127:
1530:
1696:
1509:. Duikers are known for their extreme shyness, freezing at the slightest sign of a threat and diving into the nearest bush. Duikers' social behavior involves maintaining sufficient distance between individuals. However, in contrast to their conserved nature, duikers are more aggressive when dealing with territories; they mark their territory and their mates with secretions from their preorbital glands and fight other duikers that challenge their authorities. Male common duikers, especially the younger males, mark their territories also by
1885:
1449:. With their bodies low to the ground and with very short horns, forest duikers are built to navigate effectively through dense rainforests and quickly dive into bushes when threatened. Since the common grey duiker lives in more open areas, such as savannas, it has longer legs and vertical horns, which allow it to run faster and for longer distances; only the males, which are more confrontational and territorial, exhibit horns. Also, duikers have well-developed
151:
1610:, creating overlapping regions among different species of forest duikers. Although "body size is the primary factor in defining the fundamental niches of each species", often dictating the distribution and abundance of duikers in a given habitat, distinguishing between the numerous species of duikers based purely on distribution and abundance is often difficult. For example, the blue duiker and red forest duiker coexist within a small area of
1343:
3101:
1589:
has rendered most duikers as diurnal. A correlation exists between body size and sleep pattern in duikers. While smaller to medium-sized duikers show increased activity and scavenge for food during the daytime, larger duikers are most active at night. An exception to this is the yellow-backed duiker,
1520:
Duikers prefer to live alone or as pairs to avoid the competition that comes from living in a large group. They have also evolved to become highly selective feeders, feeding only on specific parts of plants. In fact, in his study regarding the relationship between group size and feeding style, P.J.
1516:
For those duikers that travel alone, they choose to interact with other duikers once or twice a year, solely for the purpose of mating. Although duikers occasionally form temporary groups to gather fallen fruit, because so little is known about how they interact and affect one another, determining
1184:
on the
Ruwenzori mountain range, led Kingdon to suggest that it might be a different species altogether. Grubb treated the white-legged duiker as a subspecies of Ogilby's duiker in 1978, but regarded as an independent species by him and Groves after a revision in 2011. This was supported by a 2003
1725:
Overexploitation of duikers affects their population and organisms that rely on them for survival. For instance, plants that depend on duikers for seed dispersal may lose their primary method of reproduction, and other organisms that depend on these particular plants as their resources would also
1675:
Similarly, bay and Peters' duikers can coexist because of their different sleep patterns. This allows Peters' duikers to eat fruits by day, and the bay duikers to eat what is left by night. In consequence of such a life pattern, the bay duiker's digestive system has evolved to consume remaining,
1564:
from time to time and even manage to capture rodents or small birds. Since food is the deciding factor, various locations of food sources often dictate the distribution of duikers. While they feed on a wide range of plants, they choose to eat specific parts of the plant that are most nutritious.
1568:
The smaller species, for example the blue duiker, generally tend to eat various seeds, while larger ones tend to feast more on larger fruits. Since blue duikers are very small, they are more efficient in digesting small, high-quality items. Receiving most of their water from the foods they eat,
1749:
In addition to the unnaturally high demand for bushmeat, unenforced hunting law is a perpetual threat to many species, including the duiker. Most hunters believe that the diminishing number of animals was due to overexploitation. The direct effects of hunting include overexploitation of target
1757:. Access restriction involves imposing temporal or spatial restrictions on hunting duikers. Temporal restrictions include closing off certain seasons, such as the main birth season, to hunting; spatial restrictions include closing off certain regions where endangered duikers are found.
1565:
Therefore, to feed efficiently, they must be familiar with their territory and be thoroughly acquainted with the geography and distribution of specific plants. For such reasons, duikers readjusting to novel environments created by human settlements and deforestation is not easy.
1722:. Constant urbanization and the process of “shifting agriculture” is gradually taking over many of duikers' habitats; at the same time, overexploitation is also permitting the overgrowth of other interacting species, resulting in an inevitable disruption of coexistence.
1649:. Before intervention, the system of specialized resources in which larger duikers exploit a particular type of food and smaller duikers on another, is functional as modeled in the diurnal and nocturnal nature of the duikers; this allows the
1471:
Also, body size is proportional to the amount of food intake and the size of food. Anatomical features such as the head and neck shape also limit the amount and size of food intake. “Anatomical variations... impose further constraints on
1493:
on the interactions of duikers found that body size, habitat preference, and activity patterns were the main differentiating factors among the seven species of duikers. These differences specific to each species of duiker allow them to
1403:, people nonselectively hunt duikers for their hide, meat, and horns at highly unsustainable rates. Population trends for all species of duikers, excluding the common duiker and the smallest blue duiker, are significantly decreasing;
2887:
Noss, A. (2000) Cable snares and nets in the
Central African Republic. In: Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests (Eds. J. ROBINSON, and E. BENNETT). Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 282–304.
1745:
For these people, if the trend of overexploitation continues at such a high rate, the effects of the population decrease in duikers will be too severe for these organisms to serve as a reliable food source.
1618:). While blue duikers are seen more frequently than red forest duikers in the heavily hunted area of Mossapoula, red forest duikers are more observed in a less exploited regions such as the western
1788:, citing Georges et al., 1999. The WHO notes that risk of infection predominantly arises from slaughter and preparation of meat, and that consumption of properly cooked meat does not pose a risk.
2932:
1687:
with certain plants; the plants serve as a nutritious and abundant food source for the duikers, and simultaneously benefit from the extensive dispersal of their seeds by the duikers.
2345:
van Vuuren, B.J.; Robinson, T.J. (2001). "Retrieval of four adaptive lineages in duiker antelope: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences and fluorescence in situ hybridization".
1657:. Similarly, they decrease intraspecific competition by being solitary, independent, and selective in eating habits. In consequence, disruption of the competitive balance in one
3020:
Redford, K.H. (1992). "The empty forest: many large mammals are already ecologically extinct in vast areas of neotropical forest where the vegetation still appears intact".
1556:, buds, and bark, and often following flocks of birds or troops of monkeys to take advantage of the fruit they drop. They supplement their diets with meat: duikers consume
1502:
of their habitat by human activities, such specialization of the niches are gradually becoming impaired and are contributing to the significant decrease in population.
3079:
2880:
1093:
3089:
Finnie, D. 2008. Cephalophus adersi. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 April 2013.
1379:
Because of their rarity and interspersed population, not much is known about duikers; thus, further generalizations are widely based on the most commonly studied
7835:
7688:
1372:. Duikers are very shy, elusive creatures with a fondness for dense cover; those that tend to live in more open areas, for example, are quick to disappear into
3051:
Wilkie, D.S.; Curran, B.; Tshombe, R.; Morelli, G.A. (1998). "Modeling the sustainability of subsistence farming and hunting in the Ituri forest of Zaire".
3119:
7919:
2264:
2068:
1768:
The greatest challenge facing the conservation of duikers is the lack of sufficient knowledge regarding these organisms, coupled with their unique
7809:
7662:
1772:. The need is to not only thoroughly understand their population dynamics, but also establish methods to differentiate among the various species.
1521:
Jarman found that the more selective an organism's diet is, the more dispersed its food will be, and consequently, the smaller the group becomes.
3149:
2347:
2163:
7914:
7909:
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rate, even with the protection provided by the conservationists, captive breeding would not increase the overall population's growth rate.
7924:
2775:
1761:
has been used and is often looked to as a solution to ensuring the survival of the duiker population; however, due to the duikers' low
2963:
Lunt, N.; Mhlanga, M. R. (2011). "Defecation rate variability in the common duiker: importance of food quality, season, sex and age".
