330:
cock in two positions. The "half-cock" position held the cock halfway back, and used a deep notch so that pulling the trigger would not release the cock. Half-cock was a safety position, used when loading, storing or carrying a loaded flintlock. The "full-cock" position held the cock all the way back and was the position from which the gun was fired. The L-shaped "frizzen" was the other half of the flintlock's ignition system. It served as both a flashpan cover and a steel striking surface for the flint. The frizzen was hinged and spring-loaded so that it would lock in the open or closed position. When closed, the striking surface was positioned so that the flint would strike at the proper angle to generate a spark. The striking flint would also open the
369:, as it was simpler and more reliable than the flintlock. The main reason the caplock was so quickly adopted was its similarity to the flintlock and the ease of converting older arms to use percussion-cap ignition; usually, the same lock and barrel could be used with minor changes. The flashpan and frizzen were removed and replaced by a small, hollow horizontal cylinder (drum) screwed into the bored-out and tapped flash hole and carrying a "nipple" over which the cap could be fitted. A "hammer" which also had half-cock (for loading and applying the cap) and full-cock positions replaced the cock. When released by pulling the trigger, the hammer would strike the cap, crushing it against the nipple. The
415:
511:, a 1932 Remington Arms patent by James E. Burns.) In the dry state, the primer within the rim becomes impact-sensitive. When the rim is then crushed by the hammer or firing pin, the primer detonates and ignites the powder charge. Rimfire cartridges are usually single-use and normally cannot be reloaded. Also, since the rim must be thin enough to be easily crushed, the peak pressure possible in the case is limited by the strength of this thin rim. Rimfire cartridges originally were available in
649:
334:, exposing the flashpan to the spark. The flintlock mechanism was simpler and stronger than the wheel-lock, and the flint and steel provided a good, reliable source of ignition. The flintlock remained in military service for over 200 years, and flintlocks are still made today for historical re-enactments and muzzle-loading target competition, and for hunters who enjoy the additional challenge that the flintlock provides.
486:
practical designs of a metallic cartridge. However, the protruding pin was vulnerable to damage, displacement and accidental ignition. Moreover, the pin had to be positioned carefully in a small notch when loading, making the pinfire's use in repeating or self-loading weapons impossible. The pinfire survives today only in a few very small blank cartridges designed as noisemakers and in novelty guns.
349:
181:, or electrically ignited, primers react chemically to produce heat, which gets transferred to the main propellant charge and ignites it, and this, in turn, propels the projectile. Due to their small size, these primers themselves lack the power to shoot the projectile, but still have enough energy to drive a bullet partway into the barrel — a dangerous condition called a
25:
209:. With the advent of hand-held firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. Holding a burning stick while trying to pour a charge of black powder carefully down a barrel is dangerous, and trying to hold the gun with one hand while simultaneously aiming at the target and looking for the touchhole makes it very difficult to fire accurately.
137:, though some muzzleloaders have primers like cap gun caps. This external powder was connected through a small opening at the rear of the gun barrel that led to the main charge within the barrel. As gunpowder will not burn when wet, this made it difficult (or even impossible) to fire these types of weapons in rainy or humid conditions.
663:
developed the system in an unsuccessful bid to replace the M1903 bolt-action rifle in the early 1920s. Garand's prototypes worked well with US military .30-06 ammunition and uncrimped primers, but then the military changed from a fast-burning gunpowder to a progressive-burning
Improved Military Rifle
635:
that enabled machine guns and autocannon to be fired through the moving propellers of their fighter aircraft with a relatively small compromise in the guns' output of automatic fire. Other countries such as the Soviet Union relied on cruder mechanical systems, which reduced the rate of fire of their
442:
in one convenient package; the paper also served to seal the bullet in the bore. Still, the source of ignition was handled separately from the cartridge. With the advent of chemical primers, it was not long before several systems were invented with many different ways of combining bullet, powder, and
381:
down through a hole in the nipple and into the touchhole of the gun to ignite the powder charge. In the process of firing, the cap generally split open and would fall off when the hammer was moved to the half-cock position for loading. The caplock system worked well, and is still the preferred method
630:
20mm) utilize an internal electric primer that contains chemicals activated by an externally provided electric charge, as opposed to a mechanical impact. The primer in turn ignites the main propellant, just as with a shock-sensitive or external electric type. Among the advantages this brings is the
173:
in contrast typically use electric priming. In artillery the primers are frequently a separate component, placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge—but there are other examples of guns, including for example some automatic weapons, designed to shoot cartridges with integral
450:
