633:
2023:
2029:
2815:
2579:
163:
2803:
122:
2609:
672:
1312:
594:
544:
2827:
531:
ceratopsids formed herds inland comes from the greater abundance of bonebeds in inland deposits than coastal ones. The migration of ceratopsids away from the coasts may have represented a move to their nesting grounds. Many
African herding animals engage in this kind of seasonal herding today. Herds would also have afforded some level of protection from the chief predators of ceratopsids,
2585:
2791:
794:
663:, a centrosaurine from the late Campanian of China. An indeterminate tooth of a ceratopsid is known from Mississippi dating to the late Maastrichtian, a few million years prior to the close of the Cretaceous, indicating that ceratopsids dispersed into eastern North America corresponding to the closure of the Western Interior Seaway at the end of the Cretaceous.
1300:
640:
Scott D. Sampson has compared the evolution of ceratopsids to that of some mammal groups: both were rapid from a geological perspective and precipitated the simultaneous evolution of large body size, derived feeding structures, and "varied hornlike organs." The earliest ceratopsids, including members
526:
of animals whose social structures are ranked hierarchies founded on age-related differences. In these sorts of groups young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed. Females, by contrast do not have
514:
Fossil deposits dominated by large numbers of ceratopsids from individual species suggest that these animals were at least somewhat social. However, the exact nature of ceratopsid social behavior has historically been controversial. In 1997, Lehman argued that the aggregations of many individuals
530:
Other researchers who support the idea of ceratopsid herding have speculated that these associations were seasonal. This hypothesis portrays ceratopsids as living in small groups near the coasts during the rainy season and inland with the onset of the dry season. Support for the idea that
859:
462:. The chasmosaurines are generally characterized by long, triangular frills and well-developed brow horns. The centrosaurines had well-developed nasal horns or nasal bosses, shorter and more rectangular frills, and elaborate spines on the back of the frill.
608:
modern ecological analogues suggest it would be in their mating signals like horns and frills. No convincing evidence for sexual dimorphism in body size or mating signals is known in ceratopsids, although was present in the more primitive ceratopsian
453:
during most of the Late
Cretaceous. Ceratopsids are characterized by beaks, rows of shearing teeth in the back of the jaw, elaborate nasal horns, and a thin parietal-squamosal shelf that extends back and up into a frill. The group is divided into two
515:
preserved in bonebeds originated as local "infestations" and compared them to similar modern occurrences in crocodiles and tortoises. Other authors, such as Scott D. Sampson, interpret these deposits as the remains of large "socially complex" herds.
837:
Sampson, S. D., 2001, Speculations on the socioecology of
Ceratopsid dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press,
619:
groups where midsized animals tended to exhibit markedly more sexual dimorphism than larger ones. However, if there were sexually dimorphic traits, they may have been soft tissue variations like colorations or
708:); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor. Since the
860:"The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA"
518:
Modern animals with mating signals as prominent as the horns and frills of ceratopsians tend to form these kinds of large, intricate associations. Sampson found in previous work that the
645:
stage, though the fossil record for early ceratopsids is poor. All but one of the named species of ceratopsid is known from
Western North America, which formed the island continent of
522:
ceratopsids did not achieve fully developed mating signals until nearly fully grown. He finds commonality between the slow growth of mating signals in centrosaurines and the extended
632:
465:
These horns and frills show remarkable variation and are the principal means by which the various species have been recognized. Their purpose is not entirely clear. Defense against
497:, suggesting that they butted heads. Centrosaurines have frequently been found in massive bone beds with few other species present, suggesting that the animals lived in large
2725:
2862:
571:, during the Late Cretaceous. It was concluded that ceratopsids were generally restricted to feeding on vegetation at, or below, the height of 1 meter.
2699:
2867:
2022:
1215:
2852:
1344:
657:. The latitudinal range of ceratopsians across Laramidia extends from Alaska to Mexico. The only named ceratopsid outside of Laramidia is
2857:
2028:
1007:"Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada"
1280:
469:
is one possible purpose – although the frills are comparatively fragile in many species – but it is more likely that, as in modern
2602:
807:
474:
1244:
Sereno, P. C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of
Dinosauria".