2548:
2454:
Johnston, A.R.; Morikawa, M. K.; Ntie, S.; Anthony, N. M. (2011). "Evaluating DNA barcoding criteria using
African duiker antelope (
2329:
2300:
2246:
126:
1464:
Besides reproduction, duikers behave in highly independent manner and prefer to act alone. This may, in part, explain the limited
1637:
of duikers has a direct and critical relationship with their ecology. Disruption of balance in the system leads to unprecedented
2965:
2851:
Noss, A.J. (1998). "The
Impacts of Cable Snare Hunting on Wildlife Populations in the Forests of the CentralAfrican Republic".
3086:
Weber, W. 2001, African rain forest ecology and conservation: an interdisciplinary perspective. Yale
University Press: 201–202
2812:
Muchaal, P.K.; Ngandjui, G. (1999). "Impact of village hunting on wildlife populations in the western Dja
Reserve, Cameroon".
7827:
7680:
2853:
2814:
2155:
7814:
7667:
2318:
Ecology and conservation of small antelope: Proceedings of an international symposium on duiker and dwarf antelope in Africa
3501:
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1529:
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150:
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shown by most duiker species, excluding the common duiker, in which the females are distinctly larger than the males.
2149:
1710:
Duikers live in an environment where even a subtle change in their life patterns can greatly impact the surrounding
1695:
3570:
3142:
2891:
Newing, H (2001). "Bushmeat hunting and management: implications of duiker ecology and interspecific competition".
1360:
Duikers are split into two groups based on their habitat – forest and bush duikers. All forest species inhabit the
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7840:
7693:
6547:
3492:
3483:
1654:
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1642:
1334:- both mean "to dive", which refers to the practice of the animals to frequently dive into vegetation for cover.
1780:
The World Health
Organization (WHO) has identified the sale of duiker bushmeat as contributing to the spread of
1672:, stronger jaws, and wider necks, which allow them to consume lower-quality foods and larger fruits and seeds.
1615:
6334:
2781:
Anadu, P. A.; Elamah, P. O.; Oates, J. F. (1988). "The bushmeat trade in southwestern
Nigeria: a case study".
1737:
in
Central Africa. For example, in areas near the African rainforests, because people do not raise their own
1168:
continue to treat it as a subspecies. The Ruwenzori duiker is generally considered to be a subspecies of the
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6496:
6376:
4272:
3932:
3413:
2993:
Lydekker, R., 1926, The game animals of Africa, 2nd ed., revised by J. G. Dollman. London: Rowland Ward Ltd.
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1157:
31:
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1196:
into three distinct lineages - the giant duikers, east African red duikers, and west African red duikers.
1750:
species and incidental hunting of nontargeted or rare species (because hunting is largely nonselective).
1498:. However, although some species are yet to be considered endangered, because of the repeated damage and
7861:
7714:
4439:
3668:
3552:
3135:
3073:
2874:
1662:
1499:
1495:
1300:
7184:
6214:
1228:) were classified as the giant duikers. The east African red duikers include the black-fronted duiker (
7770:
7623:
7491:
7257:
7248:
7193:
6818:
6782:
6755:
6163:
6154:
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2408:
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1975:
1957:
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1634:
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1446:
1388:
1257:
1221:
1169:
794:
715:
524:
2754:
2010: Discovery of a new duiker species (Bovidae: Cephalophinae) from the Dahomey Gap, West Africa.
2215:
7437:
7139:
7130:
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6719:
6655:
6316:
6196:
6145:
3824:
3731:
3322:
2999:
2736:
WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans. Geneva, Switzerland, 1 April 2009
2016:
1966:
1893:
1769:
1684:
1505:
Due to their relative size and reserved nature, duikers' primary defense mechanism is to hide from
1408:
1396:
1354:
1213:
1160:
in 1998. Its status as a species was further seconded in a 2002 publication by Grubb and colleague
1141:
1102:
962:
555:
7894:
7761:
7614:
7524:
7515:
6809:
5934:
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4281:
3749:
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3422:
3105:
3039:
2982:
2910:
2839:
2800:
2493:
1920:
1704:
1619:
1241:
700:
306:, including three sometimes considered to be subspecies of the other species, form the subfamily
299:
145:
7866:
7719:
6887:
6827:
6791:
6737:
6710:
6701:
6325:
6307:
6241:
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1902:
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856:
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509:
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7157:
7148:
6836:
6764:
6692:
6523:
6505:
6358:
5308:
4703:
4694:
4546:
4448:
4227:
4194:
4137:
4007:
3534:
3395:
2544:
2485:
2436:
2372:
2325:
2296:
2242:
2169:
2159:
1948:
1929:
1911:
1831:
1380:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1249:
871:
761:
643:
437:
134:
7889:
7853:
7706:
7551:
7305:
7296:
7175:
7016:
7007:
6800:
6472:
6463:
6411:
6402:
6250:
6223:
6136:
5916:
5524:
4950:
4941:
4931:
4904:
4625:
4494:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3459:
3450:
3386:
3313:
3304:
3061:
3031:
3008:
2974:
2949:
2902:
2862:
2831:
2792:
2477:
2426:
2416:
2364:
2273:
2210:
2094:
1938:
1758:
1754:
1719:
1650:
1454:
1450:
1404:
1165:
1133:
1088:
271:
7281:
7272:
7220:
7211:
6992:
5849:
5840:
5317:
4913:
3965:
3875:
3713:
3525:
3404:
3377:
3368:
2997:
Jarman, P. J. (1974). "The Social Organisation of Antelope in Relation to Their Ecology".
2516:
2400:
2122:
1700:
1098:
1058:
1050:
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2117:
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2827:
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2412:
2360:
7481:
7419:
7049:
7040:
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6514:
6435:
6426:
6367:
6205:
5907:
5729:
5720:
5275:
5242:
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4712:
4522:
4397:
4236:
3224:
3196:
3053:
2431:
2391:
2277:
1797:
1753:
To avoid this outcome, viable methods of conserving duikers are access restriction and
1668:
Also, a correlation exists between body size and diet. Larger animals have more robust
1603:
1328:
1110:
393:
7775:
7628:
3113:
2241:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey (USA): Princeton University Press. p. 537.
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7883:
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3767:
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2201:
2145:
2048:
1585:, or both. Since the majority of the food source is available in the daytime, duiker
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1365:
480:
84:
2986:
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2770:
2511:
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5182:
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4209:
4176:
3947:
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3806:
3722:
2914:
1984:
1849:
1762:
1679:
Another critical influence that duikers have on the environment is acting as “seed
1308:
1293:
1265:
1189:
1161:
834:
612:
415:
227:
1733:. In fact, duikers are one of the most hunted animals both in terms of number and
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4305:
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2007:
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1607:
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1348:
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243:
202:
59:
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2776:
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences: New species of antelope discovered
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4871:
4838:
4615:
4421:
4338:
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3127:
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570:
255:
104:
69:
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in many different regions. Most species dwell in the tropical rainforests of
1476:” causing differences in the food sources among different species of duiker.
17:
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7349:
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6538:
6112:
6103:
6088:
6079:
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5515:
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4119:
4043:
3923:
3474:
3359:
3349:
3243:
3234:
3012:
2755:
2392:"A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily
2173:
1781:
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1711:
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1586:
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1304:
1181:
1054:
362:
162:
109:
7395:
2954:
2923:
2440:
2376:
2368:
2098:
1945:(may be a subspecies of the black-fronted duiker or the red-flanked duiker)
1569:
duikers do not rely on drinking water and can be found in waterless areas.
