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was transformed into the “Board” of the Bank, consisting of six members. Besides, the
General Assembly of Shareholders was named the General Assembly; Board of Auditors was named the Auditing Committee; and the General Directorate was named Head Office. This Law also introduced significant changes in terms of enhancing the Bank's duties and powers. First of all, the Central Bank's control over direct and indirect monetary policy instruments was extended and the Bank was authorized to conduct open market operations to regulate money supply and liquidity. Meanwhile, it was decided that the Government would consult the Central Bank while taking measures with respect to money and loans. The Bank was authorized, through rediscount transactions, to lend medium-term loans to support investments and economic development. The upper limit for short-term advances to the Treasury was increased to 15 percent of budget allocations pertaining to the respective year.
488:, the Central Bank, like its peers all over the world, implemented policies to offset the public finance deficit rather than implementing an independent monetary policy. Therefore, the general price level increased more than threefold in the 1938-1948 period. During the 1950s, growth and rapid development were financed by Central Bank sources, and these sources were rendered available to public authority through short-term advances provided to the Treasury. An important development for the Central Bank in that period was the establishment of the Banknote Printing Plant in 1955 and from 1957 onwards banknote-printing started in Turkey. With the transition to planned economy in the 1960s, the Central Bank continued to provide resources to the public sector by pursuing expansionary monetary policies made possible by the economic circumstances and industrial development. It was during this time that the majority of practices related to
406:” (Imperial Ottoman Bank) and became a state bank. The Imperial Ottoman Bank was granted the sole privilege of issuing banknotes for a period of thirty years. The Bank, acting as Treasurer of the State, was assigned to collect State revenues, make payments on behalf of the Treasury and discount Treasury bills, as well as making interest and principal payments pertaining to domestic and foreign debts. The capital of the Imperial Ottoman Bank retained by other nations triggered reactions in time and these reactions laid the foundation for establishing a national central bank. Efforts towards establishing a central bank with domestic capital culminated in the establishment of the Ottoman National Credit Bank (
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was vested with a new structure in line with, albeit partially, novelties in the field of the economy and central banking of the time. This Law brought significant changes to the legal status, organizational structure, duties and powers of the Bank. As per the
Central Bank's legal status as a joint stock company, its capital was increased from TL 15 million to TL 25 million. Furthermore, it was stipulated that the Treasury's share should not constitute less than 51 percent of the capital. With Law No. 1211, the “Office of the Governor” was founded to ensure equivalence in terms of international representation, foreign relations and protocol, and Mr.
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strengthened its technical and institutional infrastructure, developed estimation models and expanded its data set. During this process, the
Research Department was restructured as the Research and Monetary Policy Department and the Communications Department was set up to ensure effectiveness of communications policies. From 2005 onwards, the Monetary Policy Committee started to announce, in advance, its meeting dates as a yearly calendar, to increase predictability of policy decisions. The outcome of this entire process was the explicit
448:, board of governors, highlighted in his report the necessity of an independent central bank not affiliated to the Government; espoused, in 1929, by Italian expert Count Volpi who suggested that the establishment of a central bank was necessary to ensure stability of the Turkish currency. Following these developments, the Government took the initiative to draft the necessary legal framework for the establishment of a central bank, and a draft was prepared for the Central Bank with the contributions of Prof. Leon Morf from the
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Treasury and to public establishments and institutions, and from being a purchaser, in the primary market, of the debt instruments issued by the
Treasury and public establishments and institutions. Thus, the utilization of Central Bank funds for the purpose of public finance was prevented. Within the scope of the amendment to the Law, the Monetary Policy Committee was established so as to institutionalize monetary policy strategies and decision-making mechanisms.
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pioneer in the establishment of money and foreign exchange markets in the modern sense. In 1989, with “Decree No. 32 on the
Protection of the Value of Turkish Currency”, economic units were allowed to conduct foreign exchange transactions, and having declared the Turkish currency “convertible”, a relatively more flexible exchange rate regime was adopted. In 1990, the Bank announced a monetary program for the first time, which aimed to meet the
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Bank's independence, it is stipulated in the Law No. 1715 that these shares shall not constitute more than fifteen percent of the capital. Class (B) shares are allocated to national banks; Class (C) shares are allocated to banks other than the national banks and to privileged companies; and Class (D) shares are allocated to
Turkish commercial institutions and to legal and real persons of Turkish nationality.
