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their finger while monitoring for irregularity in timing and control of the movement. An individual with intention tremors has coarse side-to-side movements that increase in severity as the finger approaches the nose. Similarly, the heel-to-shin test evaluates intention tremors of the lower extremities. In such a test, the individual, in a supine position, places one heel on top of the opposite knee and is then instructed to slide the heel down the shin to the ankle while being monitored for coarse and irregular side-to-side movement as the heel approaches the ankle. Important historical elements to the diagnosis of intention tremor are:
478:
601:, sometimes called a "brain pacemaker". It sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain, changing brain activity in a controlled manner. In the case of an intention tremor, the thalamic nuclear region is targeted for treatment. This form of treatment causes reversible changes and does not cause any permanent lesions. Since it is reversible, deep brain stimulation is considered fairly safe. Reduction in tremor amplitude is almost guaranteed and sometimes resolved. Some individuals have seen sustained benefits in MS progression.
60:
311:
582:, have seen some results with tremors. Wearing wrist weights to weigh down one's hands as they make movements, masking much of the tremor, is a proven home remedy. This is not a treatment, since wearing the weights does not have any lasting effects when they are not on, but they do help the individual cope with the tremor immediately.
145:, a lack of coordinated muscle movement caused by cerebellar lesions characteristic of MS. The disease often destroys physical and cognitive function of individuals. Intention tremors can be a first sign of MS, since loss or deterioration of motor function and sensitivity are often one of the first symptoms of cerebellar lesions.
493:
asked to stop taking the medication, and then are evaluated after some time to determine if the medication was related to the onset of the tremor. If the tremor persists, treatment that follows may include drug therapy, lifestyle changes, and more invasive forms of treatment, including surgery such as and thalamic
607:
is another surgical treatment where lesions of the thalamic nucleus are created to disrupt the tremor circuit. Thalamotomy has been used to treat many forms of tremors, including those that arise from trauma, MS, stroke, and those whose cause is unknown. This is a very invasive, high-risk treatment
318:
Intention tremors that are caused by normal, everyday activities, such as stress, anxiety, fear, anger, caffeine, and fatigue, do not seem to result from damage to any part of the brain. These tremors, instead, seem to be a temporary worsening of a small tremor that is present in every human being.
419:
Physical tests are an easy way to determine the severity of the intention tremor and impairment of physical activity. Common tests that are used to assess intention tremor are the finger-to-nose and heel-to-shin tests. In a finger-to-nose test, a physician has the individual touch their nose with
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Treatment of intention tremor is very difficult. The tremor may disappear for a while after a treatment has been administered and then return. This situation is addressed with a different treatment. First, individuals are asked if they use any of the drugs known to cause tremors. If so, they are
322:
More persistent intention tremors are often caused by damage to certain regions of the brain. Their most common cause is damage and/or degeneration in the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for motor coordination, posture, and balance, and especially fine motor movements. When the
399:
studies. A diagnosis of solely intention tremor can only be made if the tremor is of low frequency (below 5 Hz) and without the presence of any resting tremors. Electrophysiological studies can be useful in determining frequency of the tremor, and accelerometric studies quantify tremor
120:
Patients with intention tremors usually complain of difficulties with activities of daily living, including drinking from a cup, grabbing utensils to eat, and problems with coordination eye to an object or ambulation. Associated cerebellar signs can include nystagmus, dysmetria,
616:. Immediate positive effects are seen in individuals treated with a thalamotomy procedure, but the tremor often comes back, so is not a complete treatment. Thalamotomy is in clinical trials to determine the validity of the treatment of intention tremors with all its high risks.
80:
evident during deliberate and visually-guided movement (hence the name intention tremor). An intention tremor is usually perpendicular to the direction of movement. When experiencing an intention tremor, one often overshoots or undershoots one's target, a condition known as
585:
A more radical treatment that is used in individuals who do not respond to drug therapy, physical therapy, or any other treatment listed above, with moderate to severe intention tremors, is surgical intervention. Deep brain stimulation and surgical lesioning of the
212:, a rubral or midbrain tremor, is another form of tremor that includes intention tremors, among other symptoms. This disease affects the proximal muscles of the head, shoulders, and neck. Tremors of this disease occur at frequencies of 2–4 Hz or more.
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cerebellum is damaged, a person may have difficulty executing a fine motor movement, such as attempting to touch one's nose with one's finger. One common way for the cerebellum to become damaged is through the development of cerebellar
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death, which again produce cerebellar lesions and an inability for those neurons to transmit signals. Because of this tight association with damage to the cerebellum, intention tremors are often referred to as cerebellar tremors.