1176:). However, significant differences from another race of the same species,
1453:, which resemble slits under their eyes, or in the cases of blue duikers,
7740:
7593:
7337:
6965:
6637:
6349:
6187:
6127:
5792:
5491:
5023:
4968:
4856:
4685:
4161:
4152:
4128:
4016:
3890:
3640:
3516:
3212:
3190:
3178:
2978:
1730:
1623:
1599:
1506:
1033:
Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with
347:
295:
182:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
53:
7542:
7377:
7238:
7097:
6487:
6274:
6265:
6178:
6064:
6055:
6027:
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5687:
5651:
5566:
5562:
5533:
5458:
5146:
5019:
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3650:
3600:
3295:
3043:
2796:
1742:
1734:
1658:
1561:
1557:
1541:
1373:
1369:
1156:), Brooke's duiker was elevated to species status by British ecologist
1062:
303:
212:
114:
89:
49:
7801:
7654:
1517:
which factors contribute the most to their endangerment is difficult.
1087:(one species). The subfamily was first described by British zoologist
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5500:
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3848:
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3172:
1545:
1458:
1400:
192:
172:
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3035:
2543:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 669.
2295:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 272.
2088:
1461:. Males use secretions from these glands to mark their territories.
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7368:
6943:
6613:
6604:
5898:
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1883:
1785:
1694:
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1341:
2151:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1741:, many people of all classes rely on bushmeat as their source of
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5886:
5774:
5756:
5413:
5266:
4670:
4537:
4353:
3627:
3588:
1590:
the largest species, which is active during both day and night.
1264:). The third group, the west African red duikers, comprises the
7574:
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7334:
6940:
6023:
5558:
5015:
4477:
3623:
3209:
3131:
7166:
5765:
5711:
4643:
4025:
286:
3112:
1101:"Cephalophinae" probably comes from the combination of the
280:
2933:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1364:
of sub-Saharan Africa, while the only known bush duiker,
1714:. Two of the main factors that directly lead to duiker
1407:
and particularly the larger duiker species such as the
2396:: evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene"
283:
277:
7730:
7583:
7541:
7513:
7489:
7480:
7408:
7357:
7348:
7294:
7270:
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7237:
7119:
7086:
7062:
7029:
7005:
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6900:
6858:
6681:
6672:
6626:
6602:
6578:
6536:
6485:
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6424:
6400:
6393:
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6287:
6263:
6176:
6125:
6101:
6077:
6053:
6044:
5974:
5875:
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5838:
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5709:
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5489:
5411:
5387:
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4351:
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4117:
4093:
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3996:
3945:
3921:
3888:
3837:
3804:
3780:
3648:
3639:
3599:
3587:
3514:
3472:
3448:
3439:
3357:
3348:
3293:
3269:
3260:
3232:
3223:
274:
1303:) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the
1065:, three of which are sometimes considered to be
2262:Grubb, P. (1978). "A new antelope from Gabon".
2216:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136902A50198130.en
1094:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1069:of the other species. The three genera include
302:, found in heavily wooded areas. The 22 extant
1415:duikers, are now considered endangered by the
3143:
2541:The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion
2316:Cotterill, F.P.D. (2003). Plowman, A. (ed.).
8:
3078:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
2879:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
2928:) and Its Blood Protozoa in Central Africa"
2187:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016).
7571:
7486:
7477:
7463:
7354:
7345:
7331:
7243:
6960:
6951:
6937:
6678:
6458:
6397:
6050:
6041:
6020:
5872:
5646:
5585:
5576:
5555:
5033:
5012:
4936:
4809:
4772:
4735:
4620:
4499:
4490:
4474:
4066:
3645:
3636:
3620:
3445:
3354:
3266:
3229:
3220:
3206:
3150:
3136:
3128:
2966:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2239:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
125:
38:
2953:
2651:
2649:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2430:
2420:
2265:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2214:
2087:Database, Mammal Diversity (2021-11-06),
2069:List of even-toed ungulates by population
1726:have their major source of food reduced.
1972:(may be a subspecies of Ogilby's duiker)
1653:to be shared by others without distinct
1319:The common name "duiker" comes from the
2639:
2637:
2079:
1288:). However, the status of two species,
3071:
2872:
2539:Skinner, J.D.; Chimimba, C.T. (2005).
1075:(15 species and three disputed taxa),
2348:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
3123:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911.
2836:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002385.x
2390:Johnston, A.R; Anthony, N.M (2012).
1661:often cascades its effect on to the
1148:). Considered to be a subspecies of
2202:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1427:Duikers range from the 3-kilogram (
1417:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
940:
849:
827:
739:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
636:
548:
502:
495:
473:
466:
459:
452:
430:
408:
386:
340:
333:
326:
2278:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01048.x
1683:for some plants”. They maintain a
1299:In 2012, Anne R. Johnston (of the
25:
1496:coexist by limiting niche overlap
1489:In 2001, Helen Newing's study in
294:is a small to medium-sized brown
7920:Extant Miocene first appearances
3099:
3066:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96156.x
2867:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96027.x
1445:to the 70 kg (150 lb)
1307:Cephalophinae (duiker) based on
270:
149:
3502:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2924:"Investigations on the Duiker (
2771:The African Wildlife Foundation
1729:Duikers are often captured for
1057:Cephalophinae) comprises three
4291:Central American red brocket (
2517:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2291:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011).
2156:Johns Hopkins University Press
2148:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
2123:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1164:. However, zoologists such as
1120:The three disputed species in
1:
2894:Biodiversity and Conservation
4998:Large subfamily listed below
4986:Large subfamily listed below
4974:Large subfamily listed below
7915:Afrikaans words and phrases
7910:Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa
3493:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3484:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1676:rather poor-quality foods.
1353:skeleton on display at the
1053:Cephalophini (formerly the
7941:
7925:Taxa named by Edward Blyth
1795:
1699:Red-flanked duiker at the
1594:Distribution and abundance
29:
7476:
7462:
7429:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7420:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7344:
7330:
6984:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6950:
6936:
6040:
6019:
5575:
5554:
5032:
5011:
4489:
4473:
4273:Amazonian brown brocket (
3635:
3619:
3606:Large family listed below
3594:Large family listed below
3571:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3219:
3205:
3167:
2482:10.1007/s10592-011-0220-2
2090:Mammal Diversity Database
1655:interspecific competition
1256:), Ruwenzori duiker, and
960:
945:
938:
869:
854:
847:
832:
825:
792:
759:
744:
737:
713:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
641:
634:
610:
568:
553:
546:
522:
507:
500:
493:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
435:
428:
413:
406:
391:
384:
360:
345:
338:
331:
240:
235:
146:Scientific classification
144:
133:
124:
41:
5670:Domestic water buffalo (
4035:Central Asian red deer (
3660:Bornean yellow muntjac (
2422:10.1186/1471-2148-12-120
1685:mutualistic relationship
1616:Central African Republic
1109:, meaning head, and the
6548:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6335:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4440:Yucatan brown brocket (
3669:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3553:Philippine mouse-deer (
3120:Encyclopædia Britannica
3013:10.1163/156853974x00345
2907:10.1023/a:1016671524034
32:Duiker (disambiguation)
7258:White-lipped peccary (
7194:Philippine warty pig (
6819:Yellow-backed duiker (
6783:Black-fronted duiker (
6756:White-bellied duiker (
6377:Przewalski's gazelle (
5600:Four-horned antelope (
4398:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3957:Visayan spotted deer (
3816:European fallow deer (
3759:Northern red muntjac (
3705:Southern red muntjac (
3068:(inactive 2024-06-18).
2955:10.1098/rstb.1969.0003
2869:(inactive 2024-06-18).
2369:10.1006/mpev.2001.0962
2209:: e.T136902A50198130.