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371:, economic activities such as Treasury operations, money and credit transactions and trade in gold and foreign currencies were executed by various establishments such as the Treasury, the Mint, jewelers, moneylenders, foundations and guilds. In this organizational structure that prevailed until the second half of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire minted gold coins on behalf of the
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take measures related to the stability of the
Turkish currency. The Bank was vested with the exclusive privilege of issuing banknotes in Turkey. Additionally, the Bank also assumed the role of the treasurer of the Government. Under the fixed exchange rate regime implemented during that period, the Government was the authority to set the
550:– by Central Bank resources coincide with this period. On 21 April 1994, limitations were imposed on the Treasury's use of Central Bank funds; and with the protocol signed between the Central Bank and the Treasury in 1997, it was concluded that the Treasury would not use short-term advances from the Central Bank from 1998 onwards.
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effectively. In addition, it was incorporated into the Law that the Bank would carry out its fundamental duties in compliance with the basic requirements of the economy and with the objective of achieving price stability. The
Central Bank started to conduct open market operations in 1987 and became a
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In order to adjust to the global changes that occurred in the aftermath of the Second World War and to enhance the efficiency of the
Central Bank, the Law on the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey No. 1211 was accepted on 14 January 1970. Thus, the Central Bank, turning a new page in its history,
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After the First World War, on account of the global trend of nations to formulate their monetary policies independently by establishing their respective central banks, which would be authorized to issue money, and to reinforce the political independence gained in the War of
Independence with economic
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According to the Law No. 1715, the primary objective of the Central Bank was to support the economic development of the country. To this end, the Bank was authorized to set rediscount ratios (the main policy tool), regulate money markets and the circulation of money, execute Treasury operations, and
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With the introduction of economic development plans in Turkey in the 1960s, several changes were made in the Central Bank Law. For the same purpose, the Law No. 1211, which was enacted on 26 January 1970, redefined the duties and responsibilities of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, so as
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on the financial sector, political instability, lax financial policy and the fragile structure of the banking sector hindered achievement of macroeconomic stability and led to a financial crisis in the first quarter of 1994. The initial regulations proposed to prevent financing of public debts – a
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became the first “governor” to assume this title. Moreover, a new decision-making body composed of the governor and the vice governors was established under the name of the executive committee. The top-level decision-making body of the Bank, the Board of Directors, which consisted of eight members,
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banknotes and coins were put into circulation with new designs and sizes. As of today, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, as a credible institution, pursues its policy implementations with its qualified staff members and modern infrastructure within an ever-dynamic framework by keeping a
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policies of the Government without conflicting with the objective of achieving and maintaining price stability. Besides, achieving financial stability was described as the supportive objective of the Bank. Furthermore, the Law prohibited the Bank from granting advances and extending credit to the
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paved the way for the adoption, in the year 2000, of an exchange rate based new stability program. However, amid the aggravating loss of confidence in the economy that started by the end of 2000 and the crisis that broke out in mid-2001, the said program ceased to be implemented and free floating
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The CBRT is tasked by law to achieve and maintain price and financial stability in Turkey, and has a mandate to use, by its own discretion, whichever policy instrument at its disposal to reach these objectives. Therefore, it has instrument but not goal independence. Since 2006, the CBRT follows a
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targeting regime that started to be implemented in 2006. Upon achieving some progress in the disinflation process, a two-stage monetary reform was launched in order to emphasize the Bank's determination in its efforts, to enhance the credibility of the Turkish currency, and to eliminate various
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The shares of the Bank, which acquired legal status as a joint stock company; - to manifest that ‘it is not a public entity’, and that ‘it is independent’, were divided into (A), (B), (C) and (D) classes. Class (A) shares belong solely to the Treasury, and, for the purpose of strengthening the
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underwent a structural transformation. During this process, significant amendments were made to the CBRT Law on 25 April 2001; above all, it was explicitly described in the Law that the primary objective of the Central Bank was to achieve and maintain price stability. Within this scope, it was
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The Board is composed of the governor and six members to be elected by the General Assembly. The term of office of board members is three years. The governor is the chairman of the board. One third of the board members are replaced each year. Members whose terms of office have expired may be
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In 2002, the Central Bank adopted a modern monetary policy strategy, namely the “inflation targeting regime”. During the implementation of the implicit inflation targeting regime of the 2002–2005 period, the Bank tried to lay the basis for the regime by ensuring the necessary pre-conditions,
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stipulated that the Bank would determine at its own discretion the monetary policy that it would implement and the monetary policy instruments that it was going to use; thus, the Bank was vested with “instrument independence”. Moreover, the Law also stipulated that the Bank would support the
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process, important steps were taken to ensure the necessary infrastructure for implementation of monetary and exchange rate policies in compliance with the market economy. In the same period, it was decided that interest rates on deposits and loans would be determined by market conditions.