1316:
1141:"The first reported ceratopsid dinosaur from eastern North America (Owl Creek Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mississippi, USA)"
598:
2781:
2578:
162:
560:
1198:
Happ, John; Carpenter, Kenneth (2008). "An analysis of predator–prey behavior in a head-to-head encounter between
1435:
1337:
615:
whose sexes were distinguishable based on frill and nasal prominence size. This is consistent with other known
1304:
1553:
654:
2629:
611:
2751:
2612:
1462:
650:
302:
2584:
858:
Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinki, Steven G.; Lichtig, Asher J.; Dodson, Peter (2021).
2847:
2807:
2686:
753:
478:
1718:
1330:
580:
381:
2814:
2438:
2388:
1820:
887:
585:
Ceratopsians probably had the "low mass-specific metabolic rat" typical of large bodied animals.
368:
157:
2756:
2667:
2738:
2521:
2459:
2422:
1896:
1783:
1276:
1211:
1180:
1162:
1121:
1103:
1038:
879:
605:
2766:
2743:
2730:
2795:
2551:
2349:
2174:
1876:
1571:
1253:
1170:
1152:
1111:
1093:
1028:
1018:
871:
799:
758:
556:
547:
Ceratopsid teeth have a distinctive leaf shape with a primary ridge running down the middle.
483:
442:
2445:
2397:
2356:
2292:
2195:
2146:
1848:
1772:
1727:
1601:
1587:
1546:
1420:
1404:
732:
had the upper hand and would successfully defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the
284:
39:
2831:
2452:
2411:
2342:
2329:
2300:
2285:
2255:
2216:
2202:
2119:
2080:
1959:
1869:
1834:
1827:
1707:
1657:
1580:
1560:
1175:
1140:
1116:
1081:
1033:
1006:
680:
532:
459:
455:
359:
351:
239:
131:
121:
1082:"Long-horned Ceratopsidae from the Foremost Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta"
2841:
2530:
2509:
2479:
2470:
2370:
2264:
2209:
2188:
2160:
2153:
2139:
2132:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1799:
1734:
1700:
1671:
1624:
891:
519:
489:
446:
429:
268:
137:
79:
1257:
2544:
2495:
2488:
2404:
2377:
2363:
2271:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2181:
2167:
1966:
1951:
1913:
1905:
1887:
1792:
1758:
1741:
1693:
1686:
1642:
1447:
1395:
778:
767:
721:
659:
423:
223:
143:
671:
593:
567:. Mallon et al. (2013) examined herbivore coexistence on the island continent of
543:
2819:
2712:
2661:
2537:
2431:
2314:
2278:
2101:
1813:
1678:
772:
749:
688:
523:
417:
409:
149:
54:
2826:
1311:
875:
2307:
2223:
2073:
1806:
1594:
1528:
1515:
1474:
1353:
834:. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1990 xvi-733.
789:
705:
564:
438:
255:
99:
64:
2652:
1166:
1107:
883:
1023:
701:
646:
642:
568:
494:
450:
174:
104:
48:
1184:
1125:
1042:
1299:
1005:
Mallon, Jordan C; David C Evans; Michael J Ryan; Jason S Anderson (2013).
953:"Sociological Correlates in Extant Vertebrates", Sampson (2001); page 265.
17:
2678:
2646:
2108:
2094:
2087:
1650:
1386:
1377:
616:
470:
466:
412:
342:
332:
322:
207:
194:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
2704:
2502:
1664:
1608:
1157:
1098:
434:
109:
84:
2717:
1371:
1271:
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004).
621:
184:
2623:
649:
during the Late
Cretaceous, separated from the island continent of
641:
745:
670:
631:
592:
552:
542:
498:
826:
Dodson, P., & Currie, P. J. (1990). "Neoceratopsia." 593-618
2691:
830:
Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (eds.), 1990:
823:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. xiv-346
2627:
2044:
1513:
1364:
1326:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1052:
995:"Resource Exploitation and Habitat", Sampson (2001); page 268.
969:"Resource Exploitation and Habitat", Sampson (2001); page 269.
941:"Retarded Growth of Mating Signals", Sampson (2001); page 270.
1322:
949:
947:
696:
in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a
782:, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor.