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Research has focused on finding a pharmacological treatment that is specific for intention tremor. Limited success has been seen in treating it with drugs effective at treating essential tremor. Clinical trials of
89:, particularly on the same side as the tremor in the lateral zone, which controls visually guided movements. Depending on the location of cerebellar damage, these tremors can be either unilateral or bilateral.
1259:
Benabid, AL; Pollak, P; Gervason, C; Hoffmann, D; Gao, DM; Hommel, M; Perret, JE; De
Rougemont, J (1991). "Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus".
1937:
508:. Although no pharmacological treatment has been established for an intention tremor, several drugs have been found to have positive effects on them and are used as treatment by many health professionals.
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335:, which is also responsible for linking the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Alcohol abuse is one typical cause of this damage to the cerebellum. The alcohol abuse causes degeneration of the anterior
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302:, along with stress, anxiety, fear, anger, and fatigue have also been shown to cause intention tremor by negatively affecting the cerebellum, brainstem, or thalamus, as discussed in mechanisms.
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in the central nervous system. This causes a reduction in cerebellar ataxia. Another neurotransmitter targeted by drugs that has been found to alleviate intention tremors is
560:. The agonist buspirone hydrochloride, which decreases serotonin's function in the central nervous system, has been viewed as an effective treatment of intention tremors.
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of the cerebellum. This leads to an inability to process fine motor movements in the individual and the development of intention tremors. In MS, damage occurs due to
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637:, used to treat resting tremor, were completed in 2009–2010 to establish their effectiveness in treating kinetic tremor. A clinical trial for
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amplitude. MRI is used to locate damage to and degradation of the cerebellum that may be causing the intention tremor. Focal lesions such as
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469:), and postural tremor or titubation (to-and-fro movements of the neck and trunk). A postural tremor may also accompany intention tremors.
108:, or toxicity. Currently, no pharmacological treatment has been established, but some success has been seen using treatments designed for
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have all seen moderate results in treating intention tremor and can be prescribed treatments. Isoniazid inhibits Îł-aminobutyric acid-
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for "Kinetic Tremor in
Parkinson's Disease: Its Course Under Pramipexole (Mirapexin®) Treatment and Impact on Quality of Life" at
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first characterized the distinction between MS, with its resulting intention tremor, and the resting tremor characteristic of
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Hagerman, Paul, Hagerman, Randi. “Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia
Syndrome-An Older Face of the Fragile X Gene.” 2007. In
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Deep brain stimulation treats intention tremors, but does not help related diseases or disorders such as dyssynergia and
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328:
725:
Seeberger, Lauren. "Cerebellar Tremor-Definition and
Treatment." The Colorado Neurological Institute Review. Fall 2005.
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National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. “Tremor Fact Sheet.” Jan 2011. National Institutes of Health.
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1009:“Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures.” 1992. U.S Department of Human Health Services.
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1173:"Chronic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis: review and case reports"
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has had great results in reducing tremors, but usually does not cure them. Relaxation techniques, such as
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359:. Both of these structures are involved in the transmission of information between the cerebellum and the
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416:, or other damage may be causing dysfunction of the cerebellum and correspondingly the intention tremor.
327:. The most common site for cerebellar lesions that lead to intention tremors has been reported to be the
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Several causes have been discovered to date, including damage or degradation of the cerebellum due to
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988:“Epidemiological Notes and Reports Elemental Mercury Poisoning in a Household – Ohio 1989.” 1990. In
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have been known to cause intention tremor. Some ordinary activities, including ingesting too much
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1991:
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809:"Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction Clinical and kinematic analysis of intention tremor"
197:
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for "The Effect of
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Intention tremors have a variety of other recorded causes, as well, including a variety of
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669:. Intention tremor became known as part of Charcot's triad (not to be confused with the
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upon which it is trying to act is compromised, resulting in the development of a tremor.
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with many negative effects, such as MS worsening, cognitive dysfunction, worsening of
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1981:
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Walker, H. Kenneth (1990). "The
Cerebellum". In Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds.).
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and evaluation. Parts of a complete examination include a physical examination,
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disorder characterized by a broad, coarse, and low-frequency (below 5 Hz)
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1222:"Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor among multiple sclerosis patients"
924:"Postischemic Holmes Tremor Investigated by FDG- and H2 O-PET." Jan Kassubek,
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has been found to be an effective long-term treatment with intention tremors.