2099:10.5281/zenodo.5651212
1889:
1707:
1536:Duikers are primarily
1533:
1466:sexual size dimorphism
1423:Anatomy and physiology
1357:
318:Taxonomy and phylogeny
139:Cephalophus natalensis
27:Subfamily of antelopes
7862:Paleobiology Database
7715:Paleobiology Database
7438:Wild Bactrian camel (
7140:Bornean bearded pig (
7131:Palawan bearded pig (
6720:White-legged duiker (
6146:Red-fronted gazelle (
3825:Persian fallow deer (
3741:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3414:Himalayan musk deer (
3323:Reticulated giraffe (
2922:Keymer, I.F. (1969).
2461:Conservation Genetics
1887:
1718:are habitat loss and
1698:
1532:
1500:habitat fragmentation
1349:Philantomba monticola
1345:
1301:University of Orleans
1081:(three species), and
7525:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7185:Oliver's warty pig (
6810:Red-flanked duiker (
6215:Erlanger's gazelle (
5935:Harnessed bushbuck (
5661:Wild water buffalo (
5138:East Caucasian tur (
5129:West Caucasian tur (
4282:Little red brocket (
3750:Truong Son muntjac (
3562:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3544:Greater mouse-deer (
3423:Siberian musk deer (
2979:10.3957/056.041.0113
2854:Conservation Biology
2815:Conservation Biology
2237:J., Kingdon (2015).
1976:Yellow-backed duiker
1958:White-bellied duiker
1888:Yellow-backed duiker
1859:Black-fronted duiker
1665:in another habitat.
1447:yellow-backed duiker
1296:, remained dubious.
1272:), Ogilby's duiker,
1258:white-bellied duiker
1222:yellow-backed duiker
1170:black-fronted duiker
1039:, based on Johnston
795:White-bellied duiker
716:Black-fronted duiker
525:Yellow-backed duiker
30:For other uses, see
7158:Celebes warty pig (
7149:Visayan warty pig (
6765:Red forest duiker (
6497:Günther's dik-dik (
6359:Mongolian gazelle (
6164:Heuglin's gazelle (
6155:Thomson's gazelle (
5309:Long-tailed goral (
4704:Mountain reedbuck (
4695:Southern reedbuck (
4547:East African oryx (
4449:White-tailed deer (
4228:Small red brocket (
4195:South Andean deer (
4138:Siberian roe deer (
4129:European roe deer (
3966:Philippine sambar (
3933:Père David's deer (
3535:Lesser mouse-deer (
3396:Kashmir musk deer (
2946:1969RSPTB.255...33K
2828:1999ConBi..13..385M
2474:2011ConG...12.1173J
2458:) as a test case".
2413:2012BMCEE..12..120J
2361:2001MolPE..20..409V
2324:. pp. 59–118.
2191:Cephalophus ogilbyi
1967:White-legged duiker
1770:population dynamics
1663:competitive balance
1397:tropical rainforest
1355:Museum of Osteology
1180:, with which it is
1142:white-legged duiker
7306:Collared peccary (
7176:Flores warty pig (
7017:Giant forest hog (
6879:Maxwell's duiker (
6801:Ruwenzori duiker (
6747:Jentink's duiker (
6656:Sharpe's grysbok (
6412:Tibetan antelope (
6317:Bright's gazelle (
6251:Goitered gazelle (
6224:Mountain gazelle (
6197:Cuvier's gazelle (
6137:Mongalla gazelle (
5525:Pyrenean chamois (
4951:Tibetan antelope (
4905:Black wildebeest (
3732:Reeves's muntjac (
3696:Sumatran muntjac (
3687:Gongshan muntjac (
3460:Water chevrotain (
3387:Alpine musk deer (
3314:Southern giraffe (
3305:Northern giraffe (
2926:Sylvicapra grimmia
2797:10.1007/BF00888092
1921:Red-flanked duiker
1890:
1804:Tribe Cephalophini
1708:
1705:San Antonio, Texas
1598:Duikers are found
1534:
1393:common grey duiker
1366:grey common duiker
1358:
1242:red-flanked duiker
701:Red-flanked duiker
300:sub-Saharan Africa
7877:
7876:
7849:Open Tree of Life
7702:Open Tree of Life
7577:Taxon identifiers
7568:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7537:
7536:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7282:Chacoan peccary (
7233:
7232:
7221:Javan warty pig (
7212:Timor warty pig (
7019:H. meinertzhageni
6993:Togian babirusa (
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6888:Walter's duiker (
6828:Abbott's duiker (
6792:Ogilby's duiker (
6738:Harvey's duiker (
6702:Brooke's duiker (
6668:
6667:
6448:
6447:
6389:
6388:
6326:Peter's gazelle (
6308:Grant's gazelle (
6242:Speke's gazelle (
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
5892:
5862:
5861:
5850:African buffalo (
5681:B. depressicornis
5636:
5635:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5318:Himalayan goral (
5140:C. cylindricornis
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4963:
4962:
4926:
4925:
4914:Blue wildebeest (
4848:Common tsessebe (
4799:
4798:
4762:
4761:
4725:
4724:
4637:K. ellipsiprymnus
4610:
4609:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4409:P. mephistophiles
4365:P. mephistophiles
4056:
4055:
3752:M. truongsonensis
3714:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3583:
3582:
3526:Java mouse-deer (
3435:
3434:
3405:Black musk deer (
3378:Dwarf musk deer (
3369:Anhui musk deer (
3344:
3343:
3307:G. camelopardalis
3256:
3255:
2520:. Merriam-Webster
2293:Ungulate Taxonomy
2165:978-0-8018-8221-0
2126:. Merriam-Webster
1930:Red forest duiker
1776:Bushmeat industry
1670:digestive systems
1573:Activity patterns
1451:preorbital glands
1250:red forest duiker
1117:, meaning crest.
1047:
1046:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
982:
981:
973:
972:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
814:
813:
805:
804:
781:
780:
772:
771:
762:Red forest duiker
726:
725:
623:
622:
599:
598:
590:
589:
581:
580:
535:
534:
373:
372:
263:
262:
231:
135:Red forest duiker
16:(Redirected from
7932:
7900:Bovids of Africa
7870:
7869:
7857:
7856:
7844:
7843:
7831:
7830:
7818:
7817:
7805:
7804:
7792:
7791:
7779:
7778:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7723:
7722:
7710:
7709:
7697:
7696:
7684:
7683:
7671:
7670:
7658:
7657:
7645:
7644:
7632:
7631:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7572:
7487:
7478:
7464:
7355:
7346:
7332:
7244:
7050:Common warthog (
7041:Desert warthog (
6961:
6952:
6938:
6837:Weyns's duiker (
6711:Peters' duiker (
6693:Aders's duiker (
6679:
6566:Royal antelope (
6524:Salt's dik-dik (
6515:Silver dik-dik (
6506:Kirk's dik-dik (
6459:
6436:Saiga antelope (
6398:
6337:N. soemmerringii
6206:Dorcas gazelle (
6051:
6042:
6035:
6021:
5908:Mountain nyala (
5891:
5890:
5882:
5873:
5828:P. nghetinhensis
5730:European bison (
5721:American bison (
5647:
5586:
5577:
5570:
5556:
5432:Domestic sheep (
5276:Himalayan tahr (
5243:Mainland serow (
5225:Japanese serow (
5034:
5027:
5013:
4937:
4810:
4773:
4736:
4713:Bohor reedbuck (
4621:
4600:A. nasomaculatus
4523:Sable antelope (
4500:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4237:Merida brocket (
4067:
4008:Thorold's deer (
3860:A. calamianensis
3743:M. rooseveltorum
3689:M. gongshanensis
3646:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3446:
3355:
3334:G. tippelskirchi
3267:
3230:
3221:
3207:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3104:Data related to
3103:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3047:
3016:
3007:(1–4): 215–267.
2990:
2959:
2957:
2918:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2847:
2808:
2750:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2644:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2154:(3rd ed.).
