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944:. The condensate water returns to the boiler either by gravity or with the assistance of a pump. Some systems use only a single pipe for combined steam and condensate return. Since trapped air prevents proper circulation, such systems have vent valves to allow air to be purged. In domestic and small commercial buildings, the steam is generated at relatively low gauge pressure, less than 15 psi (100 kPa).
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31:
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temperature controls. Automatic fuel (and sometimes ash) handling provides improved convenience over separate fireplaces. Where a system includes ducts for air circulation, central air conditioning can be added to the system. A central heating system may take up considerable space in a home or other building, and may require supply and return ductwork to be installed at the time of construction.
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636:(392 °F) through small diameter pipes at high pressure. A crucial invention to make the system viable was the thread screwed joint, that allowed the joint between the pipes to bear a similar pressure to the pipe itself. He also separated the boiler from the heat source to reduce the risk of explosion. The first unit was installed in the home of
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energy to the room above. Hydronic heating systems are also used with antifreeze solutions in ice and snow melt systems for walkways, parking lots and streets. They are more commonly used in commercial and whole house radiant floor heat projects, whereas electric radiant heat systems are more commonly used in smaller "spot warming" applications.
293:. This arrangement was essential, as it would not allow the smoke to travel upward, which would cause the flame to go out too soon. As the flame would pass through the flue entrance, it would be guided through the network of passages with the smoke. Entire rooms would be built on the furnace flue to create ondol floored rooms.
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in the property and a variety of other factors that will determine the level of heat output that is required to adequately heat the space. This calculation is called a heat loss calculation and can be done with a BTU Calculator. Depending on the outcome of this calculation, the heater can be exactly matched to the house.
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system. However, steam can be sent, for example, between buildings on a campus to allow use of an efficient central boiler and low cost fuel. Tall buildings take advantage of the low density of steam to avoid the excessive pressure required to circulate hot water from a basement-mounted boiler. In industrial systems,
762:
The district heating system can use heat sources impractical to deploy to individual homes, such as heavy oil, wood byproducts, or nuclear fission. The distribution network is more costly to build than for gas or electric heating, and so is only found in densely populated areas or compact communities.
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which is supplied to the furnace through return air ducts. Blowers in electric furnaces move air over one to five resistance coils or elements which are usually rated at five kilowatts. The heating elements activate one at a time to avoid overloading the electrical system. Overheating is prevented by
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The energy source selected for a central heating system varies by region. The primary energy source is selected on the basis of cost, convenience, efficiency and reliability. The energy cost of heating is one of the main costs of operating a building in a cold climate. Some central heating plants can
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Ondol had traditionally been used as a living space for sitting, eating, sleeping and other pastimes in most Korean homes before the 1960s. Koreans are accustomed to sitting and sleeping on the floor, and working and eating at low tables instead of raised tables with chairs. The furnace burned mainly
967:
Electric heating or resistance heating converts electricity directly to heat. Electric heat is often more expensive than heat produced by combustion appliances like natural gas, propane, and oil. Electric resistance heat can be provided by baseboard heaters, space heaters, radiant heaters, furnaces,
60:
A central heating system has a furnace that converts fuel or electricity to heat. The heat is circulated through the building either by fans forcing heated air through ducts, circulation of low-pressure steam to radiators in each heated room, or pumps that circulate hot water through room radiators.
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which is given off when steam condenses to liquid water. In a steam heating system, each room is equipped with a radiator which is connected to a source of low-pressure steam (a boiler). Steam entering the radiator condenses and gives up its latent heat, returning to liquid water. The radiator in
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per hour. For placement in a house, the heater, and the level of output required for the house, needs to be calculated. This calculation is achieved by recording a variety of factors – namely, what is above and below the room you wish to heat, how many windows there are, the type of external walls
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system uses centrally located boilers or water heaters and circulates heat energy to individual customers by circulating hot water or steam. This has the advantage of a central highly efficient energy converter that can use the best available pollution controls, and that is professionally operated.
