419:
primers, used for the .50 Browning
Machine Gun cartridge and
317:
where the anvil had a single fire hole right at its center.
648:, to increase the sensitivity of potassium chlorate, and
644:
FA-70 primers used potassium chlorate as an oxidizer for
152:, Jules-FĂ©lix GĂ©velot, George Morse, Francois Schneider,
913:"Deanes' Manual of the History and Science of Fire-arms"
276:
Berdan primers are named after their American inventor,
247:
The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the
669:
cartridge production. The PA-101 primers developed at
243:
Berdan (left) and Boxer (right) primed rifle cartridges
1296:(1981) National Rifle Association of America pp. 21–22
617:
would have a similar effect in small arms cartridges.
536:
Shotgun primers are also used as a replacement to the
89:
use centerfire ammunition, with the exception of some
956:
Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute
886:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1875. p. 83.
1527:
1494:
1451:
1369:
733:: FA 56, LC 52, RA 51, SL 52, TW 52, WCC 51, WRA 54
299:Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the
1311:(1981) National Rifle Association of America p. 12
1281:as reported by AccurateShooter.com in October 2011
1244:(1981) National Rifle Association of America p. 21
1200:(1981) National Rifle Association of America p. 20
1051:"Turkish Small-Bore Shotshells Called 6mm Pipet -"
946:(1981) National Rifle Association of America p.65
609:would spread fire through the smokeless powder.
843:Rifles: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
1347:
727:: FA 54, FCC 53, RA 52, TW 53, WCC 52, WRA 54
692:Other explosives used in primers can include
386:primers, and a thicker or stronger metal cup
172:Comparison of centerfire and rimfire ignition
8:
1040:. Lyman Gun Sight Corporation (1949) p. 45.
779:DSpace Repository - Smithsonian Institution
528:(excluding specialized .22 caliber rimfire
408:primers, and a thinner or softer metal cup
393:0.209" (5.31 mm) diameter primers for
1354:
1340:
1332:
1145:"PowerLabs Fulminate Explosives Synthesis"
835:
833:
720:dates of corrosive ammunition production:
70:) in the case head and is replaceable by
1172:Lyman Gun Sight Corporation (1949) p. 49
652:, as an abrasive, with minor amounts of
1528:
1208:
1206:
763:
1214:Percussion Primer Design Requirements
1185:(1921) Lord Baltimore Press pp. 48–49
7:
818:from the original on 20 October 2017
587:could be effectively ignited by hot
995:from the original on 27 March 2014
808:"Cartridges: Centerfire cartridge"
251:which is a metal cup containing a
207:, or larger calibers such as the
25:
1536:
1272:(1953) Funk & Wagnalls p. 239
1256:Twenty-Two Caliber Varmint Rifles
1212:Lake, E.R. & Drexelius, V.W.
1229:(1953) Funk & Wagnalls p. 60
1134:(1953) Funk & Wagnalls p. 51
1026:from the original on 2015-01-07.
681:, antimony trisulfide, powdered
1151:from the original on 2012-04-12
1014:Calhoon, James (October 1995).
788:from the original on 2015-12-29
415:0.315" (8.00 mm) diameter
404:0.210" (5.33 mm) diameter
382:0.175" (4.45 mm) diameter
119:), and a handful of antiquated
812:firearmshistory.blogspot.co.uk
752:List of rebated rim cartridges
1:
1270:Complete Guide To Handloading
1227:Complete Guide To Handloading
1132:Complete Guide To Handloading
205:6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer
575:Early primers used the same
115:(intended mainly for use in
1254:Landis, Charles S. (1947).
312:Centered single-hole primer
1574:
1181:Fairfield, A.P., CDR, USN
530:"snake loads" or birdshot
111:, a few small-bore/gauge
1216:(1976) McDonnell-Douglas
1079:"Cartridge of the Month"
1065:"Cartridge of the Month"
926:Treadwell, T.J. (1873).
846:. ABC-CLIO. p. 29.
840:Westwood, David (2005).
677:with lesser amounts of
445:, large pistol standard
433:, small pistol standard
127:cartridges for various
1325:Corrosive Primer Redux
1306:Davis, William C., Jr.
1291:Davis, William C., Jr.
1239:Davis, William C., Jr.
1195:Davis, William C., Jr.
1170:Ideal Hand Book No. 36
1038:Ideal Hand Book No. 36
1016:"Primers and Pressure"
941:Davis, William C., Jr.
521:
469:, large rifle standard
461:.357 Remington Maximum
457:, small rifle standard
342:
330:
244:
236:
173:
39:
698:potassium perchlorate
579:used in 19th century
519:
484:. Despite the names
451:, large pistol magnum
439:, small pistol magnum
336:
328:
242:
230:
171:
33:
1053:. 25 September 2018.
911:Deane, John (1858).