This big leap forward came at a price. It introduced an extra component into each round – the cartridge case - which had to be removed before the gun could be reloaded. While a flintlock, for example, is immediately ready to be reloaded once it has been fired, adopting brass cartridge cases brought
599:
deterrent coatings. Some priming explosives decompose into incandescent solids or liquids. Inert ingredients may be heated into incandescent sparks when the explosive decomposes into gas. Cartridges for military use require stable priming formulations, so war reserves of small-arms ammunition will
329:
rather than iron pyrite. The flint was held in a spring-loaded arm, called the "cock" from the resemblance of its motion to a pecking chicken. The cock rotated through approximately a 90-degree arc and was held in the tensioned, or "cocked" position by a trigger. Usually, flintlocks could lock the
1043:
used potassium chlorate to make pellets, but these were not safe. "The first ignition caps were invented in the early nineteenth century. In these caps the ignitable composition was enclosed in a casing of brass or copper. This invention cannot be traced with any certainty to any individual. The
504:
case with a hollow bulge, or rim, around the back end. This rim is filled during manufacture with an impact-sensitive primer. In the wet state, the primer is stable; a pellet of wet primer is placed in the shell and simply spun around to cover the full extremes of the rim. (For more on the exact
485:
A pinfire firearm cartridge is an obsolete type of brass cartridge in which the priming compound is ignited by striking a small pin which protrudes radially from just above the base of the cartridge. Invented by
Casimir Lefaucheux in 1828, but not patented until 1835, it was one of the earliest
257:
was needed, and it would slowly burn, keeping a hot ember at the burning end. After the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger
590:
particles to ignite the powder charge. Berdan and Boxer primers are used in centerfire cartridges; the primers differ in construction. Various priming mixtures have been used in different sized primers to effect prompt ignition of the powder charge. Particles with relatively high
639:
Electric priming was also used in the EtronX system developed and sold by
Remington for some of its sporting rifles. It was sold as a firearm with a much faster lock time. It never became a popular sporting arms system and was discontinued by Remington as a result.
554:
in 2003, which is based on a slightly lengthened and necked-down .22 Long Rifle cartridge. Both of these .17 caliber rimfire cartridges have had widespread support from firearms makers, and while the high-tech, high-velocity .17 caliber jacketed bullets make the
708:
Primer-actuated cartridges/piston primer cartridges use a primer in the form of a blank to contain the propellant within the cartridge, or as a piston to unlock the bolt and cycle the weapon's operation. Examples are the 9×51mm SMAW, MBA Javette and the M48A2.
306:, it could be kept ready for extended periods of time. The covered flashpan also provided some ability to withstand bad weather. Wind, rain, and wet weather would render a matchlock useless, but a wheel-lock that was loaded and waterproofed with a bit of
631:
ability, in an automatic weapon, to control the moment of cartridge ignition partially independently of the mechanical action of the gun. Historically this flexibility was employed by the German
Luftwaffe in WW II, in the unusually efficient
324:
The wheel-lock enjoyed only a brief period of popularity before being superseded by a simpler, more robust design. The "flintlock", like the wheel-lock, used a flashpan and a spark to ignite the powder. As the name implies, the flintlock used
298:", filled with loose powder which led into the touchhole. The flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks. The wheel-lock was a major
258:
pulled. This brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention, the slow-burning match could be kept burning for long periods of time, and the use of the lock mechanism made fairly accurate fire possible.
455:
involve this process, either through failure to extract a case properly from the chamber or by allowing it to jam the action. Nineteenth-century inventors were reluctant to accept this added complication and experimented with a variety of
290:. A key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger. When the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating
364:
in 1807 but needed further refinements before it was gradually accepted in the 1820s to 1830s. By the middle of the 19th century, the percussion or caplock system was well established. It was adopted by both sides in the
559:
cartridges quite a bit more expensive than the .22 caliber versions, they are excellent for shorter-range shooting and still far less expensive than comparable centerfire cartridges. In 2013, Winchester released the
228:
The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the "matchlock". The matchlock incorporated a "lock" (so-called because of its resemblance to door locks of the day) that was actuated by a
356:
The next major leap in ignition technology was the invention of the chemical primer, or "cap", and the mechanism which used it, called the "caplock". Percussion ignition was invented by
Scottish clergyman
451:
in the problems of extraction and ejection. The mechanism of a modern gun not only must load and fire the piece, but also must remove the spent case, which may require just as many moving parts. Many
568:
allowing for velocities approaching 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) with a 20 gr (1.3 g) bullet and making it the world's fastest and most powerful rimfire round in use today.