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Steam heating systems are rarely installed in new single-family residential construction owing to the cost of the piping installation. Pipes must be carefully sloped to prevent trapped condensate blockage. Compared to other methods of heating, it is more difficult to control the output of a steam
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Hydronic radiant floor heating systems use a boiler or district heating to heat water and a pump to circulate the hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab. The pipes, embedded in the floor, carry heated water that conducts warmth to the surface of the floor, where it broadcasts heat
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allows water to escape from the system when pressure becomes too high, and a valve can open to replenish water from the normal water supply if the pressure drops too low. Sealed systems offer an alternative to open-vent systems, in which steam can escape from the system, and gets replaced from the
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can be stockpiled at the point of use, but are inconvenient to handle and difficult to automatically control. Wood fuel is still used where the supply is plentiful and the occupants of the building don't mind the work involved in hauling in fuel, removing ashes, and tending the fire. Pellet fuel
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can be used to extract heat from the ground. For economy, these systems are designed for average low winter temperatures and use supplemental heating for extreme low temperature conditions. The advantage of the heat pump is that it reduces the purchased energy required for building heating; often
469:
in 1819. Sylvester documented the new ways of heating hospitals that were included in the design, and the healthier features such as self-cleaning and air-refreshing toilets. The infirmary's novel heating system allowed the patients to breathe fresh heated air whilst old air was channeled up to a
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From an energy-efficiency standpoint considerable heat gets lost or goes to waste if only a single room needs heating, since central heating has distribution losses and (in the case of forced-air systems particularly) may heat some unoccupied rooms without need. In such buildings which require
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Public and commercial properties are directly and indirectly responsible for 30% of the final energy consumed around the world, including almost 55% of global electricity consumption. Heating is currently responsible for around 45% of building emissions, and still relying on fossil fuels for
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or any kind of dried firewood. For short-term cooking, rice paddy straws or crop waste was preferred, while long hours of cooking and floor heating needed longer-burning firewood. Unlike modern-day water heaters, the fuel was either sporadically or regularly burned (two to five times a day),
64:
Compared with systems such as fireplaces and wood stoves, a central heating plant offers improved uniformity of temperature control over a building, usually including automatic control of the furnace. Large homes or buildings may be divided into individually controllable zones with their own
1149:, can also impact the environment. Even if a building's heating system was converted from oil long ago, oil may still be impacting the environment by contaminating soil and groundwater. Building owners can find themselves liable to remove buried tanks and the remediation costs.
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proposed a steam-based central heating system for a greenhouse in 1594, although this was an isolated occurrence and was not followed up until the 18th century. Colonel Coke devised a system of pipes that would carry steam around the house from a central boiler, but it was
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Heating systems in the United
Kingdom and in other parts of Europe commonly combine the needs of space heating with domestic hot-water heating. These systems occur less commonly in the USA. In this case, the heated water in a sealed system flows through a
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isolated heating, one may wish to consider non-central systems such as individual room heaters, fireplaces or other devices. Alternatively, architects can design new buildings which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the
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can be used to air condition the building during hot weather, and to warm the building using heat extracted from outdoor air in cold weather. Air-source heat pumps are generally uneconomic for outdoor temperatures much below freezing. In colder climates,
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His systems were installed in factories and churches across the country, many of them remaining in usable condition for over 150 years. His system was also adapted for use by bakers in the heating of their ovens and in the making of paper from wood pulp.
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were released to the atmosphere in 2019 for heating in buildings when accounting for emissions from direct fossil fuel combustion as well as from upstream electricity and heat generation. This represents nearly 12% of global energy and process-related
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The circulating water systems use a closed loop; the same water is heated and then reheated. A sealed system provides a form of central heating in which the water used for heating circulates independently of the building's normal water supply.
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a safety switch called a limit controller or limit switch. This limit controller may shut the furnace off if the blower fails or if something is blocking the air flow. The heated air is then sent back through the home through supply ducts.
728:. These are still widely applied where other heat sources are unavailable. Fuel oil can be automatically fired in a central heating system and requires no ash removal and little maintenance of the combustion system. However, the variable
742:
is a widespread heating fuel in North
America and northern Europe. Gas burners are automatically controlled and require no ash removal and little maintenance. However, not all areas have access to a natural gas distribution system.
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A central boiler supplied high-pressure steam that then distributed the heat within the building through a system of pipes embedded in the columns. He implemented the system on a much larger scale at a textile factory in
209:
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almost a hundred years earlier. Strutt's design consisted of a large stove that heated air brought from the outside by a large underground passage. The air was ventilated through the building by large central ducts.
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used for power generation or other purposes can also be tapped for space heating. Steam for heating systems may also be obtained from heat recovery boilers using otherwise wasted heat from industrial processes.
135:, and blower fans circulate the warmed air through a network of ducts to the rooms in the building. This system is cheaper because the air moves through a series of ducts instead of pipes, and does not require a
1583:"antiquity+of+hot-water+heating" "Horticultural Buildings: Their Construction, Heating, Interior Fittings, &c., with Remarks on Some of the Principles Involved and Their Application. (123 Illustrations.)"
765:
Not all central heating systems require purchased energy. A few buildings are served by local geothermal heat, using hot water or steam from a local well to provide building heat. Such areas are uncommon. A
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on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper.
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on world markets leads to erratic and high prices compared to some other energy sources. Institutional heating systems (office buildings or schools, for example) can use low-grade, inexpensive
465:, on the construction of a new building to house Derby's Royal Infirmary. Sylvester was instrumental in applying Strutt's novel heating system for the new hospital. He published his ideas in
392:
a network of interconnected underfloor channels heated the 300 m large assembly room of the monks during the winter months. The degree of efficiency of the system has been calculated at 90%.