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2084:
2017:Maxwell's duiker
1939:Ruwenzori duiker
1894:Jentink's duiker
1759:Captive breeding
1755:captive breeding
1720:overexploitation
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1376:for protection.
1214:Jentink's duiker
1166:Jonathan Kingdon
1134:Ruwenzori duiker
1089:John Edward Gray
963:Maxwell's duiker
941:
850:
828:
740:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
637:
556:Jentink's duiker
549:
503:
496:
474:
467:
460:
453:
431:
409:
387:
341:
334:
327:
322:
321:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
226:
154:
153:
129:
119:
56:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7865:
7860:
7852:
7847:
7839:
7834:
7826:
7821:
7813:
7808:
7800:
7795:
7787:
7782:
7774:
7769:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7726:
7718:
7713:
7705:
7700:
7692:
7687:
7679:
7674:
7666:
7661:
7653:
7648:
7640:
7635:
7627:
7622:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7579:
7569:
7556:
7533:
7509:
7472:
7446:
7404:
7340:
7314:
7290:
7266:
7229:
7196:S. philippensis
7133:S. ahoenobarbus
7115:
7107:Red river hog (
7082:
7058:
7025:
7001:
6975:Buru babirusa (
6946:
6920:
6912:Common duiker (
6896:
6854:
6664:
6622:
6598:
6574:
6532:
6481:
6444:
6420:
6385:
6370:P. picticaudata
6343:
6283:
6259:
6253:G. subgutturosa
6172:
6121:
6097:
6073:
6036:
6025:
6003:
5970:
5962:Cape bushbuck (
5955:T. strepsiceros
5884:
5883:
5881:
5858:
5834:
5810:
5705:
5697:Mountain anoa (
5632:
5626:B. tragocamelus
5608:
5602:T. quadricornis
5571:
5560:
5542:
5509:
5485:
5441:Bighorn sheep (
5407:
5383:
5359:
5351:Mountain goat (
5335:
5327:Chinese goral (
5284:
5260:
5245:C. sumatraensis
5209:
5192:Siberian ibex (
5156:Domestic goat (
5104:
5080:
5056:
5048:Barbary sheep (
5028:
5017:
4999:
4987:
4975:
4959:
4922:
4889:
4865:
4832:
4795:
4758:
4721:
4679:
4606:
4582:
4556:Scimitar oryx (
4531:
4514:Roan antelope (
4485:
4479:
4457:
4415:
4407:Northern pudu (
4381:
4373:Southern pudu (
4363:Northern pudu (
4347:
4323:
4299:
4264:Pygmy brocket (
4246:Dwarf brocket (
4203:
4170:
4146:
4113:
4089:
4052:
3992:
3941:
3917:
3884:
3858:Calamian deer (
3833:
3827:D. mesopotamica
3800:
3776:
3770:M. vuquangensis
3768:Giant muntjac (
3678:Fea's muntjac (
3631:
3625:
3607:
3595:
3579:
3510:
3468:
3431:
3389:M. chrysogaster
3340:
3332:Masai giraffe (
3289:
3252:
3215:
3201:
3163:
3156:
3111:
3096:
3094:Further reading
3070:
3050:
3036:10.2307/1311860
3019:
2996:
2962:
2940:(798): 33–108.
2921:
2890:
2871:
2850:
2811:
2780:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2558:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2401:BMC Evol. Biol.
2389:
2388:
2384:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2322:Filander-Verlag
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2166:
2158:. p. 712.
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2026:Walter's duiker
1903:Ogilby's duiker
1877:Harvey's duiker
1868:Brooke's duiker
1823:Abbott's duiker
1800:
1794:
1778:
1701:San Antonio Zoo
1693:
1632:
1596:
1577:Duikers can be
1575:
1527:
1487:
1482:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1340:
1317:
1234:Harvey's duiker
1198:Abbott's duiker
1178:C. n. kivuensis
1150:Ogilby's duiker
1126:Brooke's duiker
1099:scientific name
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
857:Ogilby's duiker
815:
806:
782:
773:
747:Harvey's duiker
727:
624:
600:
591:
582:
536:
510:Abbott's duiker
374:
320:
273:
269:
253:
247:
225:
148:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7938:
7936:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7882:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7858:
7845:
7832:
7819:
7806:
7793:
7780:
7767:
7752:
7736:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7711:
7698:
7685:
7672:
7659:
7646:
7633:
7620:
7605:
7589:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7527:C. liberiensis
7521:
7519:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7501:Hippopotamus (
7497:
7495:
7484:
7482:Hippopotamidae
7474:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7435:
7431:C. dromedarius
7426:
7416:
7414:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7393:
7384:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7352:
7342:
7341:
7335:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7278:
7276:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7254:
7252:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7218:
7214:S. timoriensis
7209:
7200:
7191:
7182:
7173:
7167:Domestic pig (
7164:
7155:
7146:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7047:
7043:P. aethiopicus
7037:
7035:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7013:
7011:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:B. togeanensis
6990:
6981:
6971:
6969:
6958:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6885:
6876:
6866:
6864:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6846:Zebra duiker (
6843:
6834:
6825:
6821:C. silvicultor
6816:
6807:
6798:
6789:
6780:
6774:Black duiker (
6771:
6762:
6758:C. leucogaster
6753:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6653:
6647:Cape grysbok (
6644:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6590:Klipspringer (
6586:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6563:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6521:
6517:M. piacentinii
6512:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6408:
6406:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:P. przewalskii
6374:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6299:Dama gazelle (
6295:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6248:
6239:
6233:Rhim gazelle (
6230:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6091:A. marsupialis
6085:
6083:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6048:
6038:
6037:
6024:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5995:Common eland (
5992:
5982:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5959:
5953:Greater kudu (
5950:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5914:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5844:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5766:Domestic yak (
5763:
5754:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5694:
5690:B. mindorensis
5685:
5679:Lowland anoa (
5676:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5583:
5573:
5572:
5559:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5456:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5399:Nilgiri tahr (
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5296:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5252:Taiwan serow (
5249:
5240:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5198:
5189:
5183:Iberian ibex (
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5072:Arabian tahr (
5068:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5030:
5029:
5016:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4710:
4706:R. fulvorufula
4701:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4574:Arabian oryx (
4571:
4562:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:O. virginianus
4446:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4359:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:O. bezoarticus
4311:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4257:M. gouazoubira
4255:Gray brocket (
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4010:C. albirostris
4004:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:E. cephalophus
3788:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3723:Leaf muntjac (
3720:
3716:M. puhoatensis
3711:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:T. williamsoni
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:M. moschiferus
3420:
3416:M. leucogaster
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3380:M. berezovskii
3375:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3227:
3225:Antilocapridae
3217:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3197:Laurasiatheria
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3114:"Duiker"
3109:
3108:at Wikispecies
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3054:Conserv. Biol.
3048:
3017:
2994:
2991:
2960:
2919:
2888:
2885:
2861:(2): 390–398.
2848:
2822:(2): 385–396.
2809:
2791:(2): 199–208.
2778:
2773:
2768:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2664:Lydekker 1926.
2657:
2645:
2633:
2611:
2609:IUCN Red List.
2602:
2556:
2549:
2531:
2503:
2468:(5): 1173–82.