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928:, Carl H. LĂĽcking, Freimut D. Juengling. The Journal of Radiology, June 2003
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371:. When these become damaged, the relay system between the cerebellum and the
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deficiencies have been linked to intention tremor, especially deficiency in
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242:. A variety of poisons have been shown to cause intention tremor, including
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Deuschl, G.; Wenzelburger, R; Löffler, K; Raethjen, J; Stolze, H (2000).
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597:. Deep brain stimulation involves the implantation of a device called a
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Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
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Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
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Mandat T, Koziara H, Tutaj M, Rola R, Bonicki W, Nauman P (2010).
476:
461:(rapid involuntary eye movement, especially rolling of the eyes),
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Intention tremors can also be caused as a result of damage to the
309:
101:
571:
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462:
1468:
1158:"Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis: Prevalence, Cause and Treatment"
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Intention tremors are known to be very difficult to treat with
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Riluzole in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia" at
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1099:"Diagnosis and management of the individual with tremor"
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characterized by poor articulation and slurred speech),
85:. Intention tremor is the result of dysfunction of the
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Symptoms and signs: Nervous and musculoskeletal systems
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Eidelberg, David, Pourfar, Michael. "Tremor." 2007. In
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of acute cholangitis), which, along with nystagmus and
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to evaluate its effectiveness of treating cerebellar
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Intention tremor is also known to be associated with
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Intention tremors are common among individuals with
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Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
760:"Differential diagnosis of common tremor syndromes"
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1359:"Multiple Sclerosis: The History of a Disease"
854:Hoch, Daniel MD. “Tremor.” Updated 6/15/2010.
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938:Debiasi, Roberta L; Tyler, Kenneth L (2006).
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319:These tremors generally go away with time.
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449:Secondary symptoms commonly observed are
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314:The cerebellum is highlighted in purple.
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686:
2276:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1949:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
2415:Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
991:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
940:"West Nile virus meningoencephalitis"
363:, and between the cerebellum and the
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2127:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
677:, act as strong indications of MS.
383:A working diagnosis is made from a
2358:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1226:Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska
1030:"A comprehensive review of tremor"
944:Nature Clinical Practice Neurology
879:Nature Clinical Practice Neurology
436:Exacerbating and remitting factors
141:(MS). One common symptom of MS is
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2061:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1864:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1106:Medicine and Health, Rhode Island
856:U.S. National Library of Medicine
427:Mode of onset (sudden or gradual)
262:. Pharmacological agents such as
2081:For more detailed coverage, see
2059:For more detailed coverage, see
2030:For more detailed coverage, see
1996:For more detailed coverage, see
1947:For more detailed coverage, see
1046:10.1097/01720610-200512000-00006
1:
2374:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2259:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2117:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1238:10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60150-x
643:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2343:Progressive muscular atrophy
1274:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91175-T
1156:Emrich, Lisa (Dec 4, 2012).
764:Postgraduate Medical Journal
661:In 1868, French neurologist
391:(MRI), patient history, and
329:superior cerebellar peduncle
1853:Primary progressive aphasia
1160:. Remedy Health Media, LLC.
647:Sapienza University of Rome
129:deficits, and gait ataxia.
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2175:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1881:Posterior cortical atrophy
1702:Striatonigral degeneration
1553:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1375:10.1177/014107680509800616
1357:Orrell, Richard W (2005).
882:. Nature Publishing Group.
641:, typically used to treat
629:, typically used to treat
485:during an intervention of
389:magnetic resonance imaging
94:neurodegenerative diseases
2281:Spinal muscular atrophies
2249:Primary lateral sclerosis
2107:Intracranial hypertension
1887:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
926:G. Bernhard Landwehrmeyer
465:problems (abnormality in
430:Anatomical affected sites
174:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2348:Progressive bulbar palsy
2139:Intracranial hypotension
2122:Choroid plexus papilloma
1536:Herpesviral encephalitis
1097:Chou, Kelvin L. (2004).
1040:(12): 43–50, quiz 57–8.
826:10.1093/brain/123.8.1568
776:10.1136/pgmj.2005.032979
442:Family history of tremor
385:neurological examination
1860:Frontotemporal dementia
1546:Encephalitis lethargica
1189:10.1136/jnnp.74.10.1392
1028:Wyne, Kevin T. (2005).
906:Online Medical Library.
758:Bhidayasiri, R (2005).
645:, was completed at the
514:buspirone hydrochloride
178:Guillain–Barré syndrome
2410:Neurological disorders
2165:Hepatic encephalopathy
1338:Clinical trial number
1320:Clinical trial number
1302:Clinical trial number
495:deep brain stimulation
489:
487:deep brain stimulation
315:
206:traumatic brain injury
2223:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2180:Static encephalopathy
1903:Mitochondrial disease
1741:Spasmodic torticollis
1651:Basal ganglia disease
1171:Wishart, H A (2003).