388:
In the early medieval Alpine upland, a simpler central heating system where heat travelled through underfloor channels from the furnace room replaced the Roman hypocaust at some places. In
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that provided the heating for a home and for cooking. When a fire was lit in the furnace to cook rice for dinner, the flame would extend horizontally because the flue entry was beside the
607:
Early systems had used low pressure water systems, which required very large pipes. One of the first modern hot water central heating systems to remedy this deficiency was installed by
1507:"The Derbyshire General Infirmary and the Derby Philosophers: The Application of Industrial Architecture and Technology to Medical Institutions in Early-Nineteenth-Century England"
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1907:
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529:, delineated the method of the application of hot steam heating to smaller, non-industrial buildings. This method had superseded the hot air systems by the late 19th century.
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switch fuels for reasons of economy and convenience; for example, a home owner may install a wood-fired furnace with electrical backup for occasional unattended operation.
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Some areas have low cost electric power, making electric heating economically practical. Electric heating can either be purely resistance-type heating or make use of a
1876:
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systems can automatically stoke the fire, but still need manual removal of ash. Coal was once an important residential heating fuel but today is uncommon, and
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The
Philosophy of Domestic Economy; as exemplified in the mode of Warming, Ventilating, Washing, Drying, & Cooking, ... in the Derbyshire General Infirmary
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through ductwork, by water circulating through pipes, or by steam fed through pipes. The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of
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in northeast
Pennsylvania in the United States) coal-fired steam or hot water systems were common. Later in the 20th century, these were updated to burn
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1947:
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zone, most detached housing has had central heating installed since before the Second World War. Where coal was readily available (i.e. the anthracite
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geothermal source systems also supply domestic hot water. Even in places where fossil fuels provide most electricity, a geothermal system may offset
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604:. Tredgold originally dismissed its use as impractical, but changed his mind in 1836, when the technology went into a phase of rapid development.
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in a large building (though not necessarily at the geometrically "central" point). The heat is distributed throughout the building, typically by
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contains compressed gas, separated from the sealed-system water by a diaphragm. This allows for normal variations of pressure in the system. A
478:
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Electric heaters are usually part of a fan coil which is part of a central air conditioner. They circulate heat by blowing air across the
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in the 1830s. At that time central heating was coming into fashion in
Britain, with steam or hot air systems generally being used.
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has proven ideal. This offers the option of relatively easy conversion in the future to use developing technologies such as
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production since most of the heat is supplied from the surrounding environment, with only 15–30% as electrical consumption.
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and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating.
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or gas, eliminating the need for a large coal storage bin near the boiler and the need to remove and discard coal ashes.
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In contrast, hot-water central heating systems can use water heated in or close to the building using high-efficiency
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from an industrial process or electrical generating plant to provide heat for neighboring buildings. Similar to
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between 1855 and 1857, which was a major step in the final shaping of modern central heating. The
Victorian
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385:, overwhelmingly across Europe, heating reverted to more primitive fireplaces for almost a thousand years.
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provides warmth to a number of spaces within a building from one main source of heat. It is a component of
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or propane can be stored at the point of use and periodically replenished by a truck-mounted mobile tank.
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in the 1810s. This system remained the standard for heating small buildings for the rest of the century.
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and were constantly improved, reaching maturity with the work of de
Chabannes on the ventilation of the
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1963:
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Emmanuelle Gallo: "Jean Simon
Bonnemain (1743–1830) and the Origins of Hot Water Central Heating" in
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1021:
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577:. Slightly later, in 1716, came the first use of water in Sweden to distribute heating in buildings.
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wrote the definitive description of these installations in his treatises published in 1807 and 1815.
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to run their heating plants, but capital cost is high compared to more easily managed liquid fuels.
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Primary energy sources may be fuels like coal or wood, oil, kerosene, natural gas, or electricity.
589:. Jean Simon Bonnemain (1743–1830), a French architect, introduced the technique to industry on a
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planted in the ground and circulating the heat which was generated by fire. Some buildings in the
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795:, so that each unit can be individually billed even though there is only one centralized system.
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The three main methods of central heating were developed in the late 18th to mid-19th centuries.
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Typical efficiencies for central heating (measured at the customer's purchase of energy) are:
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A straight braided filling loop used to add water to a sealed central heating system in the UK
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331:
109:
35:
1916:
1319:
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However, these scattered attempts were isolated and mainly confined in their application to
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However, if a building does need full heating, combustion central heating may offer a more
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1911:
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Circulating hot water can be used for central heating. Sometimes these systems are called
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The philosophy of domestic economy: as exemplified in the mode of warming ... p.48 et al
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Their designs proved very influential. They were widely copied in the new mills of the
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with a central hot air furnace in 1793, although the idea had been already proposed by
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132:
30:
1701:
1429:(1985). "From Polis To Madina: Urban Change In Late Antique And Early Islamic Syria".