2446:
2382:
2337:
2330:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2254:
2247:
2229:
2179:
2164:
2137:
2109:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1980:C. silvicultor
1973:
1964:
1962:C. leucogaster
1955:
1949:Weyns's duiker
1946:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1912:Peters' duiker
1909:
1900:
1891:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1832:Aders's duiker
1829:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1798:List of bovids
1793:
1790:
1777:
1774:
1692:
1689:
1631:
1628:
1595:
1592:
1574:
1571:
1526:
1523:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1424:
1421:
1339:
1336:
1316:
1313:
1290:Aders's duiker
1282:Weyns's duiker
1274:Peters' duiker
1262:C. leucogaster
1226:C. silvicultor
1192:study divided
1045:
1044:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
989:
988:
985:
984:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
967:
966:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
944:
939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
925:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:Peters' duiker
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
853:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
831:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
798:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
743:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
720:
719:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:Aders's duiker
640:
635:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
617:
616:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
597:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
575:
574:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
552:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
529:
528:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:Kirk's dik-dik
434:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
412:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:Royal antelope
390:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
367:
366:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
319:
316:
261:
260:
238:
237:
233:
232:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7937:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7905:Mammal tribes
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7776:Cephalophinae
7772:
7768:
7763:
7762:Cephalophinae
7757:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7732:Cephalophinae
7729:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7629:Cephalophinae
7625:
7621:
7616:
7615:Cephalophinae
7610:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7585:Cephalophinae
7582:
7578:
7573:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7530:
7528:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7443:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7422:C. bactrianus
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7329:
7311:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7224:
7223:S. verrucosus
7219:
7217:
7215:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7169:S. domesticus
7165:
7163:
7161:
7160:S. celebensis
7156:
7154:
7152:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7089:Potamochoerus
7085:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6998:
6996:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6986:B. celebensis
6982:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6935:
6917:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6870:Blue duiker (
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6785:C. nigrifrons
6781:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6767:C. natalensis
6763:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6713:C. callipygus
6709:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6640:R. campestris
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6592:O. oreotragus
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6235:G. leptoceros
6231:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6139:E. albonotata
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6115:A. cervicapra
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6018:
6000:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5986:Giant eland (
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5964:T. sylvaticus
5960:
5958:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5926:Lesser kudu (
5924:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5741:B. domesticus
5739:Bali cattle (
5737:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5443:O. canadensis
5439:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5390:Nilgiritragus
5386:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5353:O. americanus
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5278:H. jemlahicus
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5174:Nubian ibex (
5172:
5170:
5168:
5165:Alpine ibex (
5163:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Pantholopinae
4929:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4883:A. buselaphus
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4787:Grey rhebok (
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Aepycerotinae
4728:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4662:Nile lechwe (
4660:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:Hippotraginae
4492:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4341:B. dichotomus
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4315:Pampas deer (
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4275:M. nemorivaga
4271:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4219:Red brocket (
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4188:H. antisensis
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4028:C. canadensis
4024:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3977:R. timorensis
3973:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3935:E. davidianus
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3902:R. duvaucelii
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3867:Bawean deer (
3865:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3792:Tufted deer (
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3725:M. putaoensis
3721:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3671:M. crinifrons
3667:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3564:T. versicolor
3560:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3371:M. anhuiensis
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3325:G. reticulata
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3106:Cephalophinae
3102:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:(1): 99–118.
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:Human Ecology
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2718:Muchall 1999.
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2691:Redford 1992.
2688:
2685:
2682:Muchaal 1999.
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:9780521844185
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:Cephalophinae
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:Cephalophinae
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:(3): 409–25.
2354:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2331:9783930831524
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2302:9781421400938
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2272:(4): 373–80.
2271:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:9780691164533
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:Wilson, D. E.
2141:
2138:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:"Cephalophus"
2113:
2110:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2049:Common duiker
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:C. natalensis
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:C. callipygus
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:C. nigrifrons
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:intraspecific
1644:
1643:interspecific
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:sympatrically
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:yellow-backed
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:Blue duiker (
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1309:mitochondrial
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:C. callipygus
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:C. natalensis
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:C. nigrifrons
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:C. nigrifrons
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:C. nigrifrons
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
978:
977:
969:
968:
965:
964:
958:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
943:
942:
936:
935:
932:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
905:
904:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
874:
873:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
852:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
830:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
810:
809:
801:
800:
797:
796:
790:
789:
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
764:
763:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
742:
741:
735:
734:
731:
730:
722:
721:
718:
717:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
696:
695:
689:
688:
682:
681:
675:
674:
668:
667:
661:
660:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
639:
638:
632:
631:
628:
627:
619:
618:
615:
614:
608:
607:
604:
603:
595:
594:
586:
585:
577:
576:
573:
572:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
551:
550:
544:
543:
540:
539:
531:
530:
527:
526:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
505:
504:
498:
497:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
481:Common duiker
476:
475:
469:
468:
462:
461:
455:
454:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
411:
410:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
389:
388:
382:
381:
378:
377:
369:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
324:
323:
317:
315:
313:
310:or the tribe
309:
308:Cephalophinae
305:
301:
297:
291:
268:
259:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
239:
234:
229:
224:
223:Cephalophinae
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Cephalophinae
7731:
7584:
7526:
7514:
7503:H. amphibius
7502:
7492:Hippopotamus
7490:
7470:Whippomorpha
7439:
7430:
7421:
7409:
7397:
7388:
7379:
7370:
7358:
7307:
7295:
7283:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7222:
7213:
7204:
7195:
7186:
7177:
7168:
7159:
7151:S. cebifrons
7150:
7141:
7132:
7120:
7108:
7099:
7087:
7075:
7063:
7052:P. africanus
7051:
7042:
7032:Phacochoerus
7030:
7018:
7006:
6994:
6985:
6977:B. babyrussa
6976:
6964:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6881:P. maxwellii
6880:
6872:P. monticola
6871:
6860:
6859:
6847:
6838:
6829:
6820:
6812:C. rufilatus
6811:
6802:
6793:
6784:
6775:
6766:
6757:
6748:
6739:
6730:
6729:Bay duiker (
6722:C. crusalbum
6721:
6712:
6703:
6694:
6683:
6682:
6674:Cephalophini
6673:
6657:
6649:R. melanotis
6648:
6639:
6627:
6615:
6603:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6559:N. moschatus
6558:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6516:
6507:
6499:M. guentheri
6498:
6486:
6475:D. megalotis
6474:
6462:
6437:
6425:
6414:P. hodgsonii
6413:
6401:
6378:
6369:
6361:P. gutturosa
6360:
6348:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6288:
6276:
6264:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6217:G. erlangeri
6216:
6207:
6198:
6190:G. bennettii
6189:
6177:
6165:
6157:E. thomsonii
6156:
6148:E. rufifrons
6147:
6138:
6126:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6078:
6066:
6054:
5996:
5988:T. derbianus
5987:
5975:
5963:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5919:T. eurycerus
5918:
5909:
5900:
5876:
5868:Tragelaphini
5851:
5839:
5827:
5815:
5803:
5794:
5786:B. javanicus
5785:
5776:
5768:B. grunniens
5767:
5758:
5750:B. frontalis
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5710:
5698:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5650:
5625:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5536:R. rupicapra
5535:
5527:R. pyrenaica
5526:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5478:
5469:
5468:Snow sheep (
5460:
5451:
5450:Dall sheep (
5442:
5433:
5424:
5412:
5401:N. hylocrius
5400:
5388:
5377:O. moschatus
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5319:
5310:
5301:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5201:Walia ibex (
5193:
5185:C. pyrenaica
5184:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5149:C. falconeri
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5109:
5098:B. taxicolor
5097:
5085:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5037:
4953:P. hodgsonii
4952:
4940:
4915:
4906:
4896:Connochaetes
4894:
4882:
4881:Hartebeest (
4870:
4858:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4805:Alcelaphinae
4789:P. capreolus
4788:
4776:
4751:
4739:
4714:
4705:
4697:R. arundinum
4696:
4684:
4672:
4664:K. megaceros
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4624:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4515:
4503:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4399:
4386:
4374:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4339:Marsh deer (
4328:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4221:M. americana
4220:
4208:
4196:
4187:
4177:Hippocamelus
4175:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4131:C. capreolus
4130:
4118:
4106:
4105:Water deer (
4094:
4082:
4070:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3976:
3968:R. mariannus
3967:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3909:Eld's deer (
3901:
3900:Barasingha (
3889:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3761:M. vaginalis
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3662:M. atherodes
3661:
3649:
3572:
3563:
3555:T. nigricans
3554:
3545:
3536:
3528:T. javanicus
3527:
3515:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3473:
3462:H. aquaticus
3461:
3449:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3358:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3294:
3283:O. johnstoni
3282:
3270:
3246:A. americana
3245:
3233:
3195:Superorder:
3189:Infraclass:
3160:Artiodactyla
3118:
3074:cite journal
3057:
3052:
3027:
3021:
3004:
2998:
2973:(1): 29–35.