430:
techniques all came together in the 19th century to create an entirely new class of firearm — the cartridge arm. Flintlock and caplock shooters had long carried their
1044:
literature on the subject names several chemists including Bellot and Egg in 1815 . The first application of mercury fulminate in ignition caps is attributed to Wright in 1823."
2876:
530:
While the rimfire priming method is limited due to the thin cases required, it has enjoyed a few resurgences recently. First, it was
Winchester's .22 Magnum Rimfire, or
3399:
582:
The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the metal cup containing the primer inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm
3188:
2946:
686:
664:(IMR) powder. The slower pressure rise made the primer-actuated prototypes unreliable, so Garand abandoned the design for a gas-operated rifle that became the
3092:
140:
Modern primers, by contrast, are more specialized and distinct from the main propellant they are designed to ignite. They are of two types, those using
978:, later used as a priming explosive, was invented by Johann Tholden, a Dutch chemist in the employ of the British Navy." Later, on same page, "1628.
3336:
2402:
900:
3393:
824:
125:, the primer was essentially the same chemical as the main propellant (albeit usually in a finer-powdered form), but poured into an external
3351:
3226:
515:
up to 1 in (25 mm) caliber, however, all but the .22 in (5.6 mm) calibers and smaller eventually became obsolete. The
197:, which were simple closed tubes. There was a small aperture, the "touchhole", drilled in the closed end of the tube, leading to the main
830:
546:. The .17 HMR is essentially a .22 WMR cartridge necked down to accept a .17-caliber bullet and is used as a flat-shooting, light-duty
1069:
402:
cartridges use no primer at all, but the primary propellant is ignited using an externally provided electric charge, such as with the
3404:
3183:
3178:
3131:
3109:
2716:
1223:
1032:
718:
34:
1649:
668:. AAI Corporation used a primer piston in a rifle submitted for the SPIW competition. Other rifles to use this system were the
3324:
3265:
3143:
3114:
3066:
2896:
2851:
2738:
2526:
1351:
925:
863:
the primer actuated device was doomed to failure as the .30 caliber cartridge did not lend itself to this type of operation
447:
of the firearm. This greatly streamlined the reloading procedure and paved the way for semi- and fully automatic firearms.
3153:
2309:
535:
3389:
3373:
3238:
3193:
851:
879:
3409:
3368:
3307:
3119:
1933:
1787:
1779:
1542:
561:
3363:
2906:
2489:
1111:
1086:
3248:
2871:
2407:
1495:
3014:
2808:
2531:
2494:
2151:
523:, is the most popular recreational caliber today because it is inexpensive, relatively quiet, and has very low
951:
463:
The three systems of self-contained metallic cartridge ignition which have survived the test of time are the
3004:
2803:
2444:
2385:
1749:
1734:
1608:
1363:
1219:
747:
964:. Thirteen chemicals used in U.S. Army small arms cartridges; 7 chemicals are not available within the U.S.
3270:
3233:
3009:
2521:
2284:
2161:
2039:
2002:
1685:
1562:
1422:
1358:
1123:
1062:
1040:
414:
406:
and the O'Dwyer VLe. This is not to be confused with an electrically ignited internal primer (see below).
361:
43:
2941:
2866:
2836:
2561:
2370:
1938:
1522:
1439:
1346:
776:
761:
700:
in place of the primer. Upon firing, the Hornet case sets back a short distance, unlocking the action.
577:
444:
374:
233:, originally called a "tricker." The lock was a simple lever which pivoted when pulled and lowered the
896:
193:
The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant. The earliest firearms were
148:
the primer is usually of the first type and integrated into the base of a cartridge. Examples include
2989:
2971:
2961:
2469:
2208:
2101:
1903:
1836:
632:
159:
152:
39:
3438:
3099:
3082:
2984:
2926:
2648:
2631:
2392:
2380:
2375:
2353:
2239:
2203:
2106:
2081:
2044:
1982:
1898:
1407:
1020:
452:
399:
3314:
3260:
3221:
2921:
2911:
2723:
2711:
2329:
2111:
1918:
1888:
1552:
1274:
495:
464:
366:
307:
230:
3031:
3026:
2979:
2916:
2901:
2499:
2464:
2319:
2279:
2227:
2059:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1699:
1623:
1593:
1557:
1547:
1505:
1339:
1090:
1055:
1002:
991:
820:
609:
238:
141:
814:
748:
John B. Snow, "Ammo Review: New .17 Winchester Super Magnum, World's
Fastest Rimfire Round",
3358:
3275:
3213:
3062:
2956:
2856:
2846:
2813:
2748:
2551:
2454:
2314:
2198:
2096:
2091:
1913:
1861:
1719:
1709:
1639:
1580:
1451:
1177:
1082:
1028:
1024:
979:
975:
656:
596:
373:
was a thin metal cup that contained a small quantity of pressure-sensitive explosive, often
73:
648:
460:
before acknowledging that the advantages of brass cases far outweighed their one drawback.