687:a tetrazine compound
646:lead(II) thiocyanate
475:, large rifle magnum
463:, small rifle magnum
347:Edward Mounier Boxer
337:The same cartridge (
158:Edward Mounier Boxer
18:Centerfire cartridge
870:. 2015. p. 14.
650:antimony trisulfide
607:potassium carbonate
345:Meanwhile, Colonel
1428:Total metal jacket
1268:Sharpe, Philip B.
1225:Sharpe, Philip B.
1130:Sharpe, Philip B.
731:.30-06 Springfield
702:diazodinitrophenol
638:United States Army
615:potassium chloride
611:Potassium chlorate
522:
449:.50 Action Express
426:Examples of uses:
397:and modern inline
376:economies of scale
356:U.S. patent 91,818
343:
331:
293:U.S. patent 82,587
283:U.S. patent 53,388
245:
237:
213:wildcat cartridges
193:Economies of scale
174:
64:rimfire cartridges
52:metallic cartridge
40:
1545:
1544:
1403:Full metal jacket
853:978-1-85109-401-1
671:Picatinny Arsenal
642:Frankford Arsenal
577:mercury fulminate
548:Cartridge primers
473:.338 Lapua Magnum
253:primary explosive
150:Charles Lancaster
141:Jean Samuel Pauly
16:(Redirected from
1565:
1509:Smokeless powder
1356:
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1128:
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1097:
1096:
1093:"7mm_compromise"
1089:
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787:
776:
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712:
593:smokeless powder
564:Primer chemistry
358:
295:
285:
109:rifle cartridges
21:
1573:
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1568:
1567:
1566:
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1562:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1523:
1519:Ball propellant
1490:
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1365:
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1321:
1319:Further reading
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806:
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801:
791:
789:
785:
774:
770:
769:
765:
760:
743:
709:
673:used about 50%
654:trinitrotoluene
581:percussion caps
566:
558:spotting rifles
550:
514:
512:Shotgun primers
467:.308 Winchester
354:
323:
314:
291:
281:
274:
225:
166:
137:
129:firearm actions
74:the cartridge.
50:) is a type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1413:Plastic-tipped
1410:
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679:barium nitrate
675:lead styphnate
667:7.62Ă—51mm NATO
565:
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538:percussion cap
526:shotgun shells
513:
510:
477:
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455:.223 Remington
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395:shotgun shells
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34:Two rounds of
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68:primer pocket
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1388:Hollow point
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1139:
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663:
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585:Black powder
574:
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551:
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506:lever-action
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410:large pistol
409:
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387:
384:small pistol
383:
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361:
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321:Boxer primer
315:
298:
288:
278:Hiram Berdan
275:
266:
261:incandescent
246:
191:
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154:Hiram Berdan
138:
117:pest control
76:
67:
58:, where the
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1408:Hollow-base
1363:Handloading
1309:Handloading
1294:Handloading
1242:Handloading
1198:Handloading
944:Handloading
658:hygroscopic
524:All modern
498:.454 Casull
437:.357 Magnum
431:.38 Special
421:derivatives
406:large rifle
388:small rifle
217:.22 caliber
201:Handloading
179:malfunction
99:.22 caliber
95:.20 caliber
91:.17 caliber
44:centre-fire
36:.357 Magnum
1558:Ammunition
1496:Propellant
1392:Soft point
1155:2012-06-07
1116:12 October
792:2015-10-19
758:References
694:lead azide
598:hang fires
482:firing pin
257:firing pin
181:such as a
164:Advantages
145:obturation
48:centrefire
1504:Gunpowder
1476:Rock salt
1471:Flechette
1443:Wadcutter
1398:Frangible
1384:Expanding
968:AT 15483B
718:headstamp
542:6mm Pipet
365:reloading
349:, of the
306:hydraulic
209:.458 Lott
187:hang fire
72:reloading
1552:Category
1466:Buckshot
1461:Birdshot
1149:Archived
1024:Archived
999:27 March
993:Archived
816:Archived
783:Archived
741:See also
683:aluminum
634:amalgams
502:revolver
443:.45 Colt
87:shotguns
79:handguns
56:firearms
54:used in
1423:Spitzer
900:. 1847.
725:.45 ACP
589:mercury
417:.50 BMG
339:.45 ACP
301:caplock
233:lacquer
223:Primers
183:misfire
135:History
125:pinfire
121:rimfire
105:handgun
102:rimfire
1529:Primer
1515:, etc)
1371:Bullet
1168:Lyman
1036:Lyman
973:
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631:copper
486:pistol
249:primer
97:, and
85:, and
83:rifles
60:primer
1481:Sabot
1328:1961.
989:"FAQ"
822:4 May
786:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
736:FN 57
700:, or
623:brass
554:blank
490:rifle
197:brass
1486:Slug
1379:Cast
1118:2023
1001:2014
848:ISBN
824:2018
685:and
629:and
627:zinc
570:Eley
496:and
488:and
156:and
123:and
107:and
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1438:Wax
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185:or
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