2970:
2964:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2898:
2892:
2875:cite journal
2858:
2852:
2819:
2813:
2788:
2782:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2700:Wilkie 1998.
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2655:Keymer 1969.
2631:Jarman 1974.
2605:
2600:Newing 2001.
2540:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2317:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2238:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2206:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2102:, retrieved
2089:
2082:
2052:
2039:
2029:
2021:P. maxwellii
2020:
2012:P. monticola
2011:
1998:
1988:
1985:Zebra duiker
1979:
1970:C. crusalbum
1969:
1961:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1925:C. rufilatus
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1850:Black duiker
1844:
1835:
1826:
1813:
1803:
1779:
1767:
1763:reproductive
1752:
1748:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1691:Conservation
1678:
1674:
1667:
1635:Conservation
1633:
1597:
1576:
1567:
1540:rather than
1535:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1488:
1485:Interactions
1470:
1463:
1455:pedal glands
1426:
1378:
1359:
1347:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1298:
1294:zebra duiker
1285:
1277:
1269:
1266:black duiker
1261:
1253:
1246:C. rufilatus
1245:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1190:phylogenetic
1187:
1177:
1173:
1162:Colin Groves
1153:
1146:C. crusalbum
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1048:
1040:
1034:
961:
946:
870:
855:
835:Black duiker
833:
793:
760:
745:
714:
699:
642:
613:Zebra duiker
611:
569:
554:
523:
508:
479:
436:
416:Klipspringer
414:
392:
361:
346:
312:Cephalophini
311:
307:
266:
264:
254:
248:
242:
241:
222:
203:Artiodactyla
138:
36:
7797:iNaturalist
7756:Wikispecies
7650:iNaturalist
7609:Wikispecies
7380:L. guanicoe
7239:Tayassuidae
7203:Wild boar (
7142:S. barbatus
7100:P. larvatus
7076:P. salvania
7074:Pygmy hog (
7008:Hylochoerus
6861:Philantomba
6749:C. jentinki
6731:C. dorsalis
6684:Cephalophus
6568:N. pygmaeus
6526:M. saltiana
6464:Dorcatragus
6438:S. tatarica
6328:N. petersii
6266:Litocranius
6166:E. tilonura
6113:Blackbuck (
6089:Springbok (
6032:Antilopinae
6030:(subfamily
5977:Taurotragus
5944:Sitatunga (
5937:T. scriptus
5928:T. imberbis
5885:(including
5878:Tragelaphus
5699:B. quarlesi
5581:Boselaphini
5565:(subfamily
5470:O. nivicola
5311:N. caudatus
5300:Red goral (
5291:Naemorhedus
5254:C. swinhoei
5234:Red serow (
5216:Capricornis
5194:C. sibirica
5131:C. caucasia
5122:C. aegagrus
5120:Wild goat (
5074:A. jayakari
5063:Arabitragus
5022:(subfamily
4993:Antilopinae
4916:C. taurinus
4859:D. pygargus
4752:A. melampus
4673:K. vardonii
4635:Waterbuck (
4576:O. leucoryx
4505:Hippotragus
4433:O. hemionus
4431:Mule deer (
4330:Blastocerus
4239:M. bricenii
4197:H. bisulcus
4164:R. tarandus
4140:C. pygargus
4062:Capreolinae
4044:Sika deer (
3986:R. unicolor
3975:Rusa deer (
3878:A. porcinus
3698:M. montanus
3495:M. kathygre
3244:Pronghorn (
3235:Antilocapra
3060:: 137–147.
3030:: 412–422.
2727:Anadu 1988.
2524:17 February
2222:13 November
2130:11 February
2008:Blue duiker
1999:Philantomba
1898:C. jentinki
1845:C. dorsalis
1814:Cephalophus
1782:filoviruses
1639:competition
1620:Dja Reserve
1608:West Africa
1491:West Africa
1443:blue duiker
1362:rainforests
1338:Description
1218:C. jentinki
1210:C. dorsalis
1194:Cephalophus
1158:Peter Grubb
1140:), and the
1122:Cephalophus
1091:in 1871 in
1078:Philantomba
1072:Cephalophus
1036:Tragelaphus
948:Blue duiker
250:Philantomba
244:Cephalophus
219:Subfamily:
7884:Categories
7516:Choeropsis
7398:L. vicugna
7284:C. wagneri
7187:S. oliveri
7178:S. heureni
6914:S. grimmia
6903:Sylvicapra
6890:P. walteri
6803:C. rubidis
6794:C. ogilbyi
6740:C. harveyi
6704:C. brookei
6658:R. sharpei
6638:Steenbok (
6629:Raphicerus
6581:Oreotragus
6454:Neotragini
6403:Pantholops
6319:N. notatus
6277:L. walleri
6226:G. gazella
6199:G. cuvieri
6188:Chinkara (
6080:Antidorcas
6067:A. clarkei
6056:Ammodorcas
6046:Antilopini
5946:T. spekeii
5910:T. buxtoni
5901:T. angasii
5793:Wild yak (
5777:B. indicus
5732:B. bonasus
5672:B. bubalis
5615:Boselaphus
5591:Tetracerus
5461:O. gmelini
5329:N. griseus
5302:N. baileyi
5267:Hemitragus
5236:C. rubidus
5227:C. crispus
5176:C. nubiana
5039:Ammotragus
4942:Pantholops
4872:Alcelaphus
4857:Bontebok (
4850:D. lunatus
4839:Damaliscus
4826:B. hunteri
4715:R. redunca
4616:Reduncinae
4567:O. gazella
4516:H. equinus
4442:O. pandora
4422:Odocoileus
4306:Ozotoceros
4162:Reindeer (
4107:H. inermis
4096:Hydropotes
4019:C. elaphus
4017:Red deer (
3959:R. alfredi
3876:Hog deer (
3734:M. reevesi
3707:M. muntjak
3537:T. kanchil
3504:M. meminna
3451:Hyemoschus
3441:Tragulidae
3398:M. cupreus
3316:G. giraffa
3262:Giraffidae
3213:Ruminantia
3023:BioScience
2743:References
2709:Weber 2001
2673:Noss 2000.
2643:Lunt 2011.
2104:2022-01-30
2053:S. grimmia
2040:Sylvicapra
2030:P. walteri
1943:C. rubidus
1907:C. ogilbyi
1881:C. harveyi
1872:C. brookei
1841:Bay duiker
1796:See also:
1716:extinction
1681:dispersers
1612:Mossapoula
1548:, shoots,
1511:defecation
1381:red forest
1311:analysis.