3346:
3341:
3148:
3138:
3021:
2999:
2728:
2514:
2459:
2449:
2183:
1992:
1866:
1851:
1831:
1644:
1512:
1429:
1412:
1375:
1312:
1302:
1014:
883:
697:
690:
457:
435:
272:
The next revolution in ignition technology was the "wheel-lock". It used a spring-loaded,
201:
charge. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was then ignited with a hot
170:
1047:
2886:
2706:
2556:
2474:
2299:
2254:
2128:
2064:
2054:
1965:
1923:
1893:
1814:
1603:
1473:
1394:
1368:
1319:
728:
723:
669:
586:
crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of
516:
370:
343:
3432:
3087:
2931:
2546:
2504:
2176:
2136:
2116:
2076:
2024:
2012:
1997:
1871:
1856:
1729:
1666:
1654:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1446:
1417:
1329:
1249:
592:
427:
166:
3293:
3285:
3165:
3104:
3074:
3054:
2861:
2686:
2536:
2294:
2289:
2264:
2259:
2244:
2171:
2086:
2034:
2019:
1987:
1876:
1671:
1618:
1517:
1458:
1434:
1212:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1168:
982:
priming explosives for torpedoes were invented by J. Thollen for the
British Navy."
587:
403:
387:
122:
118:
921:
3302:
3297:
2994:
2841:
2781:
2653:
2636:
2509:
2484:
2397:
2334:
2304:
2274:
2249:
2213:
2188:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2029:
2007:
1841:
1809:
1714:
1613:
1534:
1254:
986:
Urbański, Tadeusz; Jurecki, Marian (translator) (1967), Laverton, Sylvia (ed.),
952:"Small-Arms Ammunition Production and Acquisition: Too Many Eggs in One Basket?"
950:
Siekman, Mark W.; Anderson, David A.; Boyce, Allan S. (September–October 2010),
660:
615:
565:
556:
505:
process and one set of chemical compounds that have been used successfully, see
283:
194:
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3198:
3170:
3058:
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2891:
2881:
2764:
2691:
2663:
2591:
2429:
2365:
2193:
2049:
1908:
1883:
1846:
1799:
1380:
1324:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1128:
694:
674:
627:
619:
583:
507:
468:
431:
423:
348:
299:
198:
182:
178:
145:
130:
111:
107:
103:
100:
876:
Flirting With
Flechettes: The US Army's Search for the Ideal Rifle Projectile
792:
144:
chemicals, and those reliant on chemicals ignited by an electric impulse. In
2798:
2793:
2776:
2701:
2658:
2479:
2434:
2269:
2069:
1975:
1970:
1948:
1804:
1724:
1659:
1598:
1297:
1229:
1187:
874:
665:
319:
295:
273:
267:
223:
134:
126:
63:
3255:
3243:
2786:
2670:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2587:
2339:
2324:
1928:
1819:
1483:
1334:
1292:
1244:
1197:
358:
246:
242:
3126:
2818:
2733:
2641:
2621:
2599:
2568:
2439:
2166:
1826:
1576:
1500:
1284:
1239:
1234:
1202:
1157:
1106:
1078:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
512:
480:
331:
287:
163:
149:
59:
16:
Component of the firearm cartridge for initiating propellant combustion
377:. When crushed, the explosive would detonate, sending a stream of hot
2936:
2828:
2743:
2541:
1307:
1207:
1138:
682:
623:
524:
520:
439:
383:
250:
1031:?) investigated fulminate of mercury and "explosive gold". In 1690,
443:
primer into a single package which could be loaded quickly from the
1759:
1754:
1739:
1694:
1390:
647:
501:
413:
347:
326:
291:
279:
276:
234:
206:
202:
156:
542:
introduced a new .17 caliber cartridge based on the .22 WMR, the
302:— since it did not rely on burning material as a source of
995:
303:
3052:
2585:
1776:
1155:
1051:
550:
round. The .17 HMR was followed up by
Hornady's .17 Mach 2, or
99:) is the chemical and/or device responsible for initiating the
1744:
1704:
1133:
1118:
852:"Experimental semi-automatic rifles by John Garand, 1919-1936"
378:
254:
91:
18:
129:, where it could be ignited by an ignition source such as a
85:
310:
around the flashpan could be fired under most conditions.