1246:
Neues
Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1210:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 355–368.
991:
989:
987:
965:
963:
961:
959:
937:
935:
604:
According to Scott D. Sampson, if ceratopsids were to have
1275:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
686:
There is evidence for an aggressive interaction between a
929:"Ceratopsid Socioecology", Sampson (2001); pages 267-268.
493:
resemble those formed by the base of the horns in modern
916:
914:
912:
910:
977:
975:
27:
Family of dinosaurs including
Triceratops and relatives
129:
Montage of four ceratopsids. Clockwise from top left:
2779:
1208:
Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past)
1139:
Farke, Andrew A.; Phillips, George E. (2017-05-23).
356:
348:
338:
328:
318:
2636:
2520:
2478:
2469:
2421:
2387:
2328:
2254:
2118:
2057:
1976:
1937:
1895:
1886:
1782:
1756:
1717:
1622:
1570:
1526:
1473:
1446:
1419:
1206:". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Larson, Peter E. (eds.).
716:survived the encounter and managed to overcome the
981:"Predation Pressure", Sampson (2001); page 272.
636:Map of North America during the Late Cretaceous
624:that would not have been preserved as fossils.
559:and advanced dentition. They may have utilized
1070:"Sexual Dimorphism", Sampson (2001); page 270.
1058:"Sexual Dimorphism", Sampson (2001); page 269.
766:; and all its descendants. In 2004, it was by
1338:
445:. All but one species are known from western
8:
853:
851:
551:Ceratopsids were adapted to processing high-
2624:
2475:
2334:
2124:
2065:
2054:
2041:
1943:
1892:
1764:
1634:
1630:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1510:
1452:
1425:
1416:
1361:
1345:
1331:
1323:
724:estimates that in a battle against a bull
712:wounds healed, it is most likely that the
120:
31:
1174:
1156:
1115:
1097:
1032:
1022:
920:"Introduction", Sampson (2001); page 264.
555:plant material with their highly derived
679:The chief predators of ceratopsids were
563:to break down plant material with a gut
2786:
847:
449:, which formed the island continent of
481:. The massive bosses on the skulls of
904:"Abstract", Sampson (2001); page 263.
7:
748:Ceratopsidae was in 1998 defined by
675:Size comparison of eight ceratopsids
2863:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
25:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2608:
2607:
2583:
2577:
2027:
2021:
1310:
1298:
808:Timeline of ceratopsian research
792:
475:secondary sexual characteristics
161:
1080:Brown, Caleb M. (2018-01-16).
599:Natural History Museum of Utah
1:
2868:Prehistoric dinosaur families
2853:Campanian first appearances
752:as the group including the
527:such extended adolescence.
2884:
876:10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w
578:
2858:Maastrichtian extinctions
2597:
2575:
2337:
2127:
2068:
2053:
2040:
2018:
1946:
1767:
1637:
1633:
1541:
1537:
1522:
1509:
1455:
1428:
1415:
1360:
1258:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
597:Ceratopsid skulls at the
374:
367:
315:
310:
158:Scientific classification
156:
128:
119:
34:
477:used in displays or for
1554:Micropachycephalosaurus
1234:, Princeton Press. p.19
1024:10.1186/1472-6785-13-14
736:using its sharp horns.
655:Western Interior Seaway
676:
637:
612:Protoceratops andrewsi
601:
548:
2752:Paleobiology Database
674:
635:
596:
546:
1307:at Wikimedia Commons
1232:The Horned Dinosaurs
821:The Horned Dinosaurs
754:last common ancestor
479:intraspecific combat
1719:Archaeoceratopsidae
819:Dodson, P. (1996).
770:defined to include
653:to the east by the
581:Dinosaur physiology
404:(sometimes spelled
2439:Crittendenceratops
2389:Albertaceratopsini
1158:10.7717/peerj.3342
1099:10.7717/peerj.4265
677:
638:
602:
549:
2777:
2776:
2739:Open Tree of Life
2630:Taxon identifiers
2621:
2620:
2593:
2592:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2522:Pachyrhinosaurini
2460:Yehuecauhceratops
2423:Nasutoceratopsini
2324:
2323:
2036:
2035:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1897:Protoceratopsidae
1784:Leptoceratopsidae
1752:
1751:
1618:
1617:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1303:Media related to
1217:978-0-253-35087-9
1200:Tyrannosaurus rex
838:pp. 263–276.