1238:C. harveyi
1220:) and the
1206:bay duiker
1138:C. rubidis
1130:C. brookei
1084:Sylvicapra
1067:subspecies
571:Bay duiker
298:native to
256:Sylvicapra
7895:Antelopes
7600:Q16627544
7468:Suborder
7378:Guanaco (
7350:Camelidae
7336:Suborder
7308:D. tajacu
7297:Dicotyles
7273:Catagonus
7260:T. pecari
7205:S. scrofa
7109:P. porcus
7098:Bushpig (
6966:Babyrousa
6942:Suborder
6839:C. weynsi
6830:C. spadix
6695:C. adersi
6616:O. ourebi
6550:N. batesi
6539:Neotragus
6508:M. kirkii
6310:N. granti
6275:Gerenuk (
6244:G. spekei
6208:G. dorcas
6065:Dibatag (
5852:S. caffer
5817:Pseudoryx
5804:B. taurus
5784:Banteng (
5759:B. gaurus
5688:Tamaraw (
5534:Chamois (
5516:Rupicapra
5503:P. nayaur
5479:O. vignei
5459:Mouflon (
5158:C. hircus
5147:Markhor (
5050:A. lervia
4815:Beatragus
4741:Aepyceros
4565:Gemsbok (
4558:O. dammah
4400:P. carlae
4293:M. temama
4284:M. rufina
4248:M. chunyi
4230:M. bororo
4120:Capreolus
4046:C. nippon
4037:C. hanglu
3924:Elaphurus
3869:A. kuhlii
3783:Elaphodus
3651:Muntiacus
3486:M. indica
3475:Moschiola
3407:M. fuscus
3350:Moschidae
3211:Suborder
3171:Kingdom:
3000:Behaviour
2805:153348855
2749:Colyn, M.
2490:1572-9737
1953:C. weynsi
1836:C. adersi
1827:C. spadix
1739:livestock
1712:ecosystem
1587:evolution
1583:nocturnal
1544:, eating
1507:predators
1480:Behaviour
1474:ingestion
1457:on their
1409:Jentink's
1399:zones of
1368:occupies
1321:Afrikaans
1315:Etymology
1305:subfamily
1286:C. weynsi
1202:C. spadix
1182:sympatric
1103:New Latin
1055:subfamily
363:Sitatunga
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
7828:14200865
7741:Wikidata
7681:14200865
7594:Wikidata
7440:C. ferus
7396:Vicuña (
7389:L. pacos
7387:Alpaca (
7371:L. glama
7338:Tylopoda
6848:C. zebra
6776:C. niger
6350:Procapra
6128:Eudorcas
6104:Antilope
5841:Syncerus
5802:Cattle (
5795:B. mutus
5723:B. bison
5663:B. arnee
5624:Nilgai (
5501:Bharal (
5492:Pseudois
5452:O. dalli
5434:O. aries
5425:O. ammon
5423:Argali (
5375:Muskox (
5342:Oreamnos
5320:N. goral
5203:C. walie
5087:Budorcas
5024:Caprinae
4969:Caprinae
4824:Hirola (
4768:Peleinae
4750:Impala (
4655:K. leche
4653:Lechwe (
4549:O. beisa
4525:H. niger
4186:Taruca (
4153:Rangifer
4083:A. alces
3984:Sambar (
3911:R. eldii
3891:Rucervus
3849:Chital (
3641:Cervinae
3628:Cervidae
3589:Cervidae
3517:Tragulus
3191:Eutheria
3185:Mammalia
3179:Chordata
3177:Phylum:
3173:Animalia
2987:86181024
2844:85630295
2764:: 1–30.
2512:"Duiker"
2498:22520513
2441:22823504
2377:11527467
2174:62265494
2063:See also
1989:C. zebra
1854:C. niger
1784:such as
1731:bushmeat
1624:Cameroon
1538:browsers
1441:-pound)
1413:Abbott's
1374:thickets
1370:savannas
1270:C. niger
348:Bushbuck
296:antelope
209:Family:
193:Mammalia
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
7890:Duikers
7747:Q273997
7552:Cetacea
7543:Cetacea
7411:Camelus
7369:Llama (
7249:Tayassu
7065:Porcula
6614:Oribi (
6605:Ourebia
6488:Madoqua
6473:Beira (
6394:Saigini
6301:N. dama
6179:Gazella
6028:Bovidae
6026:Family
5997:T. oryx
5917:Bongo (
5899:Nyala (
5826:Saola (
5748:Gayal (
5652:Bubalus
5567:Bovinae
5563:Bovidae
5561:Family
5477:Urial (
5167:C. ibex
5096:Takin (
5020:Bovidae
5018:Family
4981:Bovinae
4907:C. gnou
4686:Redunca
4598:Addax (
4482:Bovidae
4480:Family
4388:Pudella
4375:P. pudu
4266:M. nana
4081:Moose (
3851:A. axis
3818:D. dama
3680:M. feae
3626:Family
3601:Bovidae
3546:T. napu
3360:Moschus
3296:Giraffa
3281:Okapi (
3183:Class:
3162:species
3158:Extant
3044:1311860
2942:Bibcode
2915:5530137
2824:Bibcode
2766:Preview
2757:Zootaxa
2470:Bibcode
2432:3523051
2409:Bibcode
2407:: 120.
2357:Bibcode
2195:brookei
1792:Species
1743:protein
1735:biomass
1659:habitat
1641:, both
1630:Ecology
1604:Central
1579:diurnal
1562:carrion
1558:insects
1542:grazers
1436:⁄
1280:), and
1204:), the
1188:A 2001
1185:study.
1063:species
1061:and 22
304:species
236:Genera
213:Bovidae
199:Order:
189:Class:
54:present
50:Miocene
42:Duikers
7867:100495
7854:591990
7815:552358
7802:846333
7720:100495
7707:591990
7668:552358
7655:846333
6956:Suidae
6557:Suni (
6290:Nanger
5775:Zebu (
5757:Gaur (
5642:Bovini
5366:Ovibos
4671:Puku (
4646:K. kob
4210:Mazama
3999:Cervus
3272:Okapia
3042:
2985:
2913:
2842:
2803:
2752:et al.
2547:
2496:
2488:
2439:
2429:
2375:
2328:
2299:
2245:
2172:
2162:
2038:Genus
1997:Genus
1812:Genus
1546:leaves
1459:hooves
1405:Aders'
1401:Africa
1391:, and
1332:duiken
1115:lophos
1107:cephal
1097:. The
1059:genera
1041:et al.
267:duiker
230:, 1863
7789:626TQ
7642:626TQ
6944:Suina
6427:Saiga
6368:Goa (
5887:kudus
5111:Capra
4778:Pelea
4644:Kob (
4626:Kobus
4589:Addax
4072:Alces
4026:Elk (
3040:JSTOR
2983:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2840:S2CID
2801:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2193:ssp.
2075:Notes
1786:Ebola
1651:niche
1554:fruit
1550:seeds
1395:. In
1329:Dutch
1327:, or
1323:word
1113:word
1111:Greek
1105:word
1051:tribe
1043:2012
228:Blyth
48:Late
7841:9952
7836:NCBI
7810:ITIS
7694:9952
7689:NCBI
7663:ITIS
7550:see
7360:Lama
5414:Ovis
4538:Oryx
4354:Pudu
3948:Rusa
3840:Axis
3807:Dama
3080:link
2881:link
2762:2637
2545:ISBN
2526:2016
2486:ISSN
2437:PMID
2373:PMID
2326:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2224:2021
2207:2016
2170:OCLC
2160:ISBN
2132:2016
1645:and
1606:and
1560:and
1525:Diet
1411:and
1385:blue
1325:duik
1292:and
1124:are
1049:The
60:PreꞒ
7823:MSW
7784:CoL
7771:ADW
7676:MSW
7637:CoL
7624:ADW
7122:Sus
5712:Bos
3062:doi
3032:doi
3009:doi
2975:doi
2950:doi
2938:255
2903:doi
2863:doi
2832:doi
2793:doi
2478:doi
2427:PMC
2417:doi
2365:doi
2274:doi
2211:doi
2095:doi
1703:in
1622:of
1248:),
1240:),
1232:),
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