972:, Technical Manual, Department of the Army, TM 9-1300-214
438:, which served to hold a measured charge of powder and a
177:
Upon being struck with sufficient force generated by the
1027:" in first half of 17th century. In 1630, Van Drebbel (
956:
Professional Bulletin of United States Army Sustainment
681:
A similar system is used in the spotting rifles on the
241:
made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of
922:"9 x 51mm SMAW - International Ammunition Association"
564:, which utilizes the larger case of the long-obsolete
253:, and dried. This "slow-match" was ignited before the
1039:
described how to make fulminate of mercury. In 1805,
990:, vol. III (First English ed.), Pergammon,
534:
in 1959, followed in 1970 by Remington's short-lived
294:. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the "
237:
down to the touchhole. The match was a slow-burning
82:
79:
3382:
3323:
3284:
3212:
3164:
3073:
2970:
2827:
2763:
2679:
2598:
2422:
2352:
2226:
2127:
1786:
1684:
1632:
1575:
1533:
1389:
1283:
88:
76:
3374:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
538:, based on Winchester's magnum case. In 2002,
1063:
808:
806:
687:Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon
8:
600:dependably function after years of storage.
655:Primer-actuated firearms use the energy of
3329:
3049:
2769:
2604:
2582:
2358:
2232:
1792:
1773:
1586:
1400:
1152:
1099:
1070:
1056:
1048:
659:setback to unlock and cycle the firearm.
471:primer, and the Boxer centerfire primer.
974:, p. 2-3 stating "1602–1604.
793:"WORLD WAR 2 FIGHTER GUN EFFECTIVENESS"
740:
1010:
1000:
988:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
782:(1981) National Rifle Association p.21
767:(1981) National Rifle Association p.65
7:
418:Fired rimfire and centerfire casings
819:. Stackpole Books. pp. 63–66.
672:and Clarke carbine as described in
386:and recreational shooters who use
14:
719:Tubes and primers for ammunition
595:are required to promptly ignite
282:which rubbed against a piece of
72:
35:Tubes and primers for ammunition
23:
928:from the original on 2011-07-25
903:from the original on 2017-01-07
833:from the original on 2017-02-28
500:Rimfire cartridges use a thin
1:
3239:Firearms by country
3154:Civilian Marksmanship Program
1033:Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel
886:Cruffler.com May 2000 article
968:U.S. Army (September 1984),
962:(5), U.S. Army, PB 700-10-05
3410:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
3308:Campaign Against Arms Trade
562:.17 Winchester Super Magnum
422:Chemical primers, advanced
32:It has been suggested that
3455:
3364:High-capacity magazine ban
2490:Mean time between failures
813:Julian S. Hatcher (1962).
704:Primer-actuated cartridges
607:
575:
493:
478:
341:
317:
265:
221:
3332:
3093:Household ownership rates
3048:
2772:
2607:
2581:
2361:
2235:
1795:
1772:
1589:
1403:
1164:
1151:
1102:
1098:
458:self-consuming cartridges
49:Proposed since June 2024.
693:-based cartridge with a
644:Primer-actuated blowback
622:cartridges (such as the
3394:by U.S. state
2804:Overpressure ammunition
2739:Improved Military Rifle
2445:Circular error probable
1364:Personal defence weapon
854:. National Park Service
3088:Civilian gun ownership
2617:Firing (Shooting)
1041:Alexander John Forsyth
777:Davis, William C., Jr.
762:Davis, William C., Jr.
652:
419:
362:Alexander John Forsyth
353:
286:, similar to a modern
2562:Handgun effectiveness
2495:Minute of Angle (MOA)
2371:Ballistic coefficient
1347:Semi-automatic pistol
1037:Laboratorium Chymicum
675:U.S. patent 2,401,616
651:
578:Centerfire ammunition
508:U.S. patent 1,880,235
417:
351:
106:that will propel the
3179:in the United States
2837:Armour piercing
2398:Rangefinding/keeping
2310:Push/Controlled feed
2102:Synchronization gear
1837:Blank-firing adapter
1688: or famous
636:guns more severely.
633:synchronization gear
42:into this article. (
3271:Privately made
3234:Firearm brands
3120:State firearms
3100:Exhibition shooting
3083:Celebratory gunfire
2942:Plastic tipped
2872:High explosive
2393:Physics of firearms
1021:Basilius Valentinus
970:Military Explosives
899:. 27 October 2010.