720:. Paleontologist
606:sexual dimorphism
589:Sexual dimorphism
437:were quadrupedal
408:) is a family of
399:
398:
393:
385:
306:
16:(Redirected from
2875:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2552:Pachyrhinosaurus
2476:
2350:Machairoceratops
2335:
2175:Coahuilaceratops
2125:
2066:
2055:
2042:
2031:
2026:
2025:
1944:
1893:
1877:Zhuchengceratops
1765:
1635:
1631:
1572:Chaoyangsauridae
1539:
1535:
1524:
1511:
1453:
1426:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1362:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1315:Data related to
1314:
1302:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1101:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1002:
996:
993:
982:
979:
970:
967:
954:
951:
942:
939:
930:
927:
921:
918:
905:
902:
896:
895:
855:
802:
800:Dinosaurs portal
797:
796:
795:
759:Pachyrhinosaurus
557:dental batteries
484:Pachyrhinosaurus
443:Upper Cretaceous
391:
380:
358:
350:
340:
330:
320:
301:
296:
283:
267:
254:
238:
222:
166:
165:
124:
114:
51:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2589:
2582:
2557:
2516:
2465:
2446:Furcatoceratops
2417:
2398:Albertaceratops
2383:
2357:Menefeeceratops
2320:
2293:Tatankaceratops
2250:
2196:Mercuriceratops
2147:Arrhinoceratops
2114:
2062:
2049:
2032:
2020:
1992:
1972:
1933:
1882:
1849:Montanoceratops
1778:
1773:Graciliceratops
1761:
1748:
1728:Archaeoceratops
1713:
1627:
1614:
1602:Xuanhuaceratops
1588:Hualianceratops
1566:
1547:Albalophosaurus
1531:
1518:
1489:
1469:
1442:
1436:Avemetatarsalia
1421:Avemetatarsalia
1411:
1405:Marginocephalia
1367:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1230:Dodson, Peter,
1229:
1225:
1218:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:
985:
980:
973:
968:
957:
952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
924:
919:
908:
903:
899:
857:
856:
849:
845:
816:
798:
793:
791:
788:
742:
704:(a bone of the
669:
630:
591:
583:
577:
541:
512:
507:
300:
294:
285:Ceratopsomorpha
281:
265:
252:
236:
220:
160:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
43:
40:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2673:
2658:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2453:Nasutoceratops
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2412:Medusaceratops
2408:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2343:Diabloceratops
2338:
2332:
2330:Centrosaurinae
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2301:Titanoceratops
2297:
2289:
2286:Regaliceratops
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2256:Triceratopsini
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2217:Sierraceratops
2213:
2206:
2203:Navajoceratops
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2120:Chasmosaurinae
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2081:Brachyceratops
2077:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
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33:
30:
19:
2668:Ceratopsidae
2638:Ceratopsidae
2637:
2550:
2545:Stellasaurus
2543:
2536:
2529:
2508:
2501:
2496:Coronosaurus
2494:
2489:Centrosaurus
2487:
2458:
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2437:
2430:
2410:
2405:Lokiceratops
2403:
2396:
2378:Xenoceratops
2376:
2369:
2364:Sinoceratops
2362:
2355:
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2313:
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2299:
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2277:
2272:Nedoceratops
2270:
2263:
2245:Vagaceratops
2243:
2238:Utahceratops
2236:
2231:Terminocavus
2229:
2222:
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2201:
2194:
2187:
2182:Judiceratops
2180:
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2168:Chasmosaurus
2166:
2159:
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2145:
2138:
2131:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2060:Ceratopsidae