480:
367:, and then on to the
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166:peripheral neuropathy
2170:Toxic encephalopathy
1876:Lewy bodies dementia
1080:Purves, Dale et al.
956:10.1038/ncpneuro0176
653:and kinetic tremor.
393:electrophysiological
204:, normal aging, and
2218:Friedreich's ataxia
1601:Meningoencephalitis
1541:Limbic encephalitis
1135:. Reed Publishing.
667:Parkinson's disease
663:Jean-Martin Charcot
620:Research directions
445:Current medications
433:Rate of progression
152:disorders, such as
2254:Pseudobulbar palsy
1992:Status epilepticus
1943:Multiple sclerosis
1780:Myoclonic epilepsy
1643:movement disorders
1589:Acute disseminated
1531:Viral encephalitis
1346:ClinicalTrials.gov
1328:ClinicalTrials.gov
1310:ClinicalTrials.gov
1076:2011-05-03 at the
920:2013-06-10 at the
896:2015-03-06 at the
872:2012-03-21 at the
739:2016-12-15 at the
721:2011-07-21 at the
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198:hypoparathyroidism
182:fragile X syndrome
162:alcohol withdrawal
139:multiple sclerosis
123:dysdiadochokinesia
116:Signs and symptoms
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1736:Status dystonicus
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1142:978-0-409-95003-8
903:The Merck Manuals
110:essential tremors
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42:Cerebellar tremor
27:Medical condition
18:Cerebellar tremor
16:(Redirected from
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1801:Essential tremor
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588:thalamic nuclei
502:pharmacotherapy
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455:speech disorder
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361:cerebral cortex
333:dentate nucleus
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264:anti-arrhythmic
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2377:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:Cerebral edema
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:Template:Sleep
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1911:Leigh syndrome
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1647:
1645:
1638:Extrapyramidal
1631:
1622:
1620:encephalopathy
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1497:nervous system
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1429:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:Classification
1397:
1396:External links
1394:
1391:
1390:
1349:
1331:
1313:
1295:
1251:
1212:
1183:(10): 1392–7.
1163:
1148:
1141:
1123:
1086:
1059:
1011:
1000:
979:
930:
908:
884:
860:
840:
819:(8): 1568–80.
799:
745:
727:
685:
684:
682:
679:
658:
655:
621:
618:
474:
471:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
397:accelerometric
380:
377:
307:
304:
272:benzodiazepine
268:anti-epileptic
248:methyl bromide
134:
131:
127:proprioception
117:
114:
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2427:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Reye syndrome
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Hydrocephalus
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1925:Demyelinating
1922:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Restless legs
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:Blepharospasm
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Hemiballismus
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:Brain abscess
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
950:(5): 264–75.
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
904:
899:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
880:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
845:
841:
836:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
687:
680:
678:
676:
672:
671:Charcot triad
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:levetiracetam
619:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:carbamazepine
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
488:
484:
479:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
441:
439:Alcohol abuse
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:demyelination
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
369:motor neurons
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
346:
342:
341:demyelination
338:
334:
330:
326:
320:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
210:Holmes tremor
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:, as well as
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
125:, hypotonia,
124:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
61:
55:
52:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2368:
2267:
2240:
2201:Degenerative
1938:Inflammatory
1885:
1818:Stiff-person
1805:
1656:Parkinsonism
1629:Degenerative
1526:Encephalitis
1509:Inflammation
1499:, primarily
1446:
1431:
1416:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1339:
1334:
1321:
1316:
1303:
1298:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1232:(6): 542–5.
1229:
1225:
1215:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1112:(5): 135–8.
1109:
1105:
1082:Neuroscience
1081:
1037:
1033:
1003:
989:
982:
947:
943:
933:
911:
901:
887:
878:
863:
816:
812:
802:
767:
763:
730:
660:
623:
603:
592:
584:
562:
518:glutethimide
499:
491:
448:
424:Age at onset
418:
382:
350:
321:
317:
284:neuroleptics
276:cyclosporine
228:
214:
186:brain tumors
150:neurological
147:
136:
119:
91:
69:
68:
41:
2353:Fazio–Londe
2193:Both/either
1987:Generalised
1846:Early-onset
1841:Alzheimer's
1576:spinal cord
1341:NCT01104649
1323:NCT01100073
1305:NCT00430599
635:pramipexole
605:Thalamotomy
580:biofeedback
538:propranolol
483:radiography
410:hemorrhages
365:spinal cord
38:Other names
2399:Categories
1961:paroxysmal
1933:Autoimmune
1726:Dyskinesia
1596:Meningitis
1574:Brain and
1369:(6): 289.