667:"The primary objective of the Bank shall be to achieve and maintain price stability. The Bank shall determine on its own discretion the monetary policy that it shall implement and the monetary policy instruments that it is going to use in order to achieve and maintain price stability.”
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and the Central Bank. The decisions of 24 January 1980 sparked a structural transformation in the Turkish economy. Price controls were abandoned so that prices would be formed within the framework of market mechanisms, and a policy of free trade was adopted. With the launch of the
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The Law on the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, No. 1715 was enacted on 11 June 1930. According to the Law No. 1715, the basic aim of the Bank was to support economic development of the country. In order to fulfill this aim, the Bank was given the following duties:
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The Monetary Policy Committee is chaired by the governor and composed of the deputy governors, a member to be elected by and from among the board members and a member to be appointed with the approval of the President of Turkey on the recommendation of the governor.
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The General Assembly of the Bank is composed of the shareholders who are registered in the share book of the Bank. The General Assembly convenes each year on a date specified in the Articles of Association. The governor acts as the chairman of the General Assembly.
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The executive committee is composed of the deputy governors and chaired by the governor. Deputy governors are appointed by a decree of the President of the Republic for a period of four years. Deputy governors may be reappointed upon the expiration of this term.
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of 30 June 1930 under the name “The Law on the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey No. 1715”. Following the centralization of duties carried out by various institutions and organizations, the Central Bank started to function on 3 October 1931.
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submitted a draft bill on the establishment of a central bank. Following the enactment of the law, Turkey exchanged views with the central banks of other countries’ in establishing the Turkish Central Bank. In 1928, having been invited to Turkey,
346:. Its responsibilities include conducting monetary and exchange rate policy, managing international reserves of Turkey, as well as printing and issuing banknotes, and establishing, maintaining and regulating payment systems in the country.
599:(YTL) and coins of the New kuruş (YKr) were put into circulation from 1 January 2005 onwards. On 1 January 2009, the second stage of the reform was launched by removing the prefix “New” used on the “New Turkish lira” and “New kuruş”, and
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387:, in 1854, the Ottoman Empire, which borrowed from other nations for the first time in history, needed a state bank to assume an intermediary function in the repayment of external debts. As a result, the Ottoman Bank (
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requirement of the market without endangering the stability of exchange rates and interest rates. The targets announced in 1990 were achieved; yet, problems such as the pressure of the
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The CBRT is a joint stock company. Its capital of 25.000 Turkish liras are divided into 250.000 shares. Per the Central Bank Law of Turkey, these shares are divided into four classes:
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As of the end of 2018, class A shares constituted 55.12% of CBRT's capital, whereas class B, C and D shares constituted 25.74%, 0.02% and 19.12%, respectively.
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In the second half of the 1980s, the Bank inaugurated interbank money market, foreign exchange money market and started to make use of open market operations.
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Reverse of the 20,000 Turkish lira banknote (1988-1997) featuring the main headquarters of the Central Bank of Turkey in Ankara.