2059:
2047:Ceratopsidae
2046:
1978:Ceratopsidae
1977:
1967:Zuniceratops
1965:
1958:
1952:Ajkaceratops
1950:
1926:
1919:
1914:Bagaceratops
1912:
1906:Ajkaceratops
1904:
1888:Coronosauria
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
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1805:
1798:
1793:Asiaceratops
1791:
1771:
1759:Euceratopsia
1742:Yamaceratops
1740:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1699:
1694:Microceratus
1692:
1687:Liaoceratops
1685:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
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1643:Ajkaceratops
1641:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1463:Ornithischia
1448:Ornithischia
1400:
1396:Ornithischia
1391:
1382:
1317:Ceratopsidae
1305:Ceratopsidae
1272:
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1226:
1207:
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1199:
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1089:
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1010:
1000:
925:
900:
867:
863:
831:
827:
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777:
771:
768:Peter Dodson
763:
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743:
733:
729:
725:
722:Peter Dodson
717:
713:
709:
697:
693:
687:
685:
678:
667:Paleoecology
660:Sinoceratops
658:
639:
610:
603:
584:
561:fermentation
550:
529:
517:
513:
505:Paleobiology
488:
482:
473:, they were
464:
454:subfamilies—
433:. All known
428:
424:Centrosaurus
422:
416:
405:
402:Ceratopsidae
401:
400:
392:Nopcsa, 1915
389:Torosauridae
388:
378:Agathaumidae
377:
341:
331:
321:
298:Ceratopsidae
297:
275:
246:
230:
224:Ornithischia
214:
201:
148:
144:Utahceratops
142:
136:
130:
29:
2848:Ceratopsids
2713:iNaturalist
2662:Wikispecies
2538:Einiosaurus
2432:Avaceratops
2315:Triceratops
2279:Ojoceratops
2102:Monoclonius
1814:Ferrisaurus
1679:Kulceratops
1204:Triceratops
1011:BMC Ecology
773:Triceratops
764:Triceratops
750:Paul Sereno
730:Triceratops
714:Triceratops
710:Triceratops
698:Triceratops
689:Triceratops
524:adolescence
418:Triceratops
410:ceratopsian
406:Ceratopidae
150:Triceratops
47:82–66
35:Ceratopsids
2842:Categories
2601:See also:
2308:Torosaurus
2224:Spiclypeus
2074:Agathaumas
1987:see below↓
1807:Cerasinops
1595:Stenopelix
1529:Ceratopsia
1516:Ceratopsia
1484:see below↓
1475:Ceratopsia
1387:Dinosauria
1354:Ceratopsia
843:References
814:References
706:neck frill
651:Appalachia
575:Physiology
565:microflora
439:herbivores
415:including
311:Subgroups
256:Ceratopsia
208:Dinosauria
18:Ceratopsid
2796:Dinosaurs
1370:Kingdom:
1252:: 41–83.
1167:2167-8359
1151:: e3342.
1108:2167-8359
1092:: e4265.
892:234351502
884:0031-0220
702:squamosal
647:Laramidia
643:Campanian
628:Evolution
569:Laramidia
495:musk oxen
471:ungulates
467:predators
451:Laramidia
441:from the
413:dinosaurs
181:Kingdom:
175:Eukaryota
2676:BioLib:
2647:Wikidata
2613:Category
2603:Timeline
2109:Polyonax
2095:Dysganus
2088:Ceratops
1651:Aquilops
1378:Chordata
1376:Phylum:
1372:Animalia
1185:28560100
1126:29362697
1043:23557203
786:See also
617:tetrapod
510:Behavior
369:Synonyms
343:Polyonax
333:Dysganus
323:Ceratops
291:Family:
195:Chordata
191:Phylum:
185:Animalia
171:Domain:
2832:Biology
2782:Portals
2767:5483814
2744:4947034
2705:3238858
2692:4531562
2653:Q263925
2503:Spinops
1821:Gremlin
1609:Yinlong
1176:5444368
1117:5774296
1034:3637170
622:dewlaps
435:species
2764:uBio:
2731:117135
2718:354866
1279:
1214:
1183:
1173:
1165:
1124:
1114:
1106:
1041:
1031:
1017:: 14.
890:
882:
728:, the
692:and a
427:, and
384:, 1891
305:, 1888
2757:38851
2726:IRMNG
2679:18741
1401:Clade
1392:Clade
1383:Clade
1145:PeerJ
1086:PeerJ
888:S2CID
746:clade
553:fiber
499:herds
303:Marsh
276:Clade
247:Clade
231:Clade
215:Clade
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