1081:. In Sweden proposals exist to phase out direct electric heating for this reason (see
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uses computers to convert electricity into heat while simultaneously processing data.
17:
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496:, a noted engineer and authority on central heating systems in the early 19th century
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radiator became widespread by the end of the 19th century as companies, such as the
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using river diversions combined with indoor wood-fired furnaces. The well-preserved
269:) accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised
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system requires no purchased fuel but needs to be carefully designed for the site.
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where it heats water from the regular potable water supply for use at hot-water
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the
Scottish inventor who was the first to build a working system in his house.
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Common components of a central heating system using water-circulation include:
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1472:"Central Heating and Ventilation:Origins and Effects on Architectural Design"
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occur less commonly and are practical only with low-cost electricity or when
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1649:. Oxford University Press. Accessed 14 August 2007 (subscription required).
1540:
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floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding
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which incorporates similar components as a furnace but on a larger scale.
979:
In larger commercial applications, central heating is provided through an
860:
through which the heated water passes in order to release heat into rooms.
626:
143:
can be boxed in and used as some of the ductwork, further lowering costs.
2983:
2917:
2418:
2218:
2018:
1993:
1968:
725:
176:, in which case the distribution system normally uses water circulation.
117:
82:
1597:
Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History
561:
for heating the Thermæ. Another early hot water system was developed in
2493:
2165:
1093:
648:
633:
368:
298:
274:
270:
1085:). Nuclear, wind, solar and hydroelectric sources reduce this factor.
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2922:
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1184:
1073:, with up to 60% of the energy in the fuel lost (unless utilized for
841:
714:
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has been found at archaeological sites in present-day North Korea. A
102:
57:(short: HVAC) systems, which can both cool and warm interior spaces.
195:, this requires underground piping to circulate hot water or steam.
1744:
2012 ASHRAE Handbook: Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning.
1724:
2012 ASHRAE Handbook: Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning.
677:, expanded the market for low cost radiators in the US and Europe.
363:
The Roman hypocaust continued to be used on a smaller scale during
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depending on frequency of cooking and seasonal weather conditions.
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system to take advantage of low-grade heat in the air or ground.
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building's water supply via a feed and central storage system.
1836:
EERE Consumer's Guide: Selecting Heating Fuel and System Types
1376:
330:
The ancient Greeks originally developed central heating. The
238:, shows a clear vestige of gudeul in the excavated dwelling (
374:, while later Muslim builders employed a simpler system of
314:
Ruins of the hypocaust under the floor of a Roman villa at
77:
in that the heat generation occurs in one place, such as a
1766:"The UK is sabotaging its own plan to decarbonize heating"
1821: This article incorporates text available under the
1038:
supplying more than 55% of its final energy consumption.
940:
turn heats the air of the room, and provides some direct
632:
Perkins' 1832 apparatus distributed water at 200 degrees
461:
In 1807, he collaborated with another eminent engineer,
1892:
Home Fires: How Americans Kept Warm in the 19th Century
342:
used central heating systems, conducting air heated by
1601:
http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00080479/en/
527:
Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings
422:
provides an excellent example of such an application.
1557:
Central Heating, Installation, Maintenance and Repair
848:
for district heating) which heats water in the system
123:
A cheaper alternative to hot water or steam heat is
3258:
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3151:
3055:
2903:
2406:
2092:
1954:
935:A steam heating system takes advantage of the high
1457:
1292:"History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems"
1069:. This applies when electricity originates from a
226:archaeological site, circa 5000 BC, discovered in
45:Hot water central heating unit, using wood as fuel
346:through empty spaces under the floors and out of
661:, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in
1905:BBC Wales History – Life before central heating
1348:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
1894:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 183 pp
1851:Hägermann, Dieter; Schneider, Helmuth (1997).
1800:"Is cooling the future of heating? – Analysis"
1599:(2006-06-17), pages 1043–1060; retrieved from
1932:
581:, a Swedish engineer, used this method for a
165:are used. Considering the combined system of
8:
778:Heater outputs are measured in kilowatts or
720:Liquid fuels are petroleum products such as
297:rice paddy straws, agricultural crop waste,
243:
1272:"energy.og – Electrical Resistance Heating"
622:Details of furnace and expansion tube from
2699:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1948:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1939:
1925:
1917:
1875:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1190:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
968:wall heaters, or thermal storage systems.
55:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1530:
3133:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
488:
408:Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Wheel
207:
1646:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1263:
251:The main components of the traditional
1868:
1794:
1792:
1790:
709:is preferred as a substitute in open
3006:Programmable communicating thermostat
774:Calculating output of heater required
557:Early hot water systems were used in
139:to install. The space between floor
7:
3128:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
833:A supply of fuel, electric power or
470:glass and iron dome at the centre.
354:) in the walls—a system known as a
212:An illustration of the ondol system
2989:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1616:Winter: Five Windows on the Season
550:
150:The four different generations of
25:
3031:Standard temperature and pressure
2744:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2280:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2009:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1702:Warmteverliesberekening: software
1641:Perkins, Angier March (1799–1881)
872:Expansion tank in a sealed system
179:Alternatives to such systems are
2100:Absorption-compression heat pump
1816:
449:designed a new mill building in
442:Sylvester's warm-air stove, 1819
154:systems and their energy sources
2995:Normal temperature and pressure
2375:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1776:from the original on 2021-05-27
1560:. WritersPrintShop. p. 5.
1345:Harris, Cyril M. (2013-02-28).
791:Heat output can be measured by
638:Governor of the Bank of England
1458:Hägermann & Schneider 1997
1324:. GreenwoodPress. p. 94.
1145:Oil storage tanks, especially
1008:External heat exchanger of an
426:Modern central heating systems
244:
1:
3143:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3087:Building information modeling
3082:Building services engineering
2659:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2187:Demand controlled ventilation
2135:Building insulation materials
187:. District heating uses the
172:Some other buildings utilize
131:or gas, which heats air in a
73:Central heating differs from
2704:High-pressure cut-off switch
2255:Ice storage air conditioning
2176:Dedicated outdoor air system
1321:Culture and Customs of Korea
812:Active indirect water heater
3047:Thermostatic radiator valve
2849:Thermostatic radiator valve
2360:Underfloor air distribution
2295:Radiant heating and cooling
2213:Energy recovery ventilation
2125:Automobile air conditioning
1989:Domestic energy consumption
1659:Family Sangalli / San Galli
1488:Sylvester, Charles (1819).
1373:"BBC - Romans - Technology"
1067:electric resistance heating
593:, at Château du Pêcq, near
565:for central heating of the
402:revived central heating in
3363:
3196:Institute of Refrigeration
3077:Architectural technologist
2549:Electrostatic precipitator
1670:The hot boxes of San Galli
997:
960:
815:
551:hydrologic central heating
381:After the collapse of the
159:Electrical heating systems
127:hot air. A furnace burns
3249:Volatile organic compound
3108:Environmental engineering
3072:Architectural engineering
2874:Ultra-low particulate air
2459:Automatic balancing valve
2387:Variable refrigerant flow
2239:Heat recovery ventilation
2182:Deep water source cooling
1764:Cooper, D. (2021-05-27).
1613:Adam Gopnik (2012). "1".
1554:Patrick Mitchell (2008).
1523:10.1017/S0025727300068745
1408:. Britannica Online. 2009
1318:Donald N., Clark (2000).
1147:underground storage tanks
1112:, thereby also providing
1071:fossil fuel power station
675:American Radiator Company
395:In the 13th century, the
3342:Ancient Roman technology
3337:Ancient Greek technology
3296:Template:Home automation
3118:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2814:Solar-assisted heat pump
2414:Air conditioner inverter
2193:Displacement ventilation
2084:Vapour pressure of water
2069:Thermal destratification
1855:(2nd ed.). Berlin.
1063:environmentally friendly
1041:Around 4.3 Gt of CO
824:hydronic heating systems
799:Types of central heating
163:ground source heat pumps
3291:World Refrigeration Day
3138:Refrigerant reclamation
3067:Architectural acoustics
3011:Programmable thermostat
2943:Clean air delivery rate
2839:Thermal expansion valve
2754:Pressurisation ductwork
2664:Ground source heat pump
2105:Absorption refrigerator
1691:Warmteverliesberekening
1639:McConnell, A. (2004). "
1437:Oxford University Press
1351:. Courier Corporation.
1246:Uniform Mechanical Code
1083:oil phase-out in Sweden
901:in a hot-water tank or
745:Liquefied petroleum gas
549:had an early system of
306:Ancient Rome and Greece
3281:Glossary of HVAC terms
3243:Sick building syndrome
3123:Mechanical engineering
2834:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2265:Mixed-mode ventilation
1581:Fawkes, F. A. (1881).
1505:Elliott, Paul (2000).
1012:
881:
873:
854:to circulate the water
813:
643:so that he could grow
629:
554:
497:
443:
410:(founded 1202) on the
327:
213:
155:
51:central heating system
46:
38:
27:Type of heating system
18:Central heating system
3301:Template:Solar energy
2979:Intelligent buildings
2938:Carbon dioxide sensor
2325:Room air distribution
2145:Central solar heating
1890:Adams, Sean Patrick.