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problems arising from high denomination. In the first stage, six zeros were removed from the Turkish lira, and banknotes of the
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banknotes of 1952–1966. The new Head Office Building was depicted on the reverse of the 20,000 lira banknotes of 1988–1997.
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was abandoned and the Turkish currency devalued against foreign currencies. In 1983, the Bank was empowered to manage
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Class D shares are allocated to Turkish commercial institutions and to real and legal persons of Turkish nationality.
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In 1863, the Ottoman Bank was dissolved and restructured as an English-French partnership under the name “
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CBRT's current powers and duties are defined by a specific law (CBRT law) accepted on 14 January 1970.
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In the 1995-1999 period, the Central Bank followed policies geared towards ensuring stability in the
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prevented the bank from becoming a national bank, which would have assumed central bank functions.
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with a special emphasis on founding a “national state bank”. In 1927, the Minister of Finance
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The right to determine of the inflation target together and implementation of monetary policy
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The 1980s saw important developments that might be described as a turning point for both the
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Initially, the central bank was not independent. Instead, it followed the government's lead.
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To take, jointly with the Government, all measures to protect the value of Turkish currency.
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The Auditing Committee is composed of four members to be elected by the General Assembly.
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Class C shares are allocated to banks other than national banks and privileged companies.
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to implement the money and credit policy within the framework of development plans.
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Class A shares are allocated solely to the Turkish Ministry of Finance and Treasury.
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exchange rate regime was adopted on 22 February 2001. Following the crisis, the
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to protect the value of Turkish lira and to establish the exchange rate policy
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independence, deliberations about the establishment of a central bank in
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The Spread of the Modern Central Bank and Global Cooperation: 1919–1939
1218:. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Twenty Thousand Turkish Lira -
1066:"Macroeconomic Policies and the New Central Bank in Turkey, 1929–1939"
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The governor is appointed for a term of four years by a decree of the
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The power to request necessary information from financial institutions
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1155:. Banknote Museum: 5. Emission Group - Two and a Half Turkish Lira -
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The privilege to grant advance to the Savings Deposits Insurance Fund
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During the 1940s, which were dominated by the adverse effects of the
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414:) on 11 March 1917. However, the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the
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Pamuk, Şevket (2023), Kakridis, Andreas; Eichengreen, Barry (eds.),
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Class B shares are allocated to national banks operating in Turkey.
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The former Head Office Building of the bank was depicted on the
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List of governors of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
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List of Governors of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
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to determine the reserve requirements and liquidity requirement
988:"TCMB - International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity"
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The Law on the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey No. 1211
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to ensure stability in the financial system and monitor the
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International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
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gained pace. This issue was first addressed in the 1923
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To set rediscount ratios and to regulate money markets,
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to regulate the volume and circulation of Turkish lira
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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1125:. Banknote Museum: 2. Emission Group - Fifty Kurus -
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Tower of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
967:"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks"
687:to manage the gold and FX reserves of the country
604:close watch on global and domestic developments.
1072:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–319,
1045:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Factsheet
704:The exclusive right to issue banknotes in Turkey
670:Fundamental duties of the Bank are as follows:
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2918:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
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1515:
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2928:Central banks and currencies of the Americas
2913:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
1100:"Sermaye ve Hissedarlık Yapısı" (in Turkish)
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1102:, CBRT. Archived on 25 March 2020 at the
1031:, CBRT. Archived on 17 March 2020 at the
700:Fundamental powers of the Bank shall be:
375:. The Ottoman Empire put cash banknotes (
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2885:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
974:Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
885:
383:) into circulation in 1840. During the
69:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey"
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336:Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, TCMB
324:Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye
133:Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye
2923:Central banks and currencies of Europe
2908:Central banks and currencies of Africa
2758:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
1260:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
1209:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
1146:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
1116:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
554:The 2001 Crisis and Post-Crisis Period
492:were transferred to the Central Bank.