681:References
610:dysarthria
568:meditation
530:topiramate
526:clonazepam
473:Management
451:dysarthria
296:cigarettes
288:stimulants
219:, such as
217:infections
202:insulinoma
158:alcoholism
87:cerebellum
74:dyskinetic
1958:Episodic/
1836:Tauopathy
1787:Akathisia
1775:Myoclonus
1758:Athetosis
1690:Tauopathy
614:dysphagia
595:dysmetria
558:serotonin
542:primidone
510:Isoniazid
459:nystagmus
402:neoplasms
379:Diagnosis
353:brainstem
306:Mechanism
260:vitamin E
252:phosphine
240:varicella
231:influenza
83:dysmetria
54:Neurology
49:Specialty
2324:SMALED2B
2319:SMALED2A
2016:Migraine
2008:Headache
1974:epilepsy
1970:Seizures
1828:Dementia
1731:Dystonia
1290:23216296
1246:21225515
1207:14570832
1118:15250610
1074:Archived
1054:16392266
974:16932563
918:Archived
894:Archived
870:Archived
835:10908187
794:16344298
737:Archived
719:Archived
639:riluzole
631:epilepsy
576:hypnosis
357:thalamus
292:caffeine
270:agents,
2336:SMA-PME
2331:SMA-PCH
2314:SMALED1
2026:Tension
2021:Cluster
1746:Meige's
1563:Amoebic
1453:D014202
1384:1142241
1282:1671433
1198:1757382
965:3773989
785:1743400
657:History
467:walking
325:lesions
300:alcohol
280:lithium
266:drugs,
256:vitamin
244:mercury
225:rubella
2055:Stroke
1869:Pick's
1796:Tremor
1763:Chorea
1381:
1288:
1280:
1262:Lancet
1244:
1205:
1195:
1139:
1116:
1052:
972:
962:
833:
792:
782:
651:ataxia
633:, and
612:, and
578:, and
540:, and
534:zofran
406:tumors
373:muscle
345:neuron
337:vermis
298:, and
286:, and
250:, and
238:, and
236:rabies
180:, and
154:stroke
143:ataxia
133:Causes
106:stroke
98:trauma
78:tremor
56:
2369:both:
2301:DSMA1
2296:SMAX2
2291:SMAX1
2271:only:
2244:only:
2148:Other
2070:Other
1982:Focal
1615:Brain
1518:Brain
1442:333.1
1427:G25.2
1286:S2CID
1102:(PDF)
1034:JAAPA
813:Brain
506:drugs
102:tumor
72:is a
1972:and
1683:PKAN
1678:NBIA
1448:MeSH
1437:9-CM
1278:PMID
1242:PMID
1203:PMID
1137:ISBN
1114:PMID
1050:PMID
970:PMID
831:PMID
790:PMID
572:yoga
550:GABA
504:and
463:gait
395:and
343:and
2286:SMA
2269:LMN
2242:UMN
2233:MND
2099:CSF
2050:TIA
1695:PSP
1671:NMS
1640:and
1501:CNS
1433:ICD
1418:ICD
1379:PMC
1371:doi
1270:doi
1266:337
1234:doi
1193:PMC
1185:doi
1042:doi
960:PMC
952:doi
821:doi
817:123
780:PMC
772:doi
453:(a
355:or
229:H.
176:,
2401::
2210:SA
1717:OA
1712:HD
1661:PD
1451::
1440::
1425::
1422:10
1377:.
1367:98
1365:.
1361:.
1284:.
1276:.
1264:.
1240:.
1230:44
1228:.
1224:.
1201:.
1191:.
1181:74
1179:.
1175:.
1110:87
1108:.
1104:.
1089:^
1062:^
1048:.
1038:18
1036:.
1032:.
1014:^
994:.
968:.
958:.
946:.
942:.
843:^
829:.
815:.
811:.
788:.
778:.
768:81
766:.
762:.
748:^
689:^
574:,
570:,
536:,
532:,
528:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
512:,
497:.
481:A
412:,
408:,
404:,
294:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
246:,
234:,
227:,
223:,
208:.
200:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
112:.
104:,
100:,
96:,
1862:/
1617:/
1488:e
1481:t
1474:v
1435:-
1420:-
1410:D
1387:.
1373::
1292:.
1272::
1248:.
1236::
1209:.
1187::
1145:.
1120:.
1056:.
1044::
998:.
976:.
954::
948:2
858:.
837:.
823::
796:.
774::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