1713:Heat loss calculation
1427:Hugh N. Kennedy, Hugh
1033:Environmental aspects
1022:geothermal heat pumps
1007:
879:
871:
811:
621:
540:
492:
441:
313:
211:
174:central solar heating
167:thermal power station
149:
44:
33:
3103:Duct leakage testing
3093:Deep energy retrofit
3037:Thermographic camera
2974:Infrared thermometer
2449:Air source heat pump
2398:Water heat recycling
1964:Air changes per hour
1445:10.1093/past/106.1.3
1241:Outdoor wood heaters
1017:air source heat pump
1010:air source heat pump
793:Heat cost allocators
609:Angier March Perkins
320:Province of Palencia
3327:Residential heating
2969:HVAC control system
2959:Home energy monitor
2933:Building automation
2719:Inverter compressor
2381:Variable air volume
2290:Passive ventilation
2260:Kitchen ventilation
2160:Constant air volume
2130:Autonomous building
1165:Energy conservation
1079:transmission losses
641:John Horsley Palmer
587:Newcastle upon Tyne
500:The English writer
3232:Indoor air quality
3176:ASTM International
3113:Hydronic balancing
2890:Wood-burning stove
2769:Radiator reflector
2554:Evaporative cooler
2365:Underfloor heating
2350:Thermal insulation
1910:2014-04-10 at the
1806:. 13 December 2020
1675:2010-02-07 at the
1470:Robert Bruegmann.
1460:, pp. 456–459
1432:Past & Present
1299:Healthyheating.com
1226:Underfloor heating
1180:Geothermal systems
1110:solar combisystems
1102:underfloor heating
1090:condensing boilers
1077:) and about 6% in
1013:
903:hot-water cylinder
882:
874:
814:
630:
555:
519:Robertson Buchanan
498:
444:
328:
214:
156:
47:
39:
3347:Temple of Artemis
3309:
3308:
3225:Health and safety
2804:Scroll compressor
2759:Process duct work
2514:Convection heater
2509:Condensing boiler
2439:Air-mixing plenum
2335:Solar combisystem
2171:Cross ventilation
1974:Building envelope
1216:Solar combisystem
651:'s cold climate.
463:Charles Sylvester
332:temple of Ephesus
234:, in present-day
110:temperate climate
36:condensing boiler
16:(Redirected from
3354:
3332:Greek inventions
3271:Building science
3026:Smart thermostat
3021:Room temperature
2604:Fireplace insert
2310:Radon mitigation
2208:Electric heating
2203:District heating
2198:District cooling
2115:Air conditioning
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1761:
1755:
1752:978 1936 504 251
1741:
1735:
1732:978 1936 504 251
1721:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1379:. Archived from
1369:
1363:
1362:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1211:Renewable energy
1160:District heating
1098:district heating
1075:district heating
963:Electric heating
957:Electric heating
915:washing machines
835:district heating
759:district heating
575:Saint Petersburg
479:House of Commons
404:Christian Europe
376:underfloor pipes
324:Castile and León
247:
246:
185:district heating
152:district heating
85:in a house or a
21:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3266:ASHRAE Handbook
3254:
3238:Passive smoking
3220:
3153:
3147:
3059:
3057:
3051:
2905:
2899:
2880:Whole-house fan
2794:Run-around coil
2789:Reversing valve
2734:Mechanical room
2724:Kerosene heater
2714:Infrared heater
2644:Gasoline heater
2584:Fan filter unit
2499:Condensate pump
2484:Centrifugal fan
2402:
2305:Radiant heating
2300:Radiant cooling
2275:Passive cooling
2270:Microgeneration
2140:Central heating
2088:
2064:Thermal comfort
1956:
1950:
1945:
1912:Wayback Machine
1901:
1887:
1885:Further reading
1867:
1863:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:Wayback Machine
1668:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1511:Medical History
1504:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1425:
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1420:
1411:
1409:
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1399:
1395:
1386:
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1371:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1155:
1141:-fired heating.