3369:Right to bear arms
3315:Featureless rifles
3261:Improvised firearm
3222:3D printed firearm
3110:United States
3005:Fully powered
2912:Total metal jacket
2552:Stock measurements
1275:Underwater firearm
1171: versus
1019:c.f. p. 129.
1013:has generic name (
882:2007-09-27 at the
816:Hatcher's Notebook
797:www.quarryhs.co.uk
653:
496:Rimfire ammunition
420:
398:A small number of
367:American Civil War
354:
174:electric primers.
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3383:United States Gun
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
2927:Hollow point
2852:Full metal jacket
2759:
2758:
2717:Tubes and Primers
2577:
2576:
2527:Power factor
2465:Gun harmonisation
2418:
2417:
2348:
2347:
2222:
2221:
2204:Night vision
1768:
1767:
1680:
1679:
1594:Automatic shotgun
1571:
1570:
1158:Types of firearms
1147:
1146:
826:978-0-8117-0795-4
610:Electronic firing
375:mercury fulminate
56:
55:
51:
3446:
3330:
3276:Small arms trade
3214:Firearm industry
3065:, and
3050:
2922:Hollow base
2770:
2749:Smokeless powder
2605:
2583:
2532:Precision-guided
2359:
2233:
2040:Rail system
1914:Flash suppressor
1793:
1774:
1720:Winchester rifle
1710:Antique firearms
1640:20-gauge shotgun
1587:
1401:
1153:
1100:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1029:Cornelis Drebbel
1018:
1012:
1008:
1006:
998:
976:Fulminating gold
973:
963:
937:
936:
934:
933:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
897:"Clarke carbine"
893:
887:
872:
866:
865:
860:
859:
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
810:
801:
800:
789:
783:
774:
768:
759:
753:
745:
677:
597:smokeless powder
519:, also fired in
510:
436:paper cartridges
410:Internal priming
382:of ignition for
213:External priming
171:artillery pieces
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
47:
27:
26:
19:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3414:
3378:
3347:Concealed carry
3342:Assault weapons
3337:Air travel
3319:
3296: and
3280:
3208:
3168:
3160:
3149:Shooting sports
3139:Pistol duelling
3069:
3036:
3000:Rifle cartridge
2966:
2907:Supercavitating
2902:Soft point
2823:
2755:
2729:Ball propellant
2675:
2594:
2573:
2569:Twist rate
2460:Gun chronograph
2450:Effective range
2414:
2344:
2315:Recoil-operated
2218:
2123:
1782:
1764:
1750:Colt Peacemaker
1676:
1650:Dragon's breath
1645:Breaching round
1628:
1609:Double-barreled
1567:
1543:General purpose
1529:
1385:
1279:
1220:Multiple-barrel
1160:
1143:
1094:
1076:
1009:
999:
985:
967:
949:
946:
941:
940:
931:
929:
920:
919:
915:
906:
904:
895:
894:
890:
884:Wayback Machine
873:
869:
857:
855:
850:
849:
845:
836:
834:
827:
812:
811:
804:
791:
790:
786:
775:
771:
760:
756:
746:
742:
737:
715:
706:
698:blank cartridge
691:.308 Winchester
673:
646:
612:
606:
604:Electric-primed
580:
574:
506:
498:
492:
483:
477:
412:
396:
352:Percussion caps
346:
340:
322:
316:
270:
264:
226:
220:
215:
191:
189:Priming methods
146:smaller weapons
142:shock-sensitive
75:
71:
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Assassinations
3181:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Percussion cap
2704:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2557:Stopping power
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Length of pull
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Out-of-battery
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Forward assist
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Cocking handle
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1778:Mechanics and
1777:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Combat shotgun
1601:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:Submachine gun
1366:
1359:Pistol caliber
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1025:explosive gold
983:
980:Gold fulminate
965:
945:
944:External links
942:
939:
938:
913:
888:
867:
843:
825:
802:
784:
769:
754:
739:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
729:Lead styphnate
726:
724:Lead(II) azide
721:
714:
711:
705:
702:
645:
642:
608:Main article:
605:
602:
576:Main article:
573:
570:
517:.22 Long Rifle
494:Main article:
491:
488:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
411:
408:
395:
394:Electric-fired
392:
388:muzzle-loading
371:percussion cap
344:Percussion cap
342:Main article:
339:
336:
318:Main article:
315:
312:
266:Main article:
263:
260:
222:Main article:
219:
216:
214:
211:
190:
187:
54:
53:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3451:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Most-produced
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Muzzleloading
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Breechloading
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Muzzle shroud
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:Stripper clip
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:High-capacity
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
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1408:Anti-materiel
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670:Postnikov APT
667:
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629:
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621:
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611:
603:
601:
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593:heat capacity
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467:, the Berdan
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433:
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428:manufacturing
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123:muzzleloaders
121:guns such as
120:
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113:
109:
105:
102:
96:
69:
65:
61:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
30:
21:
20:
3286:Arms control
3166:Gun violence
3133:Jungle style
3132:
3105:Gun cultures
3010:Intermediate
2696:
2687:Fire forming
2537:Rate of fire
2408:Stadiametric
2386:Transitional
2330:Self-loading
2285:Gas-operated
2245:Blow-forward
2177:Red dot
2087:Squeeze bore
2035:Pistol slide
2020:Muzzle brake
1988:Bottom metal
1535:Machine guns
1193:Line thrower
1173:muzzleloader
1169:Breechloader
1036:
987:
969:
959:
955:
930:. Retrieved
916:
905:. Retrieved
891:
875:
870:
862:
856:. Retrieved
846:
835:. Retrieved
815:
796:
787:
779:
772:
764:
757:
750:Outdoor Life
749:
743:
707:
680:
654:
638:
613:
588:incandescent
581:
529:
499:
484:
462:
453:malfunctions
449:
421:
404:Voere VEC-91
397:
355:
323:
271:
227:
195:hand cannons
192:
176:
139:
119:black powder
116:
67:
57:
48:
33:
3400:Legislation
3352:in the U.S.
3303:Disarmament
3298:Gun control
2995:Handloading
2782:Dummy round
2654:Cooking off
2649:Malfunction
2637:Field strip
2632:Maintenance
2522:Penetration
2485:Match grade
2403:Mathematics
2335:Single-shot
2275:Closed bolt
2189:Scope mount
2152:Holographic
2142:Finderscope
2030:Pistol grip
2008:Speedloader
1862:Telescoping
1842:Breechblock
1715:Gatling gun
1614:Pump action
1255:Single-shot
1178:Combination
1023:described "
780:Handloading
765:Handloading
689:use a 9mm,
661:John Garand
616:machine gun
566:.25 Stevens
557:.17 Rimfire
536:5mm Rimfire
284:iron pyrite
110:out of the
108:projectiles
3439:Ammunition
3204:Gun safety
3199:Gunfighter
2990:Centrefire
2972:Cartridges
2952:Snake shot
2892:Round shot
2882:Projectile
2867:Incendiary
2765:Ammunition
2724:Propellant
2692:Obturation
2664:Squib load
2592:ammunition
2430:Accurizing
2366:Ballistics
2280:Electronic
2199:Telescopic
2050:Recoil pad
1909:Firing pin
1884:Bump stock
1847:Breechface
1788:Components
1780:components
1633:Ammunition
1381:Wallet gun
1325:Pepper-box
1270:Spring-gun
1265:Smoothbore
1260:Sleeve gun
932:2008-06-30
907:2017-03-13
858:2014-12-28
837:2016-11-02
735:References
695:.22 Hornet
628:M61 Vulcan
620:autocannon
584:firing pin
572:Centerfire
469:centerfire
432:ammunition
424:metallurgy
300:innovation
183:squib load
179:firing pin
169:. Larger