456:on 11 June 1930, and published in the
3277:Turkish companies established in 1932
2875:International Development Association
7:
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358:History of central banking in Turkey
58:adding citations to reliable sources
235:Mixed ownership: Treasury and banks
2753:Bank for International Settlements
902:banknote of 1944-1947 and of the 2
546:key element of the period of high
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2880:International Finance Corporation
1005:"Press Release on Interest Rates"
454:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
136:Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası
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3000:Bank of the Republic (Colombia)
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1240:. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
1199:. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
1136:. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
648:To execute Treasury operations,
45:needs additional citations for
2784:Contractionary monetary policy
1054:, CBRT Official Website, 2012.
412:Osmanlı İtibar-ı Millî Bankası
1:
3147:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
1029:"Duties and Responsibilities"
562:. A period of uncontrollable
452:. The law was enacted by the
3010:Central Reserve Bank of Peru
2789:Expansionary monetary policy
2536:Intangible cultural heritage
1882:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1714:Proclamation of the republic
480:Post-Second World War Period
3223:Reserve Bank of New Zealand
3041:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
2855:International Monetary Fund
1807:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
446:Central Bank of Netherlands
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3132:Central Bank of Luxembourg
1638:Conquest of Constantinople
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585:Inflation Targeting Regime
526:fixed exchange rate system
381:Kaime-i nakdiye-i mutebere
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3218:Reserve Bank of Australia
3157:National Bank of Slovakia
2990:Central Bank of Argentina
2763:Financial Stability Board
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2145:The constitutional system
1677:Second Constitutional Era
1662:Decline and modernization
1078:10.1017/9781009367578.014
793:Monetary Policy Committee
534:foreign exchange reserves
363:The Ottoman Empire Period
250:Central bank of
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3197:National Bank of Romania
3067:National Bank of Belgium
2128:Ministry of the Interior
2113:Administrative divisions
1672:First Constitutional Era
1010:. Central Bank of Turkey
776:Başak Tanınmış Yücememiş
521:financial liberalization
490:foreign exchange control
3192:National Bank of Poland
3187:Hungarian National Bank
3172:Bulgarian National Bank
3112:Central Bank of Ireland
2075:Parliamentary elections
1877:Eastern Anatolia Region
1872:Central Anatolia Region
1554:Ancient and Middle Ages
433:Izmir Economic Congress
201:39.939217°N 32.852665°E
3077:Central Bank of Cyprus
3072:Croatian National Bank
3046:Central Bank of Turkey
2246:Science and technology
2080:Presidential elections
1561:Prehistory of Anatolia
1319:Central Bank of Turkey
891:
450:University of Lausanne
404:Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane
335:
220:30 June 1930
27:Central Bank of Turkey
18:Central Bank of Turkey
3182:Danmarks Nationalbank
3142:De Nederlandsche Bank
3137:Central Bank of Malta
3062:European Central Bank
2903:List of central banks
2835:Sovereign wealth fund
2830:Open market operation
2241:Free trade agreements
2123:Intelligence Services
1920:North Anatolian Fault
965:Weidner, Jan (2017).
946:List of central banks
889:
880:Further information:
816:Elif Haykır Hobikoğlu
779:Elif Haykır Hobikoğlu
715:lender of last resort
422:The Republican Period
2625:World heritage sites
2150:Turkish Armed Forces
2035:Constitutional Court
1949:Flora and vegetation
1927:Environmental issues
1915:East Anatolian Fault
1862:Mediterranean Region
1262:at Wikimedia Commons
395:), headquartered in
206:39.939217; 32.852665
54:improve this article
3177:Czech National Bank
3082:Deutsche Bundesbank
2779:Capital requirement
2194:Banking and Finance
1812:History of Anatolia
1709:War of Independence
1701:Republic of Türkiye
1598:Battle of Manzikert
851:Executive committee
750:President of Turkey
352:inflation targeting
197: /
138:
2251:Telecommunications
2040:Court of Cassation
1741:Multi-party period
1650:Ottoman Old Regime
1571:Byzantine Anatolia
1566:Classical Anatolia
1326:General Directors
1236:2011-06-16 at the
1225:2011-06-16 at the
1214:2009-06-15 at the
1195:2009-02-04 at the
1184:2009-02-04 at the
1173:2009-02-04 at the
1162:2009-02-04 at the
1151:2009-06-15 at the
1132:2009-04-17 at the
1121:2009-06-15 at the
1050:2013-11-25 at the
898:of the Turkish 50
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868:Osman Cevdet Akçay