1127:-fired heating;
1114:future-proofing
1049:
1044:
1035:
1002:
996:
973:heating element
965:
959:
933:
820:
806:
801:
789:
776:
683:
665:, invented the
659:Franz San Galli
579:Mårten Triewald
571:Peter the Great
569:(1710–1714) of
535:
523:Thomas Tredgold
494:Thomas Tredgold
487:
436:
428:
390:Reichenau Abbey
308:
206:
201:
108:In much of the
87:mechanical room
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Psychrometrics
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Air flow meter
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
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2801:
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2766:
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2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Heating system
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Heat exchanger
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Gas compressor
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Expansion tank
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Ceramic heater
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Solar air heat
2327:
2322:
2320:Renewable heat
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2229:Forced-air gas
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2079:Thermodynamics
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Psychrometrics
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Gas compressor
2001:
1999:Fluid dynamics
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1899:External links
1897:
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1175:Forced-air gas
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1133:
1128:
1126:
1065:solution than
1047:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1027:greenhouse gas
998:Main article:
995:
992:
961:Main article:
958:
955:
932:
929:
899:heat exchanger
886:expansion tank
862:
861:
855:
849:
846:heat exchanger
838:
816:Main article:
805:
802:
800:
797:
788:
785:
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772:
707:smokeless fuel
682:
681:Energy sources
679:
663:St. Petersburg
547:St. Petersburg
534:
531:
486:
483:
447:William Strutt
435:
432:
427:
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365:late Antiquity
334:was heated by
307:
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133:heat exchanger
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3154:organizations
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3101:
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3098:Duct cleaning
3096:
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2896:
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2869:Turning vanes
2867:
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2857:
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2844:Thermal wheel
2842:
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2524:Cooling tower
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2370:Vapor barrier
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2345:Solar heating
2343:
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2340:Solar cooling
2338:
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2318:
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2315:Refrigeration
2313:
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2285:Passive house
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2158:
2156:
2155:Chilled water
2153:
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2138:
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2057:
2055:
2054:Sensible heat
2052:
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2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Noise control
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Heat transfer
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
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1862:3-549-05632-X
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1628:
1626:9781780874463
1622:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1603:on 2007-02-05
1602:
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1569:
1567:9781904623625
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1397:
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1383:on 2007-10-18
1382:
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1358:9780486132112
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1251:Passive house
1249:
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1234:
1232:
1231:Water heating
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1056:Passive House
1051:
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1006:
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993:
991:
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984:
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977:
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964:
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951:
950:process steam
945:
943:
938:
931:Steam heating
930:
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904:
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839:
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804:Water heating
803:
798:
796:
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786:
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773:
771:
769:
768:passive solar
763:
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567:Summer Palace
564:
560:
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548:
544:
543:Summer Palace
539:
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221:
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203:
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182:
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80:
76:
75:space heating
68:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
43:
37:
32:
19:
3276:Fireproofing
3060:and services
3056:Professions,
2954:Gas detector
2854:Trickle vent
2829:Smoke damper
2824:Smoke canopy
2819:Space heater
2749:Plenum space
2684:Heating film
2564:Exhaust hood
2534:Dehumidifier
2474:Blast damper
2469:Barrier pipe
2444:Air purifier
2355:Thermosiphon
2234:Free cooling
2150:Chilled beam
2139:
2074:Thermal mass
2059:Stack effect
2044:Particulates
2024:Infiltration
1955:Fundamental
1891:
1852:
1831:
1815:
1808:. Retrieved
1803:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1754:: chapter 11
1743:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1680:(in Russian)
1665:
1654:
1644:
1635:
1615:
1608:
1596:
1591:
1576:
1556:
1549:
1517:(1): 65–92.
1514:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1453:
1430:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:Encyclopedic
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1367:
1347:
1340:
1320:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1266:
1144:
1118:
1087:
1060:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1014:
988:data furnace
985:
978:
970:
966:
946:
942:radiant heat
934:
927:
923:
895:
890:safety valve
883:
863:
837:supply lines
828:
821:
790:
777:
764:
756:
749:
738:
730:price of oil
719:
688:
684:
657:
653:
631:
606:
599:
559:Ancient Rome
556:
526:
511:
499:
472:
466:
460:
445:
429:
394:
387:
383:Roman Empire
380:
362:
355:
351:
340:Roman Empire
329:
295:
286:
282:
280:
256:
252:
250:
217:
215:
193:cogeneration
178:
171:
157:
122:
107:
79:furnace room
72:
63:
59:
50:
48:
3286:Warm Spaces
2928:Blower door
2906:and control
2904:Measurement
2885:Windcatcher
2859:Trombe wall
2799:Sail switch
2779:Refrigerant
2774:Recuperator
2649:Grease duct
2609:Freeze stat
2594:Fire damper
2464:Back boiler
2434:Air ionizer
2429:Air handler
2393:Ventilation
2245:Hybrid heat
2110:Air barrier
2029:Latent heat
1734:: Page 13.1
1619:. Quercus.
1402:"Hypocaust"
1236:Wind energy
1137:45–60% for
1130:80–89% for
1123:65–97% for
1050:emissions.