160:cartridges
153:cartridges
131:slow match
112:gun barrel
104:combustion
101:propellant
3244:Gun shops
3194:Forensics
3169:and
3115:Gun shows
2857:Frangible
2847:Expanding
2799:Gas check
2794:Flechette
2777:Cannelure
2702:Gunpowder
2659:Hang fire
2627:Firefight
2480:Lock time
2470:Headspace
2435:Bore axis
2320:Repeating
2270:Open bolt
2184:Magnifier
2070:Auto sear
1976:Wheellock
1971:Flintlock
1949:Half-cock
1904:Extractor
1805:Feed ramp
1735:Tommy Gun
1725:M1 Garand
1660:.410 bore
1624:Sawed-off
1599:Coach gun
1513:Repeating
1506:Polygonal
1430:Automatic
1413:Anti-tank
1298:Derringer
1188:Flare gun
666:M1 Garand
626:13mm and
320:Flintlock
314:Flintlock
296:flash pan
268:Wheellock
262:Wheellock
224:Matchlock
218:Matchlock
135:flintlock
127:flash pan
117:In early
64:artillery
3433:Category
3405:Politics
3325:Gun laws
3256:Gunsmith
3144:Politics
3063:industry
2985:Caseless
2787:Snap cap
2680:Ignition
2671:Ricochet
2612:Dry fire
2588:Shooting
2515:Velocity
2381:Terminal
2376:External
2340:Slamfire
2325:Revolver
2240:Blowback
2107:Tapering
2082:Silencer
2045:Receiver
1983:Magazine
1939:Foregrip
1929:Freebore
1899:Cylinder
1857:Rotating
1820:Trunnion
1686:Historic
1577:Shotguns
1496:Marksman
1474:Elephant
1376:Starting
1335:Revolver
1303:Duelling
1293:Cane gun
1285:Handguns
1245:Riot gun
1213:Takedown
1198:Long gun
1183:Elephant
1087:glossary
1079:Firearms
1035:'s book
1003:citation
996:63-10077
926:Archived
901:Archived
880:Archived
831:Archived
713:See also
513:calibers
400:caseless
274:serrated
247:charcoal
243:nitrates
60:firearms
3392: (
3359:License
3127:Hunting
3075:Society
3055:Society
3032:Wildcat
3027:Pinfire
2957:Spitzer
2887:Raufoss
2829:Bullets
2819:Wadding
2734:Cordite
2712:Rimfire
2642:Fouling
2622:Gunshot
2600:Gunshot
2440:Caliber
2423:Metrics
2354:Physics
2255:Boxlock
2228:Actions
2214:Zeroing
2209:Thermal
2167:Reticle
2137:Diopter
2112:Trigger
1959:Striker
1934:Forearm
1919:Fluting
1889:Chamber
1877:Tilting
1867:Flapper
1827:Bayonet
1815:Threads
1579: (
1501:Rifling
1489:Varmint
1479:Express
1469:Buffalo
1464:Hunting
1447:Carbine
1418:Assault
1393: (
1320:Machine
1240:Pen gun
1235:Net gun
1230:Needler
1222: (
1203:Carbine
1124:History
1107:Firearm
1081: (
552:.17 HM2
548:varmint
544:.17 HMR
540:Hornady
532:.22 WMR
521:pistols
490:Rimfire
481:Pinfire
475:Pinfire
465:rimfire
384:hunters
338:Caplock
332:frizzen
288:lighter
231:trigger
164:shotgun
150:handgun
44:Discuss
3189:Deaths
3171:safety
3059:safety
2937:Meplat
2917:Tracer
2744:Ramrod
2697:Primer
2542:Recoil
2505:Energy
2500:Muzzle
2172:Reflex
2129:Sights
2077:Shroud
2060:Safety
1954:Linear
1944:Hammer
1872:Roller
1800:Barrel
1553:Medium
1518:Sniper
1459:Double
1435:Battle
1391:Rifles
1330:Pocket
1308:Pistol
1250:Rotary
1208:Musket
1139:Weapon
1129:Safety
1091:topics
1089:, and
994:
823:
683:LAW 80
657:primer
624:MG 131
525:recoil
445:breech
440:bullet
390:arms.
308:grease
292:sparks
251:sulfur
249:, and
199:powder
167:shells
162:, and
68:primer
66:, the
40:merged
3022:Paper
2980:Blank
2947:ABCBC
2932:Minié
2877:HEIAP
2862:Green
2814:Sabot
2547:Group
2455:Gauge
2290:Lever
2265:Break
2162:Laser
2147:Globe
2117:guard
2097:Stock
2092:Choke
1760:Glock
1755:M1911
1740:MP 40
1700:AR-15
1695:AK-47
1558:Heavy
1548:Light
1112:lists
614:Some
502:brass
327:flint
280:wheel
277:steel
235:match
207:torch
203:ember
157:rifle
133:or a
3390:Laws
3294:Arms
3249:list
3227:list
3067:laws
3015:list
2897:SLAP
2842:Cast
2590:and
2510:Rise
2305:Pump
2250:Bolt
2194:Tang
2157:Iron
2065:Sear
1998:Drum
1993:Clip
1966:Lock
1852:Bolt
1832:Belt
1810:Slug
1672:Slug
1667:Shot
1619:Riot
1581:list
1523:list
1484:Punt
1452:list
1440:list
1423:list
1395:list
1352:list
1340:list
1313:list
1224:list
1083:list
1015:help
992:LCCN
821:ISBN
685:and
618:and
426:and
359:Rev.
304:heat
239:fuse
62:and
2962:VLD
2809:PCA
2055:Rim
1745:Uzi
1705:M16
1563:SAW
1134:War
1119:Gun
434:in
379:gas
255:gun
205:or
58:In
38:be
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