824:Auditing Committee
810:Osman Cevdet Akçay
444:, a member of the
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3127:Bank of Lithuania
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1719:Atatürk's reforms
1610:Anatolian beyliks
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1329:(1931–1970)
1258:Media related to
1087:978-1-009-36757-8
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663:Duties and powers
560:financial markets
524:Furthermore, the
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
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43:This article
41:
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32:
31:
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2972:of the World
2694:
2682:
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2658:
2646:
2531:Illumination
2467:Architecture
2395:Human rights
2383:Universities
2301:Ethnic Kurds
2288:Demographics
2199:Construction
1390:(since 1970)
1318:
1273:(in English)
1204:
1141:
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1069:
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1040:
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1012:. Retrieved
999:
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933:Banks portal
893:
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846:Metin Toprak
827:
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759:
747:
732:
699:
669:
666:
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639:
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633:The CBRT Law
628:
611:
601:Turkish lira
588:
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366:
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340:central bank
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303:Ottoman Bank
264:Turkish lira
160:Headquarters
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2684:WikiProject
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2138:Gendarmerie
2097:Referendums
2013:Legislative
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1795:Oghuz Turks
1684:Dissolution
1449:Serdengeçti
1179:III. Series
819:Fatma Özkul
782:Ertan Aydın
761:reelected.
676:open market
385:Crimean War
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299:Preceded by
284:(July 2024)
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204: /
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3256:Categories
2556:Newspapers
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2189:Automotive
1998:Government
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1404:Güpgüpoğlu
1387:Governors
1231:II. Series
1190:IV. Series
1168:II. Series
952:References
785:Muhsin Kar
742:See also:
678:operations
578:employment
267:TRY (
224:1930-06-30
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189:39°56′21″N
80:newspapers
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1479:Kavcıoğlu
1464:Çetinkaya
1429:Saracoğlu
1414:Aydınoğlu
1220:I. Series
1157:I. Series
1127:I. Series
608:Ownership
592:inflation
564:inflation
548:inflation
539:liquidity
503:Naim Talu
338:) is the
290:Bank rate
280:US$ 153.8
232:Ownership
2978:Americas
2772:Policies
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2062:Politics
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2006:Branches
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1774:Military
1762:Economic
1667:Tanzimat
1489:Karaahan
1434:Gültekin
1409:Sadıklar
1234:Archived
1223:Archived
1212:Archived
1193:Archived
1182:Archived
1171:Archived
1160:Archived
1149:Archived
1130:Archived
1119:Archived
1048:Archived
919:See also
876:Building
738:Governor
543:Gulf War
354:regime.
276:Reserves
269:ISO 4217
260:Currency
240:Governor
164:Altındağ
3211:Oceania
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1840:Regions
1767:Ottoman
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1546:History
1439:Törüner
1014:23 July
907:⁄
896:reverse
367:In the
332:Turkish
309:Website
282:billion
222: (
94:scholar
3055:Europe
2847:system
2746:Global
2648:Portal
2593:Sports
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2214:Energy
2106:Topics
1974:Rivers
1891:Topics
1783:Topics
1538:Turkey
1454:Yılmaz
1424:Canevi
1419:Şıklar
1368:Mostar
1348:Bekter
1229:&
1188:&
1084:
574:growth
429:Turkey
397:London
373:Sultan
344:Turkey
254:Turkey
172:Turkey
168:Ankara
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2896:Lists
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2417:Crime
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1459:Başçı
1444:Erçel
1373:Kayla
1363:Aytur
1358:Gidel
1353:Gover
1343:Sunel
1008:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
900:kuruş
756:Board
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87:books
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2165:Navy
2160:Land
1628:Rise
1583:and
1399:Talu
1378:Talu
1082:ISBN
1016:2024
913:lira
576:and
532:and
530:gold
328:CBRT
322:The
73:news
2484:Art
2229:Oil
2224:Gas
1338:Çam
1074:doi
342:of
330:) (
56:by
3258::
2551:TV
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