981:air handler
937:latent heat
919:dishwashers
740:Natural gas
734:bunker fuel
722:heating oil
690:Solid fuels
627:1838 Patent
602:greenhouses
591:cooperative
455:John Evelyn
367:and by the
285:s began as
242::
236:North Korea
216:Use of the
181:gas heaters
137:pipe fitter
114:coal region
95:fossil fuel
3316:Categories
3042:Thermostat
2964:Humidistat
2895:Zone valve
2864:TurboSwing
2739:Oil heater
2709:Humidifier
2639:Gas heater
2589:Fan heater
2559:Evaporator
2544:Economizer
2519:Compressor
2424:Air filter
2407:Components
2224:Forced-air
2120:Antifreeze
2093:Technology
2039:Outgassing
1979:Convection
1810:2023-04-27
1780:2021-11-23
1412:2009-01-29
1387:2008-03-24
1331:0313304564
1304:2016-05-19
1277:2015-01-15
1258:References
1221:Thermostat
1201:Oil heater
1170:Forced air
1134:-fired and
1106:heat pumps
1058:standard.
994:Heat pumps
911:appliances
711:fireplaces
583:greenhouse
515:Manchester
507:James Watt
418:region of
412:Ebro River
397:Cistercian
189:waste heat
91:forced-air
3152:Industry
3001:OpenTherm
2679:Heat pump
2674:Heat pipe
2624:Fume hood
2599:Fireplace
2504:Condenser
2454:Attic fan
2250:Hydronics
1871:cite book
1823:CC BY 4.0
1439:: 3–27 .
1206:OpenTherm
1196:Hydronics
1000:Heat pump
858:Radiators
818:Hydronics
752:heat pump
671:cast iron
533:Hot water
502:Hugh Plat
372:caliphate
357:hypocaust
352:caliducts
316:La Olmeda
3322:Plumbing
3259:See also
2984:LonWorks
2918:Aquastat
2784:Register
2764:Radiator
2419:Air door
2219:Firestop
2019:Humidity
1994:Enthalpy
1984:Dilution
1969:Bake-out
1957:concepts
1908:Archived
1825:license.
1774:Archived
1770:Engadget
1673:Archived
1541:11877984
1153:See also
1094:biofuels
913:such as
726:kerosene
692:such as
667:radiator
624:Perkins'
525:'s work
475:Midlands
350:(called
344:furnaces
326:, Spain)
129:fuel oil
118:fuel oil
83:basement
69:Overview
3058:trades,
2629:Furnace
2494:Chiller
2166:Coolant
1845:Sources
1532:1044459
1435:(106).
787:Billing
649:England
634:Celsius
434:Hot air
414:in the
369:Umayyad
299:biomass
291:furnace
275:chimney
271:masonry
263:firebox
255:are an
228:Sonbong
199:History
99:furnace
3211:SMACNA
3171:ASHRAE
2991:(MERV)
2945:(CADR)
2923:BACnet
2876:(ULPA)
2729:Louver
2654:Grille
2529:Damper
2479:Boiler
2377:(VCRS)
2178:(DOAS)
1859:
1750:
1746:2012,
1730:
1726:2012,
1623:
1564:
1539:
1529:
1355:
1328:
1192:(HVAC)
1185:Hearth
1100:. Wet
844:(or a
842:boiler
715:stoves
645:grapes
613:London
563:Russia
416:Aragon
287:gudeul
281:Early
258:agungi
240:Korean
141:joists
125:forced
103:boiler
3251:(VOC)
3245:(SBS)
3234:(IAQ)
3191:CIBSE
3186:BSRIA
3089:(BIM)
3033:(STP)
2997:(NTP)
2619:Freon
2389:(VRF)
2383:(VAV)
2241:(HRV)
2215:(ERV)
2189:(DCV)
2162:(CAV)
1475:(PDF)
1295:(PDF)
1096:, or
595:Paris
485:Steam
451:Derby
420:Spain
400:monks
348:pipes
336:flues
283:ondol
267:stove
253:ondol
232:Rason
219:ondol
97:in a
3206:LEED
3166:AMCA
3161:AHRI
2694:HEPA
2614:Flue
2539:Duct
1877:link
1857:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1537:PMID
1353:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1139:coal
1108:and
907:taps
852:Pump
780:BTUs
724:and
702:coal
698:peat
694:wood
541:The
183:and
3216:UMC
3201:IIR
3181:BRE
2574:Fan
1804:IEA
1643:".
1527:PMC
1519:doi
1441:doi
1377:BBC
1132:oil
1125:gas
1015:An
917:or
909:or
884:An
713:or
700:or
647:in
611:in
585:at
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545:in
265:or
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101:or
81:or
3318::
1873:}}
1869:{{
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1789:^
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696:,
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517:.
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360:.
318:,
245:움집
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1926:v
1879:)
1865:.
1813:.
1783:.
1629:.
1585:.
1570:.
1543:.
1521::
1494:.
1477:.
1447:.
1443::
1415:.
1390:.
1361:.
1334:.
1307:.
1280:.
1048:2
1043:2
553:.
322:(